電氣(qi)設備(bei)維(wei)修的十項原則 電氣(qi)設備(bei)檢查(cha)方法和操(cao)作實(shi)踐(jian)

1．先(xian)動(dong)口再動(dong)手(shou)對(dui)于(yu)有故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)電氣設備，不(bu)應急于(yu)動(dong)手(shou)，應先(xian)詢問產生(sheng)故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)前后經過及(ji)故(gu)障(zhang)現象。對(dui)于(yu)生(sheng)疏的(de)設備，還應先(xian)熟(shu)悉(xi)電路原(yuan)理和結(jie)構特點，遵守相應規(gui)則。拆卸前要(yao)充分熟(shu)悉(xi)每個(ge)電氣部件的(de)功能(neng)、位置(zhi)、連接方式以及(ji)與四(si)周其他器件的(de)關系，在沒(mei)有組(zu)裝(zhuang)圖的(de)情況下(xia)，應一邊拆卸，一邊畫草圖，并記(ji)上(shang)標(biao)記(ji)。

2．先外部后內部應(ying)先檢(jian)查(cha)設備(bei)有無(wu)明(ming)顯裂(lie)痕、缺損，了(le)解其維修史、使用年限等，然(ran)后再(zai)對機(ji)(ji)內進(jin)行檢(jian)查(cha)。拆(chai)(chai)前應(ying)排(pai)隊(dui)周(zhou)邊的故障(zhang)因素，確定為機(ji)(ji)內故障(zhang)后才能拆(chai)(chai)卸，否則，盲目拆(chai)(chai)卸，可(ke)能將設備(bei)越修越壞。

3．先機械后電(dian)氣，只有在(zai)確定機械零件無故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)后，再進行電(dian)氣方面的檢查(cha)。檢查(cha)電(dian)路故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)時，應利用檢測儀器(qi)尋找(zhao)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)部位，確認無接觸(chu)不良(liang)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)后，再有針對性(xing)地查(cha)看線路與機械的運(yun)作關系，以免(mian)誤判。

4．先(xian)靜態后(hou)動(dong)態在設備(bei)未(wei)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，判定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)按鈕、接(jie)觸器、熱繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器以及保(bao)險絲的(de)好壞，從而(er)判定(ding)故障(zhang)的(de)所在。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)試驗，聽其聲、測參數、判定(ding)故障(zhang)，最后(hou)進行(xing)維修。如在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機缺(que)相(xiang)時(shi)(shi)，若測量三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值無法(fa)著判別時(shi)(shi)，就應該聽其聲，單獨測每相(xiang)對地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，方可判定(ding)哪一(yi)相(xiang)缺(que)損。

5．先清(qing)潔(jie)后維修(xiu)，對(dui)污染較重(zhong)的電氣設備，先對(dui)其(qi)按鈕(niu)、接(jie)線點、接(jie)觸點進行清(qing)潔(jie)，檢查外部控制鍵是否失靈。許多故障都是由臟(zang)污及(ji)導電塵塊引起的，一(yi)經清(qing)潔(jie)故障往往會排除。

6．先(xian)電(dian)源后設備電(dian)源部分的故障(zhang)率在整個故障(zhang)設備中(zhong)占的比例很(hen)高，所以先(xian)檢修電(dian)源往(wang)往(wang)可以事半功(gong)倍。

7．先普遍后非凡(fan)，因裝配配件質(zhi)量(liang)或其他設備故(gu)障而(er)引起的故(gu)障，一般(ban)占常(chang)見故(gu)障的50左右。電(dian)氣設備的非凡(fan)故(gu)障多為軟故(gu)障，要靠經驗和儀表來測(ce)量(liang)和維修。

8．先外圍后(hou)內部，先不(bu)要(yao)急于更換損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)的電氣部件(jian)，在確認外圍設備電路正常時，再考慮更換損(sun)壞(huai)(huai)的電氣部件(jian)。

9．先直流后交(jiao)(jiao)流，檢修(xiu)時(shi)，必(bi)須先檢查直流回(hui)路(lu)靜態工作點，再交(jiao)(jiao)流回(hui)路(lu)動態工作點。

