【電動機】電動機的工(gong)作原(yuan)理(li) 電動機(ji)是如何工作的

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電動機(ji)是一(yi)種旋轉式機(ji)器，它(ta)將電能轉變為機(ji)械能，它(ta)主要包括一(yi)個用以產生磁場的(de)電磁鐵(tie)繞組(zu)或(huo)分布的(de)定子繞組(zu)和一(yi)個旋轉電樞(shu)或(huo)轉子，其導線中(zhong)有(you)電流通過并受磁場的(de)作用而使轉動，這些機(ji)器中(zhong)有(you)些類型(xing)可作電動機(ji)用，也(ye)可作發電機(ji)用。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換成機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能的(de)設(she)備(bei)，它是(shi)(shi)(shi)利用(yong)(yong)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線圈(quan)在磁(ci)場中受力轉動的(de)現象制成，分(fen)布于各個用(yong)(yong)戶處(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按使(shi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不同分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統中的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)大部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可以(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)或者是(shi)(shi)(shi)異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)定子(zi)磁(ci)場轉速(su)與轉子(zi)旋(xuan)轉轉速(su)不保持同步速(su)）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)由定子(zi)與轉子(zi)組成。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導線在磁(ci)場中受力運動的(de)方向跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向和磁(ci)感線（磁(ci)場方向）方向有關。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)原理是(shi)(shi)(shi)磁(ci)場對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受力的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)轉動。

它是將電能轉變為機械能的一種機器。通常電動機的作功部分作旋轉運動，這種電動機稱為轉子電動機；也有作直線運動的，稱為直線電動機。電動機能提供的功率范圍很大，從毫瓦級到萬千瓦級。電動機的使用和控制非常方便，具有自起動 、加速、制動、反轉、掣住等能力，能滿足各種運行要求；電動機的工作效率較高，又沒有煙塵、氣味，不污染環境，噪聲也較小。由于它的一系列優點，所以在工農業生產、交通運輸、國防、商業及家用電器、醫療(liao)電器設備(bei)等各方(fang)面廣泛應用。

各種(zhong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)最廣的(de)(de)(de)是交(jiao)流(liu)異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（又稱感應電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) ）。它(ta)(ta)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)方便 、運(yun)行(xing)可(ke)靠 、價格低(di)(di)廉(lian) 、結構牢固，但功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)，調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)也較(jiao)(jiao)困(kun)難。大容量(liang)低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)同步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（見同步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)）。同步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不但功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數高，而且其(qi)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)與負(fu)(fu)載(zai)大小無關，只決定于電(dian)網(wang)頻率(lv)(lv)(lv)。工(gong)作較(jiao)(jiao)穩定。在(zai)要(yao)求寬范圍(wei)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)場(chang)合多用(yong)(yong)(yong)直流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。但它(ta)(ta)有換向器(qi)，結構復雜，價格昂貴，維護困(kun)難，不適(shi)于惡劣(lie)環境。20世(shi)紀(ji)70年代以(yi)后(hou)，隨著(zhu)電(dian)力電(dian)子技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)技(ji)術漸趨(qu)成熟(shu)，設備(bei)價格日(ri)益降低(di)(di)，已開始(shi)得到應用(yong)(yong)(yong) 。電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)規(gui)定工(gong)作制式（連續式、短(duan)時(shi)運(yun)行(xing)制、斷續周期運(yun)行(xing)制）下所能(neng)(neng)承(cheng)擔而不至引起電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)過(guo)熱的(de)(de)(de)最大輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)稱為它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)額定功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)需(xu)注意銘牌上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定。電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)需(xu)注意使(shi)其(qi)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)性與電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)性相匹配，避免出現(xian)飛車(che)或停轉(zhuan)。電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)方法很多，能(neng)(neng)適(shi)應不同生(sheng)產機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械速(su)(su)(su)度(du)(du)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。一(yi)般電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)時(shi)其(qi)輸(shu)出功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)會隨轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)而變(bian)化(hua)。從能(neng)(neng)量(liang)消耗的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)(du)看，調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)大致(zhi)可(ke)分兩種(zhong) ：① 保持輸(shu)入功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)不變(bian) 。通過(guo)改變(bian)調(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)(su)裝置的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)消耗，調(diao)(diao)節(jie)輸(shu)出功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)以(yi)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)。②控(kong)制電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)入功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)以(yi)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)。

三相異步電機工作原理

異步(bu)電(dian)機的工作原理(li)如下(xia):當導體在(zai)磁(ci)場內(nei)切割(ge)磁(ci)力線時，在(zai)導體內(nei)產生感應(ying)電(dian)流，“感應(ying)電(dian)機”的名稱由(you)此而來(lai)。

