一、禁用染料有哪些
1、直接染料
直接染料是纖維素纖維用染料中(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)量(liang)較大的(de)(de)(de)一類(lei),在(zai)德國首批118只禁用染(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong),直接染(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)就有77只,占(zhan)65%。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)聯苯(ben)胺(an)(an)、二甲基聯苯(ben)胺(an)(an)等三類(lei)衍生物作為中(zhong)(zhong)間體合成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)直接染(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為72只,單(dan)以(yi)聯苯(ben)胺(an)(an)為中(zhong)(zhong)間體的(de)(de)(de)直接染(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)為36只,產(chan)(chan)量(liang)幾(ji)乎占(zhan)直接染(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)總(zong)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)50%。據統計,近年來我國生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)直接染(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)屬于禁用的(de)(de)(de)直接染(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)達37只,占(zhan)我國生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)直接染(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)品種總(zong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)62.7%。
2、酸性染料
全世界酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)染(ran)料的消(xiao)耗量僅(jin)次于(yu)硫化(hua)、直(zhi)接(jie)和(he)(he)分散染(ran)料,在德國禁(jin)用(yong)染(ran)料中(zhong)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)染(ran)料近30只。所涉及的有害芳胺(an)品種(zhong)較多,分布(bu)于(yu)聯苯胺(an)、二甲基(ji)聯苯胺(an)、鄰氨基(ji)苯甲醚、鄰甲苯胺(an)、對(dui)氨基(ji)偶氮苯、4—氨基(ji)—3,2—二甲基(ji)偶氨苯及染(ran)料本(ben)身致癌等(deng)廣泛(fan)范圍(wei)內(nei)。色譜主要集中(zhong)于(yu)紅(hong)(hong)色和(he)(he)黑色,其(qi)它分布(bu)于(yu)橙、紫、棕等(deng)色譜。包(bao)括:弱(ruo)酸(suan)橙R(酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)橙45),弱(ruo)酸(suan)大(da)紅(hong)(hong)H(酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)紅(hong)(hong)285),酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)黑NT29(酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)黑29)等(deng)。
另外,由2000年(nian)所(suo)發布的(de)Eco-Tex Standard 100新(xin)版中新(xin)增的(de)禁用酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)染料有(you)4種(zhong):已知(zhi)的(de)直(zhi)接致癌性(xing)(xing)(xing)染料有(you)2種(zhong),它們是(shi)(shi)C.I.酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)紅26、C.I.酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)紫49;涉及(ji)(ji)到的(de)過敏性(xing)(xing)(xing)染料是(shi)(shi)C.I.酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)黑48;涉及(ji)(ji)到的(de)急性(xing)(xing)(xing)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)染料是(shi)(shi)C.I.酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)橙(cheng)156、C.I.酸(suan)(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)橙(cheng)165等。
3、分散染料
在(zai)德國禁(jin)(jin)用(yong)(yong)的(de)118只(zhi)染(ran)料(liao)(liao)中,禁(jin)(jin)用(yong)(yong)分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)染(ran)料(liao)(liao)共6只(zhi),未列(lie)入(ru)但受到22種(zhong)有害芳(fang)香胺影響而被禁(jin)(jin)用(yong)(yong)的(de)分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)染(ran)料(liao)(liao),據不完全統計有14種(zhong),還不包括(kuo)以(yi)此作為復(fu)配染(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)組成(cheng)在(zai)內。在(zai)禁(jin)(jin)用(yong)(yong)染(ran)料(liao)(liao)中突出的(de)是(shi)C.I.分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)黃23,它是(shi)紅(hong)光黃色(se)雙(shuang)偶氮(dan)分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)染(ran)料(liao)(liao),我國商品名(ming)稱為分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)黃RGFL。其它幾種(zhong)禁(jin)(jin)用(yong)(yong)分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)染(ran)料(liao)(liao)包括(kuo):分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)黃E-5R(C.I.分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)黃7)、分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)橙2G(C.I.分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)黃56)和C.I.分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)橙149、C.I.分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)紅(hong)151、C.I.分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)(san)藍1等。
