蓄電池危害及其防范

蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)作(zuo)為一種方便適(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)流電(dian)源廣泛用于發電(dian)廠，工礦企業(ye)變(bian)配(pei)電(dian)所(suo)和各類機(ji)動車。由于在鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝配(pei)過(guo)程中涉(she)及到鉛(qian)中毒(du)、易燃(ran)、易爆(bao)等(deng)危險特性(xing)，因而確保鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)產十分(fen)重要。目(mu)前，鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)已被列(lie)入(ru)《危險化學品(pin)名錄》，我國也一直(zhi)重視(shi)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)產，加強了(le)對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)生(sheng)(sheng)產裝配(pei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全防范(fan)(fan)措施(shi)，制定了(le)《鉛(qian)作(zuo)業(ye)安(an)(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)規(gui)(gui)程》等(deng)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)標準(zhun)。

廢(fei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)污(wu)染及(ji)其處理已經成為(wei)目前社會最(zui)(zui)為(wei)關(guan)注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)焦點之一(yi)。國家環(huan)(huan)保(bao)總局科技標準(zhun)司有關(guan)人士認為(wei)，隨(sui)著我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)、生(sheng)產量和(he)使(shi)用量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)擴大，廢(fei)舊(jiu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量和(he)種類(lei)也在不斷(duan)增(zeng)加。廢(fei)舊(jiu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)含(han)(han)有汞(gong)、鉛、鎘、鎳(nie)等重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)及(ji)酸(suan)、堿(jian)等電(dian)(dian)解質溶(rong)液，對人體及(ji)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境有不同程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害。據了解，其中對人體健(jian)康(kang)(kang)和(he)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境危(wei)害較大、列入危(wei)險廢(fei)物(wu)控制名錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)主要(yao)有：含(han)(han)汞(gong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)是氧化汞(gong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)；鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)；含(han)(han)鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)是鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。有關(guan)資料顯示，一(yi)節一(yi)號電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)爛(lan)在地(di)里，能使(shi)1平方米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土壤永久失去(qu)利用價值；一(yi)粒(li)紐扣電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可使(shi)600噸(dun)水(shui)受到污(wu)染，相當(dang)于一(yi)個(ge)人一(yi)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飲水(shui)量。在對自然環(huan)(huan)境威脅(xie)最(zui)(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾種物(wu)質中，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)里就包含(han)(han)了汞(gong)、鉛、鎘等多種，若將(jiang)廢(fei)舊(jiu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)混入生(sheng)活(huo)垃圾一(yi)起填埋(mai)，或(huo)者(zhe)隨(sui)手丟棄，滲出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)及(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)金屬(shu)物(wu)質就會滲透于土壤、污(wu)染地(di)下(xia)水(shui)，進(jin)而進(jin)入魚類(lei)、農作物(wu)中，破(po)壞人類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存環(huan)(huan)境，間接威脅(xie)到人類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)。

人(ren)體(ti)一旦吸收這些(xie)重金屬(shu)以后，會出(chu)現哪(na)些(xie)病癥(zheng)呢？據有關專家介紹，汞(gong)(gong)是一種毒性很強的(de)(de)重金屬(shu)，對人(ren)體(ti)中樞(shu)神經(jing)的(de)(de)破(po)壞(huai)力很大。目(mu)前我國(guo)生產(chan)的(de)(de)含(han)汞(gong)(gong)堿性干(gan)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)含(han)量達1％－5％，中性干(gan)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)含(han)量為0．025％，我國(guo)電(dian)池(chi)生產(chan)消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)每年就達幾(ji)十噸之多。鎘在人(ren)體(ti)內極易(yi)引起慢性中毒，主要病癥(zheng)是肺氣腫、骨質軟化、貧血，很可(ke)能(neng)(neng)使人(ren)體(ti)癱瘓(huan)。而鉛(qian)進入人(ren)體(ti)后最難排泄，它干(gan)擾腎(shen)功能(neng)(neng)。

專家們認為，由于電(dian)(dian)池污染具有周期長(chang)、隱蔽性大等(deng)特點，其潛(qian)在危(wei)害相當(dang)嚴重(zhong)，處(chu)理不當(dang)還(huan)會造成二次污染。據楊(yang)毅夫博士介紹，我國沿(yan)海某省的(de)一些農民在回收(shou)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池中的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)時(shi)，因為回收(shou)處(chu)理不當(dang)，把含(han)有鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)和(he)硫酸的(de)廢液倒掉，不僅造成了鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)中毒，而且使當(dang)地農作物(wu)無法生長(chang)。如何及時(shi)安全(quan)地回收(shou)和(he)處(chu)理廢電(dian)(dian)池，已(yi)日(ri)益突出(chu)地擺在人們面前。