感應電流(liu)和(he)磁場的(de)聯合(he)作用向電機轉子施加驅動力。 三組繞(rao)組問彼此(ci)相差120度，每(mei)一組繞(rao)組都由三相交流(liu)電源(yuan)中的(de)一相供(gong)電。

電動機使用了(le)電流的磁效應原理(li)，發(fa)明這一原理(li)的的是丹麥物理(li)學(xue)家奧斯特(te)。

電動機的發展

1831年(nian)，美國物理學家亨利(li)設計出最初的(de)電子(zi)式電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。受(shou)到亨利(li)的(de)啟發，一位名(ming)叫威廉·里奇(qi)的(de)人(ren)設計并(bing)造出了一臺可以轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。里奇(qi)的(de)這架電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)類似于我們今天在實驗室里組裝的(de)直流(liu)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)模型。

到了(le)19世紀40年(nian)代，俄國科(ke)學家雅科(ke)比使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機變得更為(wei)(wei)實用了(le)。他(ta)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵替代永久(jiu)磁(ci)(ci)鐵進行工作。這種新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機當時被裝在一(yi)(yi)艘游艇(ting)上，載(zai)著(zhu)幾(ji)名乘客駛(shi)過了(le)涅瓦河。此(ci)事引起(qi)了(le)極大的(de)轟動(dong)。此(ci)后，出生于克羅(luo)地亞的(de)美國人特斯拉(la)于1888年(nian)，制造出了(le)第一(yi)(yi)臺(tai)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機，他(ta)在各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機中，算是被應(ying)用最廣(guang)的(de)一(yi)(yi)種。感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機會將(jiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)快速輸入一(yi)(yi)組稱為(wei)(wei)“定子(zi)”的(de)外線圈，繼而產生一(yi)(yi)個旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)內的(de)一(yi)(yi)組線圈則稱為(wei)(wei)“轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)”，它會被定子(zi)的(de)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場感應(ying)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，然(ran)后轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)會因(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流變化而轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)變成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)鐵。

美國物理(li)學家亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)于法(fa)(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)同時作出電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)偉大發現(xian)(xian)(xian)，1830年8月(yue)，亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)在(zai)實驗中已經觀察到(dao)了(le)電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)，這比法(fa)(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)早(zao)一年。但是(shi)(shi)當時亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)正在(zai)集(ji)中精力制作更大的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)磁(ci)鐵，沒有(you)及時發表這一實驗成果，也沒有(you)及時的(de)(de)(de)去申(shen)請專利(li)(li)，失(shi)去了(le)發明權。可是(shi)(shi)亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)從不計較個(ge)人(ren)名利(li)(li)，他認為知(zhi)識(shi)應(ying)(ying)該為全世(shi)界人(ren)類所共享(xiang)，從未與法(fa)(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)爭(zheng)過發現(xian)(xian)(xian)權，仍然專心致志地(di)獻身于科(ke)學事(shi)業(ye)。亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)高尚品(pin)德受到(dao)世(shi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)稱贊。所以最后，人(ren)們還(huan)是(shi)(shi)將電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)歸于法(fa)(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)。特別值得一提的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)，亨(heng)(heng)利(li)(li)實驗裝置(zhi)比法(fa)(fa)拉(la)(la)弟(di)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)線圈(quan)更接近于現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)通用的(de)(de)(de)變壓器。

單相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)動機的旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)原理單相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)動機只有(you)一個繞組(zu)，轉(zhuan)子(zi)是鼠籠式的。

單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不能(neng)產生旋轉磁場.要使(shi)單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機能(neng)自動(dong)旋轉起來，我(wo)們(men)可在(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)子中加上一(yi)(yi)個(ge)起動(dong)繞(rao)組(zu)，起動(dong)繞(rao)組(zu)與主繞(rao)組(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)空間(jian)上相(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)，起動(dong)繞(rao)組(zu)要串接一(yi)(yi)個(ge)合適的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容，使(shi)得與主繞(rao)組(zu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流在(zai)(zai)(zai)相(xiang)位上近似相(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)，即所謂的(de)(de)分相(xiang)原(yuan)理。這樣(yang)兩個(ge)在(zai)(zai)(zai)時間(jian)上相(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通入兩個(ge)在(zai)(zai)(zai)空間(jian)上相(xiang)差(cha)90度(du)的(de)(de)繞(rao)組(zu)，將會在(zai)(zai)(zai)空間(jian)上產生（兩相(xiang)）旋轉磁場，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這個(ge)旋轉磁場作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)，轉子就能(neng)自動(dong)起動(dong)。

