一、鎳鎘電池的原理

位于(yu)負極(ji)的(de)(de)鎘(Cd)和(he)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉(NaOH)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根離(li)(li)子(zi)(OH-)化(hua)(hua)合成氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘，并附著在(zai)陽極(ji)上，同時也放出(chu)電(dian)子(zi)。電(dian)子(zi)沿(yan)著電(dian)線至陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)，和(he)陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)的(de)(de)二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)與氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液中(zhong)的(de)(de)水(shui)反應形成氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)和(he)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根離(li)(li)子(zi)，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)會附著在(zai)陽極(ji)上，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根離(li)(li)子(zi)則又回到氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液中(zhong)，故氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液濃度(du)不(bu)會隨著時間而下降(jiang)。

鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)極板上(shang)的(de)活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)由(you)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)粉和(he)石墨(mo)粉組成(cheng)，石墨(mo)不(bu)(bu)參加(jia)化(hua)(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)，其主要作用是(shi)(shi)增(zeng)強導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性。負極板上(shang)的(de)活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)由(you)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘粉和(he)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鐵粉組成(cheng)，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鐵粉的(de)作用是(shi)(shi)使(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘粉有較高的(de)擴散性，防止結塊，并增(zeng)加(jia)極板的(de)容量。活性物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)分別包在穿(chuan)孔鋼帶中(zhong)，加(jia)壓成(cheng)型后即(ji)成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)正(zheng)負極板。極板間用耐堿的(de)硬橡膠絕緣棍或(huo)有孔的(de)聚(ju)氯乙烯瓦楞(leng)板隔開。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液通常用氫氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉀溶液。與其它電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相比(bi)，NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)自(zi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)(lv)(即(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)(bu)使(shi)用時失去電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)速率(lv)(lv)超科電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi))適中(zhong)。NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使(shi)用過程(cheng)中(zhong)，如(ru)果放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)完全就(jiu)又充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，下(xia)次再(zai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)能放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。比(bi)如(ru)，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量后再(zai)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只能放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出80%的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。這就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)所謂的(de)記憶(yi)(yi)效應(ying)。當然(ran)，幾次完整的(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環將使(shi)NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)恢復正(zheng)常工作。由(you)于NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)記憶(yi)(yi)效應(ying)，若未完全放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，應(ying)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)將每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至1V以下(xia)。

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二、鎳鎘電池的基本特點

1、鎳(nie)鎘電池可重(zhong)復(fu)500次以上的充放(fang)電，非(fei)常的經(jing)濟(ji)。

2、內(nei)阻(zu)小，可供大電(dian)流的(de)放電(dian)，當它放電(dian)時電(dian)壓的(de)變化很小，作為直流電(dian)源是一種質(zhi)量極佳的(de)電(dian)池。

3、因為采用(yong)完全(quan)密封式，因此不(bu)會有(you)電解(jie)液(ye)漏出的現(xian)象，也完全(quan)不(bu)需要補充電解(jie)液(ye)。

4、與(yu)其(qi)他種類電(dian)池(chi)相比(bi)之下(xia)，鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)可耐過充電(dian)或(huo)放過電(dian)，操作簡單方便。

5、長時間的放置(zhi)下也不會使性能(neng)劣(lie)化(hua)，當十(shi)分充完電后(hou)即(ji)可恢復(fu)原來的特性。

6、可使用(yong)在很廣的溫度(du)范圍(wei)內。

7、因為(wei)它采用金屬(shu)容(rong)器而作成(cheng)，有機械性的堅固。

8、鎳鎘電池在非常(chang)嚴格(ge)的品(pin)質管(guan)理下被制造完成，有非常(chang)優良的品(pin)質性(xing)賴(lai)性(xing)。

三、鎳鎘電池的主要特征

1、高壽命

鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池(chi)可以提供(gong)500次(ci)以上的(de)(de)充放(fang)電(dian)周期，壽(shou)命幾(ji)乎(hu)等(deng)同于使用該種(zhong)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)設備(bei)的(de)(de)服務期。

2、優異的放電性能

在大電(dian)流放電(dian)的情(qing)況(kuang)下，鎳鎘電(dian)池具(ju)有(you)低內阻和高電(dian)壓的放電(dian)特(te)性，因而(er)應用廣(guang)泛(fan)。

3、儲存期長

鎳鎘電池儲存壽命長而且(qie)限制(zhi)條件少(shao)，在(zai)長期儲存后(hou)仍可正(zheng)常(chang)充(chong)電。

4、高倍率充電性能

鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)可根據應用需要進行快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電(dian), 滿充(chong)時間僅為1.2小時。