一、 鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中的主要危害因素分析

鉛酸(suan)蓄電池裝配(pei)過(guo)程中可(ke)能產生的危(wei)(wei)險、危(wei)(wei)害主要是(shi)中毒、火(huo)災、爆炸，以及(ji)高溫灼燙(tang)、機械傷害、腐蝕傷害等。限于(yu)篇幅，僅對(dui)中毒、火(huo)災和爆炸3種因素進(jin)行分析。

稱片(pian)、包片(pian)區(qu)，存(cun)在著大(da)量的(de)鉛塵，屬于鉛的(de)重污染(ran)區(qu)，易發生慢性(xing)(xing)鉛中(zhong)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)。鉛中(zhong)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)對人體的(de)危害(hai)主要集中(zhong)在消化系統和(he)神經(jing)系統，在蓄電池廠工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)操(cao)作(zuo)工(gong)患職業性(xing)(xing)慢性(xing)(xing)鉛中(zhong)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)比例高達25%～30%。更為嚴重的(de)是，鉛中(zhong)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)僅(jin)局限(xian)在蓄電池廠里的(de)成(cheng)年(nian)操(cao)作(zuo)工(gong)鉛中(zhong)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)反應，甚至(zhi)周(zhou)邊(bian)許多兒童(tong)也(ye)出現了鉛中(zhong)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)反應。2004年(nian)6月(yue)，某縣曾(ceng)經(jing)發生數百名鉛中(zhong)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)事(shi)件。

引起這些中毒(du)事故的(de)原因主要(yao)(yao)有(you)廠區內缺(que)乏必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的(de)排(pai)風環保(bao)設(she)備，有(you)的(de)廠家雖然有(you)，但(dan)是工(gong)作期間不開啟，形同虛設(she)，工(gong)人缺(que)少必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的(de)勞保(bao)用品以及(ji)工(gong)人的(de)自我保(bao)護(hu)意識不強等。稱片(pian)、包片(pian)是引起鉛中毒(du)的(de)重(zhong)點部位，必(bi)須有(you)完善的(de)防護(hu)措施(shi)和排(pai)風系統。

根據工(gong)藝要求，焊接區使用的(de)乙炔(gui)、液(ye)化石(shi)油氣(qi)火(huo)災危(wei)險為(wei)甲類(lei)(lei)，氧(yang)氣(qi)火(huo)災危(wei)險為(wei)乙類(lei)(lei)。乙炔(gui)在空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)爆炸(zha)(zha)極(ji)限為(wei)2.1%～80.0%(υ/υ)，引(yin)(yin)燃溫度(du)在305℃左右；液(ye)化石(shi)油在空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)爆炸(zha)(zha)極(ji)限為(wei)2.25%～9.65%(υ/υ)，引(yin)(yin)燃熳度(du)在426～537℃左右。因此，生(sheng)產過程中(zhong)最大危(wei)險因素是火(huo)災和爆炸(zha)(zha)，如果在焊接極(ji)群(qun)和極(ji)柱過程中(zhong)操(cao)作不當(dang)，劇烈碰撞或離明火(huo)過近(jin)，溫度(du)太高等都可能引(yin)(yin)起火(huo)災、爆炸(zha)(zha)。

根據鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池工作(zuo)原(yuan)(yuan)理(li)，鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)正極(ji)活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)(qian)，負極(ji)活(huo)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)海綿鉛(qian)(qian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)是(shi)(shi)稀硫酸溶液(ye)，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)(dao)70%～80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)量時，正極(ji)開始(shi)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)氧(yang)氣(qi)，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)基本完成(cheng)約90%時，負極(ji)開始(shi)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)氫氣(qi)。氫氣(qi)是(shi)(shi)易(yi)燃(ran)(ran)易(yi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)甲類物(wu)質(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)空氣(qi)中的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸極(ji)限(xian)為4.1%～74.1%，引(yin)燃(ran)(ran)溫度在(zai)(zai)450℃左右(you)，因(yin)此充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)氫氣(qi)濃度極(ji)易(yi)達(da)到(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸極(ji)限(xian)，一遇火源(yuan)就會生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)燃(ran)(ran)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。例如，1991年7月3日，某電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池室(shi)(shi)發生(sheng)燃(ran)(ran)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)事(shi)故，造(zao)成(cheng)1名巡檢(jian)工死亡，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備和(he)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池嚴(yan)重損壞。事(shi)故主(zhu)要原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)(shi)該蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池通(tong)風設備失效，造(zao)成(cheng)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)氫氣(qi)聚積，而(er)巡檢(jian)工嚴(yan)重違(wei)章在(zai)(zai)巡檢(jian)時抽煙，明火引(yin)起燃(ran)(ran)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。

二、安全預防措施與建議

通過(guo)上述分析(xi)可知，蓄電池裝配過(guo)程(cheng)中存在的主(zhu)要危害因素為(wei)中毒(du)、火(huo)災、爆(bao)炸等(deng)。為(wei)確保安(an)全(quan)生產(chan)建議采取以(yi)下安(an)全(quan)措施(shi)：

