一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

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（1）恒定電流充電法

在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)始(shi)終保持(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)變(bian)，叫做恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，簡稱恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)或等流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中由于蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)逐(zhu)漸(jian)升高(gao)(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)下降(jiang)，為保持(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)致因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升高(gao)(gao)而減小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)必須(xu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)升高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，以(yi)維持(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)始(shi)終不(bu)變(bian)，這對(dui)于充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的自動化程(cheng)度(du)要(yao)求較高(gao)(gao)，一般(ban)簡陋(lou)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是不(bu)能滿足恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)求的。恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大(da)(da)允許的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)情況下，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越大(da)(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間就可以(yi)縮(suo)短。若(ruo)從時間上考慮，采(cai)用此法(fa)有利的。但在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若(ruo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)仍(reng)不(bu)變(bian)，這時由于大(da)(da)部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水(shui)上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液出氣泡過(guo)多而顯沸騰狀，這不(bu)僅(jin)消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而且容易(yi)使極板(ban)(ban)上活性物(wu)質大(da)(da)量(liang)脫落，溫升過(guo)高(gao)(gao)，造成極板(ban)(ban)彎曲，容量(liang)迅速下降(jiang)而提前報廢。所以(yi)，這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)很少采(cai)用。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始終(zhong)保持不(bu)(bu)變(bian)，叫做(zuo)恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，簡稱恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)或(huo)等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。由于恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始至(zhi)后(hou)期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始終(zhong)保持一(yi)定，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)相當(dang)大(da)(da)，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)超過(guo)正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值。但隨(sui)著充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的進行，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)逐漸(jian)升(sheng)高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸(jian)減小。當(dang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相等(deng)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減至(zhi)最小甚至(zhi)為零。由此可(ke)見，采(cai)用恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的優點(dian)在于，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)避(bi)免(mian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)大(da)(da)而造成(cheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)活性物質(zhi)脫落和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的損失。但其(qi)缺點(dian)是(shi)，在剛開(kai)始充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)大(da)(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)活性物質(zhi)體(ti)積變(bian)化(hua)收縮太快，影響(xiang)活性物質(zhi)的機械(xie)強度，致使其(qi)脫落。而在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又過(guo)小，使極(ji)(ji)板(ban)深處(chu)的活性物質(zhi)得不(bu)(bu)到充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應，形(xing)成(cheng)長期充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)足，影響(xiang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的使用壽命。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)一(yi)般只(zhi)適用于無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備或(huo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備較簡陋(lou)的特殊場合，如(ru)汽(qi)車上蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至(zhi)5號干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)式的小蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采(cai)用等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。采(cai)用等(deng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)給蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)：酸性蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為2.4～2.8V左右(you)，堿性蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每個單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為1.6～2.0V左右(you)。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為(wei)補救恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)缺點而采用(yong)的(de)(de)一種方法(fa)。即(ji)在(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池之(zhi)間串(chuan)聯一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，這樣(yang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可以調整。但有時最大充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受到(dao)限制，因此隨充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程的(de)(de)進行，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸上(shang)升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)卻幾乎成為(wei)直線(xian)衰減。有時使用(yong)兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值，約在(zai)(zai)2.4V時，從低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)轉換到(dao)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，以減少(shao)出氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜合恒(heng)流和恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電法(fa)的特(te)點，蓄電池(chi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電初期用較(jiao)大的電流，經過一段(duan)時間改(gai)用較(jiao)小的電流，至充(chong)(chong)(chong)電后(hou)期改(gai)用更(geng)小的電流，即不同(tong)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)內以不同(tong)的電流進(jin)行(xing)(xing)恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電的方(fang)法(fa)，叫做(zuo)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電法(fa)。階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電法(fa)，一般可(ke)分(fen)為兩個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，也可(ke)分(fen)為多個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)。