在2000年(nian)所發布的Eco—Tex Standard 100新版(ban)中(zhong),涉及到的過敏性染料(liao)品種中(zhong)分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)染料(liao)就(jiu)占了26種。另外,已知的致癌性染料(liao)中(zhong)分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)染料(liao)有(you)2種,它(ta)們(men)是C.I.分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)黃3、C.I.分(fen)(fen)散(san)(san)藍1。
4、色基與色酚
不(bu)溶性偶氮染(ran)(ran)(ran)料所(suo)(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中有(you)許多品種(zhong)本身為(wei)MAK(Ⅲ)A1(MAK意(yi)為(wei)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作場所(suo)(suo)濃度)及A2組的(de)(de)(de)(de)致癌(ai)(ai)或懷疑致癌(ai)(ai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)芳(fang)香(xiang)胺(an)(an)(an),理應受到禁用。德國(guo)首批(pi)公(gong)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)禁用色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)共5只,疏漏(lou)了1只色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。通過有(you)害芳(fang)香(xiang)胺(an)(an)(an)合成的(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)酚,據不(bu)完(wan)全統計共有(you)9種(zhong)。除(chu)此之外,還有(you)含同(tong)分(fen)異(yi)構體為(wei)有(you)害芳(fang)香(xiang)胺(an)(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),例如:橙色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)GC(C.I.色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)2)及黃色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)GC(C.I.色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)44)分(fen)別為(wei)間一氯苯胺(an)(an)(an)和鄰氯苯胺(an)(an)(an),是致癌(ai)(ai)芳(fang)香(xiang)胺(an)(an)(an)對氯苯胺(an)(an)(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)分(fen)異(yi)構體。其它幾種(zhong)禁用色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji):紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)TR(C.I.冰染(ran)(ran)(ran)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)11)、大紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)G(C.I.染(ran)(ran)(ran)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)12)、藍色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)B(C.I.冰染(ran)(ran)(ran)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)48)、深藍色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)R(C.I.冰染(ran)(ran)(ran)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)113)和棗紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)GBC(C.I.冰染(ran)(ran)(ran)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)4)等。
氧化顯色基列入德國禁用染料的僅有1種,為C.I.顯色基14,或C.I.氧化色基20(76035),即2,4—二氨基甲苯。涉及到(dao)的急(ji)性毒性染料(liao)是(shi)C.I.顯色基(ji)(ji)20、C.I.顯色基(ji)(ji)24和C.I.顯色基(ji)(ji)41。
5、堿性染料
首批列入德國(guo)禁用(yong)(yong)染(ran)料的堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)染(ran)料有(you)(you)(you)(you)3只,它們分別為:堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)棕4、堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)42、堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)111。其中:C.I.堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)111含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)對(dui)氨(an)(an)基偶氮苯;C.I.堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)42含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鄰氨(an)(an)基苯甲(jia)(jia)醚(mi);C.I.堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)棕4含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)2,4—二氨(an)(an)基甲(jia)(jia)苯。另有(you)(you)(you)(you)4種(zhong)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)染(ran)料由(you)德國(guo)VCI公布(bu),因為含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)芳香胺而被(bei)禁用(yong)(yong)。如C.I.堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)黃82含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)對(dui)氨(an)(an)基偶氮苯;C.I.堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)黃103含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)4,4`—二氨(an)(an)基二苯甲(jia)(jia)烷(wan);C.I.堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)76含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鄰氨(an)(an)基苯甲(jia)(jia)醚(mi);C.I.堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)114含(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鄰氨(an)(an)基苯甲(jia)(jia)醚(mi)。
