【電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)】電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的工作原理 電動機(ji)是如何工作的

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電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)是一(yi)(yi)種旋轉式機(ji)(ji)器，它將電能轉變為機(ji)(ji)械能，它主要包(bao)括一(yi)(yi)個用(yong)以(yi)產(chan)生磁(ci)場的(de)(de)(de)電磁(ci)鐵繞組或(huo)分布的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)子(zi)繞組和一(yi)(yi)個旋轉電樞或(huo)轉子(zi)，其(qi)導線中有電流通(tong)過并受磁(ci)場的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)而(er)使轉動(dong)(dong)，這些機(ji)(ji)器中有些類型(xing)可作電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)用(yong)，也可作發電機(ji)(ji)用(yong)。

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)把電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換成(cheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能的(de)設(she)備，它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)利用(yong)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)線圈在磁(ci)場(chang)中受(shou)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)現象制成(cheng)，分布于各(ge)個用(yong)戶(hu)處，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)不(bu)同分為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)力系統中的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)大部(bu)分是(shi)(shi)(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可以是(shi)(shi)(shi)同步電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)或者是(shi)(shi)(shi)異步電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)定(ding)子磁(ci)場(chang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)不(bu)保持同步速(su)(su)）。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要由(you)定(ding)子與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子組成(cheng)。通(tong)電(dian)(dian)導線在磁(ci)場(chang)中受(shou)力運(yun)動(dong)(dong)的(de)方(fang)向跟電(dian)(dian)流(liu)方(fang)向和磁(ci)感線（磁(ci)場(chang)方(fang)向）方(fang)向有關(guan)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工作原理(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)磁(ci)場(chang)對電(dian)(dian)流(liu)受(shou)力的(de)作用(yong)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫療(liao)電器設備等(deng)各方面(mian)廣泛應用。

各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)應用最廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（又稱感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它使(shi)用方便 、運行(xing)可靠(kao) 、價格低廉 、結構牢固，但功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)數較(jiao)(jiao)低，調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)也(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)困(kun)難。大(da)容量(liang)(liang)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常用同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（見(jian)同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)但功(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)數高，而(er)且(qie)其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)與(yu)負載大(da)小(xiao)無(wu)關(guan)，只決(jue)定(ding)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻率(lv)(lv)。工作(zuo)較(jiao)(jiao)穩定(ding)。在要求寬(kuan)范(fan)圍調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場合(he)多(duo)用直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但它有(you)換向器，結構復雜，價格昂(ang)貴，維(wei)護困(kun)難，不(bu)適(shi)于惡劣環境。20世紀70年代以后，隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)技(ji)術(shu)漸趨成(cheng)熟，設備價格日益(yi)降低，已(yi)開始(shi)得到應用 。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在規(gui)定(ding)工作(zuo)制式（連續(xu)式、短時(shi)(shi)運行(xing)制、斷(duan)續(xu)周期運行(xing)制）下所(suo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)承擔而(er)不(bu)至(zhi)引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械功(gong)率(lv)(lv)稱為它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)，使(shi)用時(shi)(shi)需注(zhu)意(yi)銘(ming)牌上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運行(xing)時(shi)(shi)需注(zhu)意(yi)使(shi)其負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性相匹配(pei)，避免出(chu)(chu)現飛車或(huo)停轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)方法很(hen)多(duo)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)適(shi)應不(bu)同生(sheng)產機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械速(su)(su)度變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)時(shi)(shi)其輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)會(hui)隨(sui)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)而(er)變(bian)化(hua)。從能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度看，調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)大(da)致可分兩種 ：① 保持輸(shu)入功(gong)率(lv)(lv)不(bu)變(bian) 。通過改變(bian)調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)消(xiao)耗(hao)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)節輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)以調(diao)(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)。②控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)入功(gong)率(lv)(lv)以調(diao)(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異步電(dian)機的工作原理如下:當導體(ti)在磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)內(nei)切(qie)割磁(ci)(ci)力(li)線時，在導體(ti)內(nei)產生感應(ying)電(dian)流，“感應(ying)電(dian)機”的名(ming)稱(cheng)由此而(er)來。

感應電(dian)流(liu)和磁場的聯合作用向電(dian)機轉子施加驅動(dong)力。 三(san)組(zu)繞組(zu)問(wen)彼此(ci)相差120度，每一組(zu)繞組(zu)都由三(san)相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源中的一相供電(dian)。