階(jie)段(duan)等流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)法(fa)所需充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間短，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果也好。由于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)后期(qi)改用較(jiao)小電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)減少了氣泡對(dui)極板活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)沖刷，減少了活性(xing)物(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)脫落(luo)。這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)法(fa)能(neng)延長蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用壽(shou)命(ming)，并節省電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)又徹底，所以是當(dang)前常用的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方法(fa)。一般蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)第一階(jie)段(duan)以10h率電(dian)(dian)流進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，第二階(jie)段(duan)以20h率電(dian)(dian)流進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。各階(jie)段(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間的(de)(de)(de)長短，各種(zhong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)具體要求(qiu)和標準不(bu)一樣(yang)(yang)。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電池理想充(chong)電法。

（5）浮充電法

間歇使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或僅在交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時才使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)為浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)。一些特(te)殊(shu)場合(he)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的固(gu)定型蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一般均采用(yong)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法的優(you)點(dian)主要(yao)(yao)在于(yu)能減少蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的析(xi)氣率(lv)，并可防止過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時由于(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)同直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源并聯供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)瞬時輸出大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，這有(you)助于(yu)鎮定電(dian)(dian)(dian)源系統的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，使(shi)(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)正(zheng)常(chang)。浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法的缺點(dian)是個別蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不均衡和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)不足電(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以需要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)定期的均衡充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不是(shi)(shi)所有失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池都(dou)能(neng)(neng)進行修(xiu)復，如出現(xian)了(le)短路(lu)和(he)斷路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池、極(ji)板(ban)上活性物質(zhi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)脫落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池、極(ji)板(ban)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)損壞，嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)變形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池塑料殼體(ti)(ti)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)變形(xing)(xing)和(he)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)破裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池塑料殼體(ti)(ti)底部出現(xian)大(da)面積(ji)漏液的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)不能(neng)(neng)進行修(xiu)復的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所以(yi)可(ke)修(xiu)復的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)而(er)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上活性物質(zhi)發生(sheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫酸鹽化(hua)而(er)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，以(yi)及(ji)因(yin)(yin)磕碰、摔(shuai)打、跌落等原因(yin)(yin)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池殼體(ti)(ti)上部出現(xian)微(wei)弱裂縫而(er)漏液造成失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，即結(jie)構輕(qing)微(wei)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。所以(yi)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復可(ke)分為對電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)(neng)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復和(he)對塑料殼體(ti)(ti)結(jie)構件失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修(xiu)復可分為化學方法修(xiu)復和(he)物理(li)方法修(xiu)復。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化學方(fang)法(fa)(fa)對電(dian)性能失效的鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)的修復(fu)通(tong)常是采用加入化學活化劑方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，如添加納米碳溶(rong)(rong)膠蓄電(dian)池(chi)活化劑，它是以納米石墨為溶(rong)(rong)質(zhi)主要成份的水溶(rong)(rong)液。

A、對(dui)失水(shui)嚴重的鉛酸蓄電池在加入活化(hua)劑前(qian)要先加入濃度(du)為5%~10%的稀硫酸電解液(ye)，補加的電解液(ye)量控制在上(shang)下液(ye)面線之間偏上(shang)線的位置。

B、按活(huo)化(hua)劑(ji)的(de)使(shi)用添加(jia)量要求(qiu)通(tong)過氣塞孔均勻的(de)從四周及中間加(jia)入到每(mei)個(ge)單體(ti)蓄電池內部并(bing)搖動均勻。納米碳溶膠活(huo)化(hua)劑(ji)加(jia)完(wan)后電解(jie)液的(de)液面線(xian)接近液面標示(shi)線(xian)的(de)上線(xian)。