5、大范圍溫度適應性

普通型鎳鎘電池可(ke)以(yi)應用于(yu)較(jiao)高(gao)或較(jiao)低溫度環(huan)(huan)境。高(gao)溫型電池可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)70攝氏(shi)度或者(zhe)更高(gao)溫度的(de)環(huan)(huan)境中(zhong)使用。

6、可靠的安全閥

安全閥(fa)提供了免維護(hu)功能。鎳(nie)鎘電池在(zai)充放電或者儲存過程中(zhong)可以(yi)自(zi)由使用。由于密封(feng)(feng)圈使用的(de)是(shi)特殊材料，再加(jia)上(shang)密封(feng)(feng)劑的(de)作用，使得鎳(nie)鎘電池很少出(chu)現漏(lou)液現象。

7、廣泛的應用領域

鎳鎘電池容量從100mAh 至 7000mAh不等。通常使用的(de)有標(biao)準型(xing)，消(xiao)費型(xing)，高(gao)溫(wen)型(xing)和大電(dian)流放電(dian)型(xing)等四大類(lei)，可應用于任何(he)無線設備。

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四、鎳鎘電池的保養

1、在日(ri)常(chang)工作中，應該熟悉自己使(shi)(shi)用電池所屬(shu)類型，它所具有的(de)(de)基本特點和性能。這對(dui)于(yu)(yu)指導我們正確(que)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用和保養，具有十分重要的(de)(de)意義，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)延長電池的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用壽命也是極為重要的(de)(de)。

2、充(chong)電時(shi)，室溫(wen)最(zui)好(hao)控制在10℃－30℃之間進行(xing)，右高于(yu)30攝(she)氏(shi)度最(zui)好(hao)采取降溫(wen)措施，避免因電池內部過熱發(fa)生變(bian)形；室溫(wen)低于(yu)5攝(she)氏(shi)度時(shi)，會造成(cheng)充(chong)電不足，影響電池的使用壽命(ming)。

3、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經一(yi)(yi)段時(shi)間(jian)(jian)的使(shi)用(yong)后(hou)，由于(yu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)程度不同和(he)老化(hua)或多或少的存在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足和(he)性能下降的情況，一(yi)(yi)般情況下鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可在10次左右的充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環之后(hou)，進行一(yi)(yi)次過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。方(fang)法是延長充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)比正(zheng)常(chang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)延長一(yi)(yi)倍左右。具體舉例(li)如(ru)下：用(yong)SONY的BC--1WA(B)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器對NP-1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在綠燈(deng)(deng)閃(shan)爍時(shi)為(wei)快速(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，綠燈(deng)(deng)停止閃(shan)爍長亮時(shi)快速(su)(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束點(dian)(dian)滴(di)(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始，延長點(dian)(dian)滴(di)(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)時(shi)，點(dian)(dian)滴(di)(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)為(wei)過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)，過充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)以3－4小時(shi)為(wei)宜。

4、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)應嚴(yan)格按要(yao)求(qiu)規范操(cao)作(zuo)，切忌(ji)長期過(guo)充(chong)(chong)、過(guo)放(fang)(fang)或(huo)(huo)經(jing)常充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不徹底(di)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用時(shi)長期小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流深度放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)(huo)短路都是造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量(liang)下降、壽(shou)命縮短的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)因素。長此以往(wang)違章使用操(cao)作(zuo)不僅(jin)會影響使用，而且(qie)勢(shi)必會影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)容(rong)量(liang)與(yu)壽(shou)命。

5、在(zai)(zai)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)BC-1WA(B)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程應一次完成，不可中途斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)或在(zai)(zai)快(kuai)速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)(jie)束后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)處于高溫狀態，而重新接通電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，使得充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器再次給電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快(kuai)速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，結(jie)(jie)果會(hui)造成過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)(zai)使用(yong)(yong)中當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)告警(jing)指示燈閃爍告警(jing)時，應及時更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)過(guo)量放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

6、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池長(chang)期不用(yong)時勿需充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)存(cun)，但須將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后(hou)(攝錄機電(dian)(dian)(dian)池告警(jing)燈閃爍)方可封裝存(cun)放(fang)(fang)(fang)在原包裝紙盒(he)或用(yong)布、紙包裝后(hou)，置于干燥(zao)、通風處存(cun)放(fang)(fang)(fang)。