涉及到(dao)的急(ji)性(xing)(xing)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)染(ran)料中堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)染(ran)料有6種,它們分別是:C.I.堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)黃21、C.I.堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)紅12、C.I.堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)紫16、C.I.堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)藍3、C.I.堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)藍7、C.I.堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)藍81。涉及到(dao)的已(yi)知直接致癌性(xing)(xing)染(ran)料中堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)染(ran)料有1種,即C.I.堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)紅9。
6、活性染料及還原染料
在118種(zhong)禁用染(ran)料中(zhong)沒有活(huo)性(xing)(xing)及還原(yuan)兩大類染(ran)料,但從(cong)22種(zhong)有害芳香胺出發(fa),這(zhe)兩類染(ran)料中(zhong)的個別(bie)品種(zhong)將受到(dao)影(ying)響。如活(huo)性(xing)(xing)染(ran)料中(zhong)的活(huo)性(xing)(xing)黃(huang)K—R,活(huo)性(xing)(xing)藍KD—7G,活(huo)性(xing)(xing)黃(huang)棕K—GR,活(huo)性(xing)(xing)黃(huang)KE—4RNI。等。
還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)染(ran)料中(zhong)受到禁(jin)用的更少,但(dan)如還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)艷桃紅(hong)(hong)(hong)R(C.I.還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)1,73360)是(shi)由鄰(lin)苯(ben)胺作為(wei)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)料,還(huan)(huan)有(you)還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)紫RH(C.I.還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)紫2,73385)也是(shi)以(yi)鄰(lin)苯(ben)胺為(wei)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)料,故亦受到禁(jin)用的影響。相應的可溶(rong)(rong)性還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)染(ran)料中(zhong)的溶(rong)(rong)靛(dian)素桃紅(hong)(hong)(hong)IR及溶(rong)(rong)靛(dian)素紅(hong)(hong)(hong)紫IRH,分別為(wei)還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)桃紅(hong)(hong)(hong)R及還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)紫RH隱色體的硫酸酯,也將受到影響。
7、其它類型染料
除上述染料外,在常用的其它類型染料中,也由于(yu)其染料中使用了某些芳(fang)香胺(an)中間體而(er)成(cheng)為禁(jin)用染料。如(ru)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)類染料中的(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)黃(huang)(huang)棕5G(C.I.硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)棕10,53055)、硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)黃(huang)(huang)棕6G(C.I.硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)橙1,53050)、硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)淡黃(huang)(huang)GC(C.I.硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)黃(huang)(huang)2,53120)、硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)還原黑(hei)CLG(C.I硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)黑(hei)6)以及硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)草綠(lv)ZG、硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)墨綠(lv)GH等拼混(hun)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)染料。
在涂料(liao)色漿中(zhong),因采(cai)用含偶氮染料(liao)結(jie)構為固(gu)體制造的染料(liao)也受(shou)到禁用。包括永固(gu)橙(cheng)G(C.I.顏料(liao)橙(cheng)13,21110)、8205染料(liao)金黃(huang)FGRN、6103染料(liao)金黃(huang)FG以(yi)及8111染料(liao)大紅FFG等。
二、環保染料應達到什么樣的要求
按照(zhao)生(sheng)態紡織(zhi)品的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)禁用(yong)(yong)118種(zhong)染(ran)料以(yi)來,環保(bao)(bao)染(ran)料已(yi)成為染(ran)料行(xing)業(ye)和印染(ran)行(xing)業(ye)發展的(de)重點(dian),環保(bao)(bao)染(ran)料是保(bao)(bao)證紡織(zhi)品生(sheng)態性(xing)極其(qi)重要(yao)的(de)條件。環保(bao)(bao)染(ran)料除了要(yao)具備(bei)必要(yao)的(de)染(ran)色性(xing)能以(yi)及(ji)(ji)使用(yong)(yong)工藝的(de)適用(yong)(yong)性(xing)、應用(yong)(yong)性(xing)能和牢(lao)度性(xing)能外,還需(xu)要(yao)滿(man)足環保(bao)(bao)質量的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。
環保型染料應包括以下十方面的內(nei)容:
1、不含德國政(zheng)府(fu)和(he)歐共體及(ji)Eco-Tex Standard 100 明(ming)文規(gui)定(ding)的在特定(ding)條件下會裂(lie)解(jie)釋放出22種致(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)芳香胺(an)的偶氮(dan)染(ran)料(liao)(liao),無論(lun)這些致(zhi)癌(ai)(ai)芳香胺(an)游離于(yu)染(ran)料(liao)(liao)中或由染(ran)料(liao)(liao)裂(lie)解(jie)所產生。
2、不是(shi)過敏性染料(liao)。
3、不是致癌性染料。
4、不是急性(xing)毒性(xing)染料。
5、可(ke)萃取重(zhong)金屬的(de)含量在(zai)限制值以下。
6、不(bu)含環(huan)境激(ji)素。
7、不含會(hui)產生環境污染的化學物質(zhi)。
8、不含變異(yi)性化合物(wu)和持久性有機污染(ran)物(wu)。
9、甲醛含量在規定的限值以下。
10、不含被限制(zhi)農藥(yao)的(de)品(pin)種(zhong)且總量在(zai)規定的(de)限值以下(xia)。
從嚴格意義上講,能滿足上面要求的染料應該稱為環保型的染料,真正的(de)(de)環(huan)保染(ran)料(liao)除(chu)滿足上(shang)面要求外,還(huan)應(ying)該在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)過程中對環(huan)境友好(hao),不要產(chan)生(sheng)“三廢”,即(ji)使產(chan)生(sheng)少量(liang)的(de)(de)“三廢”,也可以通過常規的(de)(de)方法(fa)處(chu)理(li)而達到國家和(he)地方的(de)(de)環(huan)保和(he)生(sheng)態要求。