C、立即對修復的電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)，開(kai)始活化充電(dian)(dian)時充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流要(yao)大于正常充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的50%左右，以便(bian)使納米(mi)石墨在電場的(de)作(zuo)用下盡快的(de)吸附到(dao)電極里面，大(da)約充(chong)進40%左(zuo)右的(de)電量時再進行正常充(chong)電。首次活(huo)化的(de)充(chong)電量為(wei)理論容量的(de)120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次(ci)后電池的(de)電性能就能得(de)以(yi)恢復(fu)，其放電容(rong)量(liang)在額定容(rong)量(liang)的(de)98%以(yi)上(shang)的(de)可認(ren)為修復完成。電(dian)(dian)池活化修復后對電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)液(ye)面偏高的(de)要抽(chou)出多余的(de)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電池，應(ying)把電解液全部倒出(chu)（或吸出(chu)）并用電池用純(chun)凈(jing)水清洗2次，然后再加入使用濃度(du)的硫酸電(dian)(dian)解液，再按前(qian)述方法對電(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行活化修復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸蓄電池(chi)的修復也有(you)一定效果；但(dan)對(dui)膠體電解質電池(chi)的修復效果不明顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用(yong)物理方法對電(dian)性能(neng)失(shi)效(xiao)的鉛酸蓄電(dian)池修復是用(yong)充電(dian)設備提(ti)供的充電(dian)模(mo)式(shi)創(chuang)新—充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)的變(bian)化來實現的。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方法見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小電(dian)流(liu)預放(fang)電(dian)可以使(shi)電(dian)解液更容易(yi)浸潤到電(dian)極內(nei)部(bu)，使(shi)表面已生成(cheng)鈍化層的(de)活(huo)性物質（硫酸(suan)鉛）在(zai)小電(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)時產(chan)生比較疏松(song)的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛分子，這(zhe)有助(zhu)于鈍化的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛活(huo)化并再度參加(jia)電(dian)化學反應(ying)。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈沖電流一般≥0.1C，終止時單體電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓控制(zhi)在2.63V~2.70V之間。充(chong)電電流(liu)會(hui)隨電池的(de)電壓升高而逐步下降(jiang)，這(zhe)可以避免長時間大電流(liu)充(chong)電造(zao)成電極的(de)損壞和失水(shui)。一般修(xiu)復充(chong)電的(de)充(chong)電容(rong)(rong)量控制在額定(ding)容(rong)(rong)量的(de)120%左右，時間(jian)控制在10h~12h之(zhi)間(jian)。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小(xiao)時，其后檢察電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的開路電(dian)(dian)壓，若一切(qie)正常可按要求(qiu)的放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)，放至(zhi)單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)壓到1.75V，放出的(de)(de)容量應不少于額定(ding)容量的(de)(de)95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上；需要對容(rong)量(liang)恢復到額定容(rong)量(liang)80%以(yi)上的電(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行第二次(ci)(ci)修復。第二次(ci)(ci)修復的充電(dian)方法與(yu)第一次(ci)(ci)相同(tong)。一般(ban)只(zhi)是(shi)電(dian)性能失效的電(dian)池(chi)第二次(ci)(ci)修復后其電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)可(ke)以(yi)恢復到額定容(rong)量(liang)的98%以(yi)(yi)上；這(zhe)時可認為修(xiu)復完成(cheng)，電池再充電后就可以(yi)(yi)提交使用(yong)。如果第(di)二次(ci)修(xiu)復放(fang)電容量低于額定容量的85%則認為(wei)該電池(chi)徹(che)底失(shi)效不可修(xiu)復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描共振頻(pin)率技術（裝置）對落后或電(dian)性能失效(xiao)電(dian)池的修復操作(zuo)

A、對(dui)失(shi)水(shui)嚴重的(de)電池進行補充電解(jie)液，方法同3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將(jiang)掃(sao)描(miao)共振頻率(lv)裝置連接到(dao)電(dian)(dian)池（組）的(de)正、負極上，按使用要求對(dui)落(luo)后(hou)或電(dian)(dian)性能失(shi)效的(de)電(dian)(dian)池進行修復。為防止電(dian)(dian)池工作狀態對(dui)修復的(de)干(gan)(gan)擾在線路中應串(chuan)一個同(tong)步干(gan)(gan)擾抑制模塊。