電動機(ji)使用了電流(liu)的(de)磁效應原(yuan)理，發明這一原(yuan)理的(de)的(de)是丹麥物(wu)理學家(jia)奧斯(si)特。

電動機的發展

1831年，美國(guo)物理學家(jia)亨(heng)利設計(ji)出(chu)最(zui)初的電子式電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。受(shou)到亨(heng)利的啟發，一位名(ming)叫威廉·里奇(qi)的人設計(ji)并造出(chu)了一臺可(ke)以轉(zhuan)動(dong)的電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。里奇(qi)的這架電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)類似(si)于我們今天在實驗室里組裝的直(zhi)流電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)模(mo)型。

到了(le)19世紀40年代(dai)，俄國科(ke)學家雅科(ke)比使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)變得更為實用了(le)。他用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)替代(dai)永久磁(ci)鐵(tie)進(jin)行工作。這種(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)當時被裝在一(yi)(yi)(yi)艘游艇(ting)上，載著幾名乘客駛(shi)過了(le)涅瓦河。此事引起了(le)極大的(de)轟動。此后(hou)，出(chu)生于(yu)克羅地亞(ya)的(de)美國人特(te)斯拉(la)于(yu)1888年，制造出(chu)了(le)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)臺感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)，他在各種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)中(zhong)，算是被應(ying)用最廣的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)。感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)會將交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)快速輸入一(yi)(yi)(yi)組(zu)稱為“定子”的(de)外(wai)線圈(quan)，繼(ji)而產生一(yi)(yi)(yi)個旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)。轉軸內的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)組(zu)線圈(quan)則稱為“轉子”，它會被定子的(de)旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)感應(ying)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，然后(hou)轉子會因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流變化而轉變成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)鐵(tie)。

美國物(wu)理學(xue)家亨利(li)(li)(li)于(yu)法(fa)拉(la)(la)第同時(shi)(shi)作(zuo)出(chu)電磁(ci)感應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)偉(wei)大(da)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)，1830年8月，亨利(li)(li)(li)在實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)中已經觀察到了電磁(ci)感應(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)，這比法(fa)拉(la)(la)第發現(xian)(xian)(xian)電磁(ci)感應(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)早一年。但是(shi)當時(shi)(shi)亨利(li)(li)(li)正在集中精(jing)力制作(zuo)更大(da)的(de)(de)(de)電磁(ci)鐵，沒(mei)有及(ji)時(shi)(shi)發表(biao)這一實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)成果，也(ye)沒(mei)有及(ji)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)去申請專利(li)(li)(li)，失(shi)去了發明權。可(ke)是(shi)亨利(li)(li)(li)從不計較個人(ren)名利(li)(li)(li)，他認為知識應(ying)該(gai)為全世(shi)界人(ren)類(lei)所共享(xiang)，從未(wei)與(yu)法(fa)拉(la)(la)第爭過發現(xian)(xian)(xian)權，仍然專心致志(zhi)地獻身(shen)于(yu)科學(xue)事業(ye)。亨利(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)高尚品(pin)德受(shou)到世(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)稱贊(zan)。所以最(zui)后(hou)，人(ren)們還(huan)是(shi)將電磁(ci)感應(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)歸于(yu)法(fa)拉(la)(la)第。特別值得一提的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，亨利(li)(li)(li)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)裝置比法(fa)拉(la)(la)弟感應(ying)線圈更接近于(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)通用的(de)(de)(de)變壓(ya)器。

單相交流(liu)電動機的旋轉(zhuan)原(yuan)理單相交流(liu)電動機只有一個繞組，轉(zhuan)子是鼠籠(long)式的。

單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電不能(neng)產(chan)生旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場.要(yao)使單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電動(dong)(dong)機能(neng)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)起來(lai)，我們可在(zai)定子(zi)中加上(shang)(shang)一(yi)個起動(dong)(dong)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)，起動(dong)(dong)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)與(yu)主繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)在(zai)空間上(shang)(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)，起動(dong)(dong)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)要(yao)串接(jie)一(yi)個合適(shi)的電容，使得與(yu)主繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)的電流在(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)位上(shang)(shang)近(jin)似相(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)，即(ji)所謂的分相(xiang)(xiang)原理。這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)兩(liang)個在(zai)時間上(shang)(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)的電流通入兩(liang)個在(zai)空間上(shang)(shang)相(xiang)(xiang)差90度(du)的繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)，將會在(zai)空間上(shang)(shang)產(chan)生（兩(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)）旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場，在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)個旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場作用下(xia)，轉(zhuan)子(zi)就能(neng)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)起動(dong)(dong)。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在拆卸(xie)前，要用壓縮空氣吹凈電(dian)機表(biao)面灰塵，并將表(biao)面污(wu)垢擦拭干凈。