10．先故障后調(diao)(diao)試，對(dui)于調(diao)(diao)試和故障并存的(de)電(dian)氣設(she)備，應先排除故障，再進(jin)行調(diao)(diao)試，調(diao)(diao)試必須在(zai)電(dian)氣線路速的(de)前提下(xia)進(jin)行。

檢查方法和操作實踐

1．直觀法(fa)直觀法(fa)是根據電器故(gu)障的(de)外(wai)部表現，通(tong)過(guo)看、聞、聽等手(shou)段，檢查、判(pan)定(ding)故(gu)障的(de)方法(fa)。

（1）檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)步驟：調(diao)查(cha)(cha)情況(kuang)：向操作者和故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)在場人(ren)員詢問情況(kuang)，包括(kuo)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)外部表現(xian)(xian)、大致部位、發生(sheng)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)時環境情況(kuang)。如有(you)無(wu)異(yi)常(chang)氣體(ti)、明火、熱源(yuan)是(shi)否靠近電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)、有(you)無(wu)腐蝕性(xing)氣體(ti)侵入、有(you)無(wu)漏(lou)水，是(shi)否有(you)人(ren)修(xiu)(xiu)理過，修(xiu)(xiu)理的內容等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。初步檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)：根據調(diao)查(cha)(cha)的情況(kuang)，看有(you)關電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)外部有(you)無(wu)損壞(huai)、連線有(you)無(wu)斷路、松動，絕緣有(you)無(wu)燒焦，螺(luo)旋熔斷器(qi)(qi)的熔斷指(zhi)示器(qi)(qi)是(shi)否跳(tiao)出，電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)有(you)無(wu)進水、油(you)垢，開關位置是(shi)否正確等(deng)(deng)(deng)。試車(che)(che)：通過初步檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)，確認有(you)會使故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)進一步擴大和造成人(ren)身、設(she)備事(shi)故(gu)(gu)后，可進一步試車(che)(che)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)，試車(che)(che)中要(yao)注重(zhong)(zhong)有(you)無(wu)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)跳(tiao)火、異(yi)常(chang)氣味、異(yi)常(chang)聲音等(deng)(deng)(deng)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，一經發現(xian)(xian)應立(li)即停車(che)(che)，切斷電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。注重(zhong)(zhong)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的溫升(sheng)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的動作程序是(shi)否符合電(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備原(yuan)理圖的要(yao)求，從而發現(xian)(xian)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)部位。

（2）檢(jian)查方法(fa)：觀(guan)察火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)在閉(bi)合(he)、分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或導線(xian)線(xian)頭(tou)松動(dong)時會(hui)產生火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)，因此可以(yi)(yi)根據火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有無(wu)、大(da)小等現(xian)象(xiang)來檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)故障(zhang)。例如，正(zheng)常(chang)緊固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導線(xian)與螺釘(ding)間發現(xian)有火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)時，說(shuo)明線(xian)頭(tou)松動(dong)或接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不良。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)在閉(bi)合(he)、分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)時跳火(huo)(huo)說(shuo)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)通，不跳火(huo)(huo)說(shuo)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)不通。控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)主觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)兩相(xiang)(xiang)有火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)、一(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)無(wu)火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)時，表明無(wu)火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)不良或這一(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)；三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)中兩相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)比(bi)正(zheng)常(chang)大(da)，別一(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)正(zheng)常(chang)小，可初(chu)步判(pan)定為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機相(xiang)(xiang)間短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或接(jie)地(di)；三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)都比(bi)正(zheng)常(chang)大(da)，可能是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機過(guo)載或機械部分(fen)(fen)卡住。在輔助(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中，接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)線(xian)圈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，銜鐵(tie)不吸合(he)，要分(fen)(fen)清是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)還是接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)機械部分(fen)(fen)卡住造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。可按(an)一(yi)下啟動(dong)按(an)鈕(niu)，如按(an)鈕(niu)常(chang)開(kai)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)閉(bi)合(he)位置斷(duan)開(kai)時有稍微(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)，說(shuo)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)通路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，故障(zhang)在接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機械部分(fen)(fen)；如觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)間無(wu)火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)，說(shuo)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)是斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。動(dong)作程序(xu)(xu)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)作程序(xu)(xu)應(ying)符合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣說(shuo)明書和(he)圖紙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。如某一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)動(dong)作過(guo)早、過(guo)晚或不動(dong)作，說(shuo)明該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)有故障(zhang)。另外，還可以(yi)(yi)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)發出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲音、溫度、壓(ya)力、氣味(wei)等分(fen)(fen)析判(pan)定故障(zhang)。運用(yong)直觀(guan)法(fa)，不但(dan)可以(yi)(yi)確定簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)，還可以(yi)(yi)把較復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)縮小到(dao)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍。