C、測量被修復電(dian)路中電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的電(dian)壓和內阻，失效(xiao)的或(huo)落后的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)壓和內阻與其它(ta)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)基(ji)本一(yi)致(zhi)時可以認為修復完(wan)成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系統、衛星地面站(zhan)等(deng)設施(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)機(ji)房。該(gai)技術（裝置）的(de)(de)最大特點(dian)是落后或失效的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)可以在線修復(fu)，不必把(ba)有問題的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)從供(gong)配電(dian)(dian)系統中取下，是屬于在線智能修復(fu)，可無(wu)需人員(yuan)值班，修復(fu)激活電(dian)(dian)池(chi)時也(ye)不會給(gei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)帶來損壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛酸蓄(xu)電池(chi)在使(shi)用過程中有(you)時會(hui)出現碰撞、跌落、摔打的(de)現象，這(zhe)就會(hui)造成(cheng)電池(chi)的(de)塑料(liao)殼(ke)體(ti)被損壞(huai)(huai)。對于只有(you)輕微損壞(huai)(huai)（如外殼(ke)有(you)輕微縫隙、漏(lou)電解(jie)液并不嚴(yan)重、內(nei)部電極并未損壞(huai)(huai)）的(de)可以(yi)進行修復，但修復后不應影響電池(chi)在設(she)備上的(de)裝配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑(su)料料粒(li)的配比(bi)配制膠(jiao)(jiao)液(ye)，不(bu)斷搖動(dong)，使固體(ti)料粒(li)完全溶解并(bing)成均勻液(ye)，待用(yong)（膠(jiao)(jiao)液(ye)用(yong)后密封好，可以(yi)長期使用(yong)）。把鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷處擦拭潔(jie)凈，粘接面上不(bu)能(neng)有粉塵(chen)，粉狀顆(ke)粒(li)，油污及電解液(ye)并(bing)應平整(zheng)。取潔(jie)凈的尺寸適(shi)度(du)的ABS（或SAN）塑料板塊（板塊的尺寸各方向上要大于裂(lie)縫(feng)5mm以(yi)上，厚(hou)度和電池外殼(ke)(ke)壁相當(dang)，待(dai)用。取適量的(de)膠(jiao)液涂抹于鉛酸蓄電池外殼(ke)(ke)的(de)損傷處及周邊5mm以上(shang)的地帶，再(zai)把裁剪(jian)好(hao)的塑料(liao)板塊緊壓在涂好(hao)膠的電池(chi)外殼損傷處并平(ping)壓緊，12小時以(yi)后待(dai)膠液完全干涸(he)后檢查不(bu)漏，可(ke)以(yi)認為修復完成，可(ke)提交(jiao)使(shi)用(yong)。應(ying)注意的(de)是(shi)粘接面必需(xu)平(ping)整，粘接處(chu)必需(xu)平(ping)壓緊。被(bei)修復的(de)電(dian)池在修復前若漏電(dian)解液較(jiao)多時應(ying)補加使(shi)用(yong)濃度的(de)硫酸電(dian)解液在充電(dian)活(huo)化后方(fang)可(ke)提交(jiao)使(shi)用(yong)。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯晴、苯(ben)乙(yi)烯、丁(ding)二烯共聚(ju)物(wu)），改性ABS工程塑料，SAN工程塑(su)料（苯乙(yi)烯、丙烯晴共聚(ju)物）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以上(shang)，損傷縫隙(xi)粘(zhan)合膠面的厚(hou)度(du)不小于電池(chi)外殼的壁厚(hou)，熱熔膠合面可(ke)以適當加壓有利于粘(zhan)合牢固，自然(ran)冷卻12小(xiao)時(shi)后檢查不(bu)漏(lou)，可以認為修復完成，可提交使用。

熱熔(rong)膠粘合修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)可以用熱熔(rong)膠棒，也可以用與(yu)電(dian)(dian)池殼體相同材料(liao)的(de)(de)棒（板）材料(liao)，作為熱熔(rong)膠合材料(liao)，后者效果會更好。對熔(rong)膠粘合修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)前失(shi)液過(guo)多的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)后應補加使(shi)用濃度的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解液到(dao)液面線的(de)(de)中間部位并充電(dian)(dian)后再提交使(shi)用。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙烯），改性增強PP（滑石粉強化(hua)的聚(ju)丙烯）等。

對于極拄處，或蓋子上出現的輕微(wei)縫隙也(ye)可以(yi)用上述熱熔粘(zhan)合方法進行修復。