（2）選擇電(dian)機(ji)解(jie)體的工(gong)作地點，清理(li)現場環境。

（3）熟悉電機(ji)結(jie)構特點(dian)和檢修技術要求。

（4）準(zhun)備好解體所需工具(ju)（包括專用工具(ju)）和設備。

（5）為了(le)進一(yi)(yi)步了(le)解電機(ji)運(yun)行(xing)中的缺陷，有條件時(shi)可在(zai)拆(chai)卸(xie)前做(zuo)一(yi)(yi)次檢(jian)查(cha)試驗(yan)。為此(ci)，將電機(ji)帶上(shang)負載(zai)試轉，詳細檢(jian)查(cha)電機(ji)各部分溫度、聲(sheng)音、振動(dong)等(deng)情況，并(bing)測試電壓(ya)、電流、轉速等(deng)，然后(hou)再斷開負載(zai)，單獨做(zuo)一(yi)(yi)次空載(zai)檢(jian)查(cha)試驗(yan)，測出(chu)空載(zai)電流和空載(zai)損耗，做(zuo)好記(ji)錄。

（6）切斷電源，拆除電機外部接線，做好記(ji)錄。

（7）選用合適(shi)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)兆歐(ou)表測(ce)(ce)試電(dian)機絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻。為了跟上次檢(jian)修時所(suo)測(ce)(ce)的(de)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻值相比(bi)較(jiao)以判斷電(dian)機絕緣(yuan)變化(hua)趨勢和絕緣(yuan)狀態，應將不(bu)同溫度(du)(du)下測(ce)(ce)出(chu)的(de)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)阻值換算到同一(yi)溫度(du)(du)，一(yi)般換算至75℃。

（8）測(ce)試吸(xi)收(shou)比(bi)K。當吸(xi)收(shou)比(bi)大于1.33時，表明電機絕緣不(bu)(bu)曾受潮或受潮程度(du)不(bu)(bu)嚴重。為了(le)跟以前數據進行比(bi)較，同樣要將任意(yi)溫(wen)度(du)下測(ce)得的吸(xi)收(shou)比(bi)換算到(dao)同一溫(wen)度(du)。

電動機的種類

1.按工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)分(fen)類：根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的不(bu)同(tong)，可分(fen)為直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)和交流電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)。其(qi)中交流電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)還分(fen)為單相電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)和三相電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)。

2.按(an)結構(gou)及工作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)理分(fen)類：電(dian)動機按(an)結構(gou)及工作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)理可分(fen)為直(zhi)流電(dian)動機，異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動機和同步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動機。

同步(bu)電動機(ji)還可分為永(yong)磁(ci)同步(bu)電動機(ji)、磁(ci)阻同步(bu)電動機(ji)和磁(ci)滯同步(bu)電動機(ji)。

異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)可分為(wei)感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和交(jiao)流換向(xiang)器電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)又(you)分為(wei)三相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和罩(zhao)極異(yi)(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)等。交(jiao)流換向(xiang)器電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)又(you)分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)串勵電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、交(jiao)直流兩用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)和推斥電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)按結構(gou)及工作(zuo)原(yuan)理可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)無刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)有(you)刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。有(you)刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)電(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。電(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又(you)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)串(chuan)勵直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、并勵直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、他勵直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)復勵直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又(you)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)稀土永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、鐵(tie)氧體永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)鋁鎳鈷永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

3.按起動(dong)與(yu)運(yun)(yun)行方式(shi)(shi)分類：電(dian)動(dong)機按起動(dong)與(yu)運(yun)(yun)行方式(shi)(shi)可分為電(dian)容起動(dong)式(shi)(shi)單相異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)機、電(dian)容運(yun)(yun)轉式(shi)(shi)單相異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)機、電(dian)容起動(dong)運(yun)(yun)轉式(shi)(shi)單相異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)機和分相式(shi)(shi)單相異(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)電(dian)動(dong)機。

4.按用途(tu)(tu)分(fen)類：電(dian)動(dong)機按用途(tu)(tu)可分(fen)為(wei)驅動(dong)用電(dian)動(dong)機和控制用電(dian)動(dong)機。

驅動(dong)(dong)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)分為(wei)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工(gong)具(ju)（包括鉆(zhan)孔(kong)、拋光(guang)(guang)、磨(mo)光(guang)(guang)、開槽、切(qie)割(ge)、擴孔(kong)等工(gong)具(ju)）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、家電(dian)(dian)（包括洗衣機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)風扇、電(dian)(dian)冰箱、空調器、錄(lu)音機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、錄(lu)像機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、影碟機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、吸(xi)塵器、照相(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)吹風、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)剃須刀(dao)等）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)及其(qi)它通(tong)用(yong)小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備（包括各種小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床、小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)、醫療器械(xie)、電(dian)(dian)子儀器等）用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。 控制用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)分為(wei)步進電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)伺服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等。