2．測量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)壓法(fa)(fa)測量(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)壓法(fa)(fa)是(shi)根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)方式，測量(liang)(liang)(liang)各點(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓值與電(dian)(dian)流值并(bing)與正常(chang)值比較。具體可分(fen)為(wei)分(fen)階(jie)測量(liang)(liang)(liang)法(fa)(fa)、分(fen)段測量(liang)(liang)(liang)法(fa)(fa)和(he)點(dian)測法(fa)(fa)。

3．測電(dian)阻法可分(fen)(fen)為分(fen)(fen)階(jie)測量法和(he)分(fen)(fen)段測量法。這兩種方(fang)法適用于開關、電(dian)器(qi)分(fen)(fen)布距離(li)較大的電(dian)氣設備。

4．對比、置換元件、逐(zhu)步開路（或接入(ru)）法

（1）對比法：把檢(jian)測數據與(yu)圖紙資(zi)料(liao)及平(ping)(ping)時(shi)記錄的正(zheng)常(chang)參(can)數相(xiang)(xiang)比較來判(pan)定故障。對無(wu)資(zi)料(liao)又無(wu)平(ping)(ping)時(shi)記錄的電器，可與(yu)同(tong)型號的完好電器相(xiang)(xiang)比較。電路(lu)中(zhong)的電器元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)屬于同(tong)樣控制(zhi)性質或多個元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)共同(tong)控制(zhi)同(tong)一設(she)備時(shi)，可以利用其他相(xiang)(xiang)似(si)的或同(tong)一電源的元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)動(dong)作情況來判(pan)定故障。

（2）置轉換(huan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)法：某些電路的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)原因(yin)不易確定或檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)時間(jian)過長時，但是為(wei)了保證電氣設備的(de)利用率，可轉換(huan)同一相性能(neng)良(liang)好的(de)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)器件(jian)實驗，以證實故(gu)障(zhang)是否由此電器引起。運(yun)用轉換(huan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)法檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)時應注(zhu)重(zhong)，當把(ba)原電器拆下(xia)后，要認真檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)是否已經損(sun)(sun)壞，只有肯定是由于該電器本身(shen)因(yin)素造成損(sun)(sun)壞時，才能(neng)換(huan)上新(xin)電器，以免新(xin)換(huan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)再次損(sun)(sun)壞。

