連帶清償責任是什么
連(lian)帶(dai)清償(chang)責(ze)任是指數(shu)人(ren)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)者承擔共同清償(chang)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)的法律(lv)責(ze)任,也就說數(shu)人(ren)負(fu)(fu)同一(yi)(yi)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu),明示對(dui)(dui)于(yu)債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)各負(fu)(fu)全部(bu)(bu)給付(fu)之責(ze)任。債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)有權要求任何一(yi)(yi)個(ge)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)還錢。連(lian)帶(dai)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)之債(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren),得對(dui)(dui)于(yu)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)中之一(yi)(yi)人(ren)或(huo)數(shu)人(ren)或(huo)其全體(ti)(ti),同時或(huo)先後請求全部(bu)(bu)或(huo)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)之給付(fu)。連(lian)帶(dai)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)未全部(bu)(bu)履行前,全體(ti)(ti)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)仍負(fu)(fu)連(lian)帶(dai)責(ze)任。
根據(ju)《擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)法》的(de)(de)(de)有關(guan)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding),保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是指(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)和債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)(ren)約定(ding)(ding),當債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)不履(lv)(lv)行債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)時,保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)按照約定(ding)(ding)履(lv)(lv)行債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)或者承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)責任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)行為。保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)方式有一般保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)和連(lian)帶責任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。當事人(ren)(ren)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)合(he)同(tong)中約定(ding)(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)與債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)對債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)連(lian)帶責任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de),為連(lian)帶責任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。連(lian)帶責任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)在主合(he)同(tong)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)履(lv)(lv)行期(qi)屆滿沒有履(lv)(lv)行債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de),債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權人(ren)(ren)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)要(yao)求債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)履(lv)(lv)行債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu),也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)要(yao)求保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)在其保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)范圍(wei)內承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)責任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)責任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)后,有權向債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)追償。此(ci)外,《民法通則》第(di)89條、《經濟合(he)同(tong)法》第(di)15條以(yi)(yi)及有關(guan)司法解釋對因保(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)而承(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)連(lian)帶責任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也作了明確規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)。
連帶責任擔保債權清償順序
《最高(gao)人(ren)(ren)民法(fa)院關于適(shi)用<中華人(ren)(ren)民共和國擔保(bao)法(fa)>若干問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)釋(shi)》第二十條規定(ding),“連(lian)帶(dai)共同保(bao)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)承擔保(bao)證(zheng)責任(ren)后(hou),向(xiang)(xiang)債務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)不能追償的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen),由(you)各(ge)連(lian)帶(dai)保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)按其(qi)(qi)內部約定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)比例分(fen)擔。沒有(you)約定(ding)的(de)(de)(de),平均分(fen)擔”。由(you)此可見,在連(lian)帶(dai)共同保(bao)證(zheng)中,其(qi)(qi)中一(yi)個連(lian)帶(dai)保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)先行向(xiang)(xiang)債權人(ren)(ren)清償債務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de),其(qi)(qi)享有(you)向(xiang)(xiang)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)責任(ren)人(ren)(ren)追償的(de)(de)(de)權利,但應首先向(xiang)(xiang)主(zhu)債務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)追償,如(ru)主(zhu)債務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)清償不能的(de)(de)(de),再由(you)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)連(lian)帶(dai)保(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)在前者不能清償的(de)(de)(de)范圍內償付。《最高(gao)人(ren)(ren)民法(fa)院關于適(shi)用中華人(ren)(ren)民共和國擔保(bao)法(fa)若干問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)解(jie)釋(shi)理解(jie)與適(shi)用》作為法(fa)官審判業務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)重要參考(kao)文獻(xian),也(ye)闡明了這一(yi)先后(hou)順序(xu)。
但是追償順序(xu)有(you)先(xian)后并不代表訴訟需要分(fen)開進行(xing)。在(zai)(zai)實際糾(jiu)紛中,已經清(qing)(qing)(qing)償債(zhai)務的連帶保(bao)證人(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)以同時起(qi)訴主債(zhai)務人(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)其他連帶保(bao)證人(ren)(ren)(ren),要求(qiu)兩者分(fen)別承(cheng)擔全部清(qing)(qing)(qing)償責任(ren)和(he)補(bu)充(chong)清(qing)(qing)(qing)償責任(ren),在(zai)(zai)執行(xing)程(cheng)序(xu)中先(xian)以主債(zhai)務人(ren)(ren)(ren)的財產受償;也可(ke)以先(xian)起(qi)訴債(zhai)務人(ren)(ren)(ren),在(zai)(zai)對其財產執行(xing)完畢(bi)后再(zai)起(qi)訴連帶保(bao)證責任(ren)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。
但是,后一種做法不可避免的會涉及到訴訟時效的問題,即對主債務人起訴是否會對其他連帶保證人發生訴訟時效中斷的效果。《最高人民法院關于民事案件訴訟時效若干問題的解釋》第十七條只規定了連帶之債中訴訟時效中斷事由的涉他性,而連帶保證人先行清償后,主債務人和其他連帶保證人之間并非連帶責任關系,而是補充責任關系,因此其中一方訴訟時效中斷的事由是否具有涉他性沒有明確的法律依據。
夫妻共同債務離婚時是否具有連帶清償責任
1、連帶(dai)責(ze)任是指兩(liang)個或兩(liang)個以上的(de)債(zhai)務人(ren)分(fen)別就共同債(zhai)務對債(zhai)權人(ren)承(cheng)擔全部清償的(de)責(ze)任。連帶(dai)責(ze)任制(zhi)度是與債(zhai)務人(ren)有連帶(dai)關系(xi)的(de)人(ren)承(cheng)擔債(zhai)務責(ze)任的(de)制(zhi)度。
2、婚姻法第四十一條規(gui)定(ding)(ding),離婚時,原為(wei)夫(fu)妻(qi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)生活(huo)所(suo)負(fu)(fu)的債務,應當共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)償還(huan)。既然規(gui)定(ding)(ding)夫(fu)妻(qi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)生活(huo)所(suo)負(fu)(fu)的債務,應當由(you)夫(fu)妻(qi)兩(liang)方(fang)(fang)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)償還(huan),也就(jiu)包含了夫(fu)妻(qi)兩(liang)方(fang)(fang)中的任何一方(fang)(fang)都負(fu)(fu)有清(qing)償全部債務(共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)債務)的義務,在此不能將(jiang)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)償還(huan)僅僅理(li)解為(wei)夫(fu)妻(qi)兩(liang)方(fang)(fang)等(deng)份償還(huan)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)償還(huan)就(jiu)設定(ding)(ding)了償還(huan)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)債務是(shi)夫(fu)妻(qi)兩(liang)方(fang)(fang)的共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)責任。
3、婚姻法第四十一條同時還規定,共同財產不足清償的,或財產歸各自所有的,由雙方協議清償;協議不成時,由人民法院判決。這就規定了,夫妻共(gong)同財產不(bu)(bu)足(zu)以償還共(gong)同債務(wu)時,夫(fu)妻兩方則要以各(ge)自(zi)的個人財產清(qing)償共(gong)同債務(wu),而(er)并不(bu)(bu)是規定對共(gong)同財產不(bu)(bu)足(zu)的部分予以免(mian)責(ze)。這就說明夫(fu)妻兩方對共(gong)同債務(wu)的清(qing)償是一種無限連帶責(ze)任。