5.按(an)轉子(zi)的結(jie)構(gou)分類：電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)按(an)轉子(zi)的結(jie)構(gou)可分為籠型(xing)感應電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)（舊標準稱為鼠籠型(xing)異(yi)步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)）和繞(rao)(rao)線轉子(zi)感應電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)（舊標準稱為繞(rao)(rao)線型(xing)異(yi)步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)）。

6.按運轉速(su)(su)度分類：電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)按運轉速(su)(su)度可分為高速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、低速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、恒速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、調速(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)。

ａ.低速(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分為齒輪減速(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、電(dian)磁減速(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、力矩電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和爪極同步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)等。

ｂ.調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)除可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)有級(ji)恒(heng)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無(wu)級(ji)恒(heng)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、有級(ji)變(bian)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和無(wu)極變(bian)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)外，還可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、直(zhi)流調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、PWM變(bian)頻(pin)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和開關(guan)磁(ci)阻(zu)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

伺服電動機

用(yong)作自動控制裝置中執(zhi)行元件的微特電機。又稱執(zhi)行電動機。其功能是將電信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成轉(zhuan)軸的角位(wei)移或角速度。

伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機分交(jiao)(jiao)、直流(liu)兩類。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)原理(li)與交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)感(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)。在定(ding)子上有兩個相(xiang)(xiang)空間位移(yi)90°電(dian)(dian)角度的(de)勵磁繞(rao)(rao)組Wf和(he)控(kong)制繞(rao)(rao)組WcoWf接(jie)一恒定(ding)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，利用施加(jia)到Wc上的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓或相(xiang)(xiang)位的(de)變化(hua)，達(da)到控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機運行(xing)的(de)目的(de)。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機具有運行(xing)穩定(ding)、可控(kong)性(xing)(xing)好、響應(ying)(ying)快(kuai)速(su)、靈敏度高(gao)以及機械特性(xing)(xing)和(he)調節特性(xing)(xing)的(de)非(fei)線性(xing)(xing)度指標嚴(yan)格（要求分別小于10％～15％和(he)小于15％～25％）等特點。直流(liu)伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)原理(li)與一般直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)轉速n為n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式中E為電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)反(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)；K為常數；j為每極磁通；Ua，Ia為電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)；Ra為電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。改變Ua或改變φ，均可控制直流(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的轉速，但一般采用(yong)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的方法。在(zai)永(yong)磁式直流(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)中，勵磁繞組(zu)被永(yong)久磁鐵所取代，磁通φ恒(heng)定(ding)。

直流伺服(fu)電動機具有(you)良好的線性調(diao)節特性及(ji)快速的時間響應。

伺服(fu)電動機一(yi)般分為直流(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)和交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)，對于直流(liu)(liu)伺服(fu)馬達優點是：

優點：精確的速度(du)控制，轉矩(ju)速度(du)特性很硬，原理簡(jian)單、使用方便，價格(ge)優勢；

缺點：電刷換(huan)向，速度限制，附(fu)加阻力，產生磨(mo)損微粒（對于無塵室）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點(dian)：良好的(de)速度(du)控(kong)制(zhi)特性，在整個速度(du)區內可實(shi)現(xian)平滑控(kong)制(zhi)，幾乎無振蕩；高(gao)效率(lv)，90%以上，不發熱；高(gao)速控(kong)制(zhi)；高(gao)精(jing)確位(wei)置控(kong)制(zhi)（取決于何種編碼器(qi)）；額定運行區域(yu)內，實(shi)現(xian)恒力矩；低噪音；沒(mei)有電刷的(de)磨損，免維護；不產生磨損顆粒、沒(mei)有火花，適用(yong)于無塵間(jian)、易暴環境慣量低；

缺點：控制較復(fu)雜(za)，驅(qu)動器參數需要現場調整(zheng)PID參數整(zheng)定，需要更多的連(lian)線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流(liu)伺服(fu)電機的(de)特(te)性較交流(liu)伺服(fu)電機硬。通(tong)常應(ying)用于功率(lv)稍大的(de)系統中，如(ru)隨(sui)動(dong)系統中的(de)位置控制(zhi)等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交流伺服電機(ji)的輸出功(gong)率(lv)一(yi)般為0.1-100W，電源頻率(lv)分50Hz、400Hz等多種(zhong)。它的應用(yong)(yong)很廣泛，如用(yong)(yong)在各種(zhong)自動(dong)控制(zhi)、自動(dong)記(ji)錄等系(xi)統中(zhong)。