電機拆卸前應做哪些詳細檢查和試驗？

（1）在拆卸前，要用壓(ya)縮空(kong)氣(qi)吹(chui)凈(jing)電機(ji)表面灰塵，并將表面污垢擦拭(shi)干凈(jing)。

（2）選(xuan)擇(ze)電機解體的工作地點(dian)，清(qing)理(li)現場環境(jing)。

（3）熟悉電機結構特點和檢修技術要求。

（4）準(zhun)備好解體所需工具（包括專用工具）和設備。

（5）為了進一步了解電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行中的(de)缺陷，有條(tiao)件(jian)時(shi)可在拆卸前做一次(ci)檢(jian)(jian)查試驗。為此(ci)，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)機帶上(shang)負載試轉，詳(xiang)細檢(jian)(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)機各部(bu)分溫度、聲音(yin)、振動等(deng)情(qing)況，并測試電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、轉速等(deng)，然后再斷開負載，單獨做一次(ci)空(kong)載檢(jian)(jian)查試驗，測出空(kong)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和空(kong)載損耗(hao)，做好(hao)記錄。

（6）切斷電源，拆除電機外部接線，做好記錄。

（7）選用合適電(dian)壓的兆歐(ou)表測(ce)試電(dian)機絕緣電(dian)阻。為了跟上次(ci)檢(jian)修時所(suo)測(ce)的絕緣電(dian)阻值相比較以判斷電(dian)機絕緣變化趨勢和(he)絕緣狀態(tai)，應(ying)將不(bu)同溫度(du)下測(ce)出的絕緣電(dian)阻值換算到同一溫度(du)，一般換算至75℃。

（8）測(ce)試吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)比(bi)K。當吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)比(bi)大于(yu)1.33時，表明(ming)電(dian)機絕緣不(bu)曾受潮或受潮程度不(bu)嚴重。為了(le)跟以(yi)前數據進行比(bi)較，同樣要將任意溫度下測(ce)得(de)的吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)比(bi)換算到同一溫度。

電動機的種類

1.按工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)源分類：根據電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)源的不同(tong)，可分為(wei)直流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和交流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。其中交流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)還分為(wei)單相(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

2.按結(jie)構及工作原理分(fen)類：電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機按結(jie)構及工作原理可分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機，異步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機和同(tong)步電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。

同(tong)步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)還(huan)可分為永(yong)磁(ci)同(tong)步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、磁(ci)阻同(tong)步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和磁(ci)滯同(tong)步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)感應電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)交(jiao)流(liu)換向(xiang)器(qi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。感應電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)三相異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、單(dan)相異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)罩極異步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)等。交(jiao)流(liu)換向(xiang)器(qi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)單(dan)相串(chuan)勵(li)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、交(jiao)直流(liu)兩(liang)用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)推斥電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)按結構(gou)及(ji)工(gong)作原(yuan)理(li)可分為(wei)(wei)(wei)無刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)(he)有(you)刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。有(you)刷(shua)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)可分為(wei)(wei)(wei)永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又(you)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)串勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、并勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、他勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)(he)復勵(li)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又(you)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)稀土永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、鐵氧體永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)(he)鋁鎳(nie)鈷永(yong)(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。

3.按(an)起(qi)動(dong)與(yu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)方式(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)類：電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)按(an)起(qi)動(dong)與(yu)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)方式(shi)(shi)可分(fen)(fen)為電(dian)(dian)容(rong)起(qi)動(dong)式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)運(yun)轉式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)起(qi)動(dong)運(yun)轉式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和分(fen)(fen)相式(shi)(shi)單(dan)相異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

4.按用(yong)(yong)途分(fen)類(lei)：電動機按用(yong)(yong)途可分(fen)為驅動用(yong)(yong)電動機和(he)控制用(yong)(yong)電動機。

驅動(dong)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)(fen)為電(dian)動(dong)工具（包(bao)括鉆(zhan)孔(kong)、拋(pao)光、磨光、開槽(cao)、切割、擴(kuo)孔(kong)等工具）用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、家(jia)電(dian)（包(bao)括洗衣機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)風(feng)扇、電(dian)冰箱、空調器、錄音機(ji)(ji)、錄像機(ji)(ji)、影碟機(ji)(ji)、吸塵器、照相機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)吹風(feng)、電(dian)動(dong)剃須刀等）用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)及其它通用(yong)(yong)小型(xing)(xing)機(ji)(ji)械設備（包(bao)括各種小型(xing)(xing)機(ji)(ji)床、小型(xing)(xing)機(ji)(ji)械、醫療器械、電(dian)子儀器等）用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)。 控制用(yong)(yong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)又分(fen)(fen)為步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和伺服電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)等。