（3）逐(zhu)步開(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)（或(huo)(huo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)）法(fa)(fa)：多(duo)支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)并聯且控制(zhi)較(jiao)復(fu)雜的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)時(shi)，一(yi)般有(you)(you)(you)明(ming)顯的(de)外(wai)部(bu)表現(xian)，如(ru)冒(mao)煙、有(you)(you)(you)火(huo)花(hua)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機內(nei)部(bu)或(huo)(huo)帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)護罩的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)、接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)時(shi)，除(chu)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)外(wai)，不易發現(xian)其他外(wai)部(bu)現(xian)象(xiang)。這(zhe)種情況可(ke)采(cai)用逐(zhu)步開(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)（或(huo)(huo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)）法(fa)(fa)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)。逐(zhu)步開(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)法(fa)(fa)：碰到難(nan)以(yi)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)的(de)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)故障，可(ke)重新(xin)(xin)(xin)更換熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體，把多(duo)支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)交聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，一(yi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)一(yi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)逐(zhu)步或(huo)(huo)重點(dian)地(di)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)開(kai)，然后通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)驗(yan)，若熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)一(yi)再(zai)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，故障就(jiu)在剛剛斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)開(kai)的(de)這(zhe)條(tiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)。然后再(zai)將這(zhe)條(tiao)支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)分(fen)成幾段(duan)，逐(zhu)段(duan)地(di)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。當接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)某(mou)段(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)時(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)又(you)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，故障就(jiu)在這(zhe)段(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)及某(mou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)元件(jian)上(shang)。這(zhe)種方法(fa)(fa)簡單(dan)，但輕易把損壞不嚴重的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)元件(jian)徹底燒(shao)毀(hui)。逐(zhu)步接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)法(fa)(fa)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)出現(xian)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)故障時(shi)，換上(shang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)逐(zhu)步或(huo)(huo)重點(dian)地(di)將各支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)一(yi)條(tiao)一(yi)條(tiao)的(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，重新(xin)(xin)(xin)試(shi)驗(yan)。當接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)到某(mou)段(duan)時(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)又(you)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，故障就(jiu)在剛剛接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)的(de)這(zhe)條(tiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)及其所包含的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)元件(jian)上(shang)。

5．強迫閉合法在排隊電(dian)器(qi)(qi)故(gu)障時，經過直(zhi)觀檢查后(hou)沒(mei)有(you)找(zhao)到故(gu)障點而手下也沒(mei)有(you)適當的儀表進行(xing)測量，可用(yong)一絕緣棒將(jiang)有(you)關(guan)繼電(dian)器(qi)(qi)、接觸器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)磁(ci)鐵等(deng)用(yong)外(wai)力強行(xing)按下，使其常(chang)開觸點閉合，然后(hou)觀察電(dian)器(qi)(qi)部分或機械(xie)部分出現(xian)的各種(zhong)現(xian)象，如電(dian)動機從不轉到轉動，設備相(xiang)應的部分從不動到正常(chang)運行(xing)等(deng)。

6．短(duan)接(jie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)設備(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)大(da)致歸納為短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、過(guo)載、斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、接(jie)地、接(jie)線錯誤、電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)磁及機(ji)械部分故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)等六類(lei)。諸(zhu)類(lei)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)中出現較多的(de)為斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。它(ta)包括(kuo)導(dao)線斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、虛連(lian)、松動、觸(chu)點接(jie)觸(chu)不(bu)良、虛焊、假焊、熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)熔斷(duan)等。對(dui)這類(lei)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)除用(yong)電(dian)(dian)阻法(fa)(fa)(fa)、電(dian)(dian)壓法(fa)(fa)(fa)檢(jian)查(cha)外(wai)，還有一種更(geng)為簡單可(ke)靠的(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，就是短(duan)接(jie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。方法(fa)(fa)(fa)是用(yong)一根良好絕緣的(de)導(dao)線，將所懷疑的(de)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)部位(wei)短(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)接(jie)起(qi)來，如短(duan)接(jie)到某(mou)處，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)工作(zuo)恢(hui)復正常，說明(ming)該處斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。具(ju)體(ti)操作(zuo)可(ke)分為局部短(duan)接(jie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和長短(duan)接(jie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。以上(shang)幾種檢(jian)查(cha)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，要(yao)活(huo)學活(huo)用(yong)，遵守安全(quan)操作(zuo)規章(zhang)。對(dui)于連(lian)續燒壞的(de)元器(qi)(qi)件應(ying)查(cha)明(ming)原因后再進行更(geng)換；電(dian)(dian)壓測量時(shi)應(ying)考(kao)慮到導(dao)線的(de)壓降；不(bu)違反(fan)設備(bei)(bei)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)控制(zhi)的(de)原則，試車時(shi)手不(bu)得離開(kai)電(dian)(dian)源開(kai)關(guan)，并且保險(xian)應(ying)使用(yong)等量或略小于額(e)定電(dian)(dian)流；，注重測量儀器(qi)(qi)的(de)擋位(wei)的(de)選(xuan)擇。