5.按轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)的結構分類：電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)按轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)的結構可分為(wei)籠型(xing)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)（舊(jiu)標準(zhun)稱為(wei)鼠籠型(xing)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)）和繞(rao)線轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)（舊(jiu)標準(zhun)稱為(wei)繞(rao)線型(xing)異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)）。

6.按(an)運(yun)轉速度(du)分(fen)類：電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機按(an)運(yun)轉速度(du)可分(fen)為(wei)高速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機、低(di)速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機、恒速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機、調速電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機。

ａ.低速電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)又分為齒輪減速電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電磁減速電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、力(li)矩(ju)電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)和爪極同(tong)步(bu)電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)等。

ｂ.調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)除可分為有級恒(heng)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、無級恒(heng)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、有級變速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和無極變速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)外，還可分為電(dian)磁(ci)調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、直流調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、PWM變頻調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)和開關磁(ci)阻調(diao)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)。

伺服電動機

用(yong)作自動控(kong)制裝置中執(zhi)行元件的微特(te)電(dian)機。又稱執(zhi)行電(dian)動機。其功能(neng)是將電(dian)信號轉換(huan)成轉軸的角位移(yi)或(huo)角速度。

伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)交(jiao)、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)兩(liang)類。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)工作原理與交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相(xiang)同(tong)。在定(ding)子上有兩(liang)個相(xiang)空間位(wei)移(yi)90°電(dian)(dian)(dian)角(jiao)度的(de)(de)勵磁(ci)繞(rao)組Wf和控制繞(rao)組WcoWf接一(yi)恒(heng)定(ding)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，利用施加到Wc上的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或相(xiang)位(wei)的(de)(de)變化，達到控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)運行的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具(ju)有運行穩定(ding)、可(ke)控性(xing)好(hao)、響應快(kuai)速、靈敏度高(gao)以及機(ji)(ji)(ji)械特(te)性(xing)和調(diao)節特(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)非(fei)線性(xing)度指標嚴格（要求分(fen)別小(xiao)(xiao)于10％～15％和小(xiao)(xiao)于15％～25％）等特(te)點(dian)。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)工作原理與一(yi)般(ban)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相(xiang)同(tong)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機轉速n為(wei)(wei)n＝E／K1j＝（Ua－IaRa）／K1j式中E為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞反電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢；K為(wei)(wei)常數(shu)；j為(wei)(wei)每極磁(ci)通(tong)；Ua，Ia為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)；Ra為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。改變Ua或(huo)改變φ，均可控制直流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機的(de)轉速，但(dan)一般采用(yong)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)方法。在永磁(ci)式直流(liu)(liu)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機中，勵磁(ci)繞組被永久磁(ci)鐵所取代，磁(ci)通(tong)φ恒定(ding)。

直(zhi)流(liu)伺服(fu)電動機具(ju)有良(liang)好的線(xian)性調節特性及快速的時間(jian)響應。

伺(si)(si)(si)服(fu)電(dian)動機一般分(fen)為直(zhi)流(liu)伺(si)(si)(si)服(fu)和交流(liu)伺(si)(si)(si)服(fu)，對于直(zhi)流(liu)伺(si)(si)(si)服(fu)馬(ma)達優點是：

優點：精確的速(su)度(du)控制，轉矩速(su)度(du)特性很硬，原理簡單、使用方便，價(jia)格優勢；

缺點：電刷換向，速度限制，附(fu)加阻力，產(chan)生(sheng)磨損微粒（對于無塵室(shi)）。

對于交流伺服馬達

優點：良好的速度控(kong)制特性，在(zai)整個速度區內可實現平滑控(kong)制，幾乎無振蕩；高效率，90%以(yi)上，不發(fa)熱(re)；高速控(kong)制；高精確位(wei)置控(kong)制（取決于何種編碼器）；額定運行區域內，實現恒力矩；低(di)噪音；沒有(you)電刷的磨損(sun)，免維(wei)護；不產生(sheng)磨損(sun)顆粒、沒有(you)火花，適用于無塵間(jian)、易暴環境慣量低(di)；

缺點：控制較(jiao)復雜，驅動器參數(shu)(shu)需要現場調整(zheng)PID參數(shu)(shu)整(zheng)定，需要更(geng)多的連線

直流伺服電動機的應用

直流伺(si)服電機的特性較交流伺(si)服電機硬。通常應用(yong)于功率(lv)稍大的系統(tong)中，如隨動系統(tong)中的位置控制等。

交流伺服電動機的應用

交流(liu)伺服電機(ji)的(de)輸出(chu)功率一般為(wei)0.1-100W，電源頻率分50Hz、400Hz等多種(zhong)。它的(de)應用很廣泛，如用在各種(zhong)自(zi)動控(kong)制、自(zi)動記錄(lu)等系統中。