1．廠址選擇與周圍居(ju)民及公共設(she)(she)施保(bao)持必(bi)要的安(an)全防護距離，同(tong)時必(bi)須滿足《建筑設(she)(she)計(ji)防火規范》，《鉛作業(ye)安(an)全衛生(sheng)規程》，《工業(ye)企業(ye)設(she)(she)計(ji)衛生(sheng)標準(zhun)》和《使用有毒物品(pin)作業(ye)場所勞動保(bao)護條例》的要求。

2．在作(zuo)業(ye)前(qian)盡可能(neng)先(xian)將操作(zuo)環境濕潤，防(fang)(fang)止鉛(qian)塵(chen)飛(fei)揚；作(zuo)業(ye)時工(gong)(gong)人除(chu)穿戴相應(ying)的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)服、防(fang)(fang)塵(chen)口罩外，必須(xu)(xu)使(shi)用能(neng)保證新(xin)鮮空氣(qi)供給(gei)的通風設施；操作(zuo)臺上清出的鉛(qian)粉(fen)塵(chen)，必須(xu)(xu)放(fang)置在專用容器內，不得與(yu)其(qi)他垃圾等堆放(fang)在一(yi)起；作(zuo)業(ye)后，工(gong)(gong)人必須(xu)(xu)洗(xi)(xi)澡，并(bing)將工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)服和防(fang)(fang)塵(chen)口罩在廠內集中洗(xi)(xi)滌；同時作(zuo)業(ye)場所(suo)所(suo)應(ying)禁(jin)止吸煙，飲(yin)食等；班中喝水前(qian)必須(xu)(xu)洗(xi)(xi)手，洗(xi)(xi)臉及漱口，嚴禁(jin)穿工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)服進食堂(tang)，出廠。

此外，為防止雜質侵(qin)入(ru)和水(shui)分蒸發，采用了僅有極樁外露的全封閉式(shi)外殼。

為防止蓄(xu)電池損壞和(he)爆(bao)炸，在密封式殼體上設有排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)孔和(he)安(an)全閥。安(an)全閥中(zhong)裝有催化劑，可使氫氣(qi)(qi)與氧氣(qi)(qi)合成為水蒸氣(qi)(qi)，冷卻后(hou)再返回電解液內(nei)。

為(wei)有(you)效防止外(wai)來火花造(zao)成危害，在其內(nei)部還裝有(you)火花捕捉器。

免維(wei)護蓄電(dian)(dian)池的工(gong)作原理與普通鉛(qian)(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池相同。放電(dian)(dian)時，正(zheng)極板(ban)上(shang)的二氧化鉛(qian)(qian)和負極板(ban)上(shang)的海(hai)綿(mian)狀(zhuang)鉛(qian)(qian)與電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液內的硫(liu)酸(suan)反應(ying)生(sheng)成硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)和水(shui)，硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)分別沉(chen)積在正(zheng)、負極板(ban)上(shang)，而水(shui)則留在電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液內；充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，正(zheng)、負極板(ban)上(shang)的硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)又(you)分別還原成二氫化鉛(qian)(qian)和海(hai)綿(mian)狀(zhuang)鉛(qian)(qian)。

普通鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池，在充電(dian)(dian)接近終了(le)時(shi)，其充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)除了(le)用來使(shi)正、負極板的硫酸鉛(qian)還(huan)原成(cheng)(cheng)二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)和(he)海綿狀鉛(qian)外(wai)，還(huan)有一(yi)部分(fen)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)被(bei)用在水(shui)的分(fen)解上，致(zhi)使(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)池內產生根(gen)多氣(qi)泡(pao)。特(te)別是充電(dian)(dian)終了(le)時(shi)產生和(he)外(wai)逸的氣(qi)泡(pao)就更多，從而(er)造成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)解液內水(shui)分(fen)大量(liang)散(san)失。

免維護蓄電(dian)池(chi)，由(you)于其(qi)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)含量比正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)多，因此，充足電(dian)時正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)全部轉變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)了二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)，而負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)仍有一部分硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)殘留。這(zhe)樣，過充電(dian)時，充電(dian)電(dian)流只在正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)用來產生氧氣，而在負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)則被(bei)用于使多余的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)轉變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)海(hai)綿(mian)狀(zhuang)鉛(qian)。同時，在正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)所產生的(de)(de)氧氣也不(bu)會(hui)外逸，而是迅速與(yu)(yu)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)活性物質(海(hai)綿(mian)狀(zhuang)鉛(qian))發生反應生成(cheng)(cheng)二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)，再(zai)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)解液中的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)反應變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)和水。

由此可見，免維護(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)時，其負極板上(shang)(shang)的硫酸鉛永遠不(bu)會(hui)(hui)消失(shi)，即負極板上(shang)(shang)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)產生氫氣。即從理論上(shang)(shang)講，免維護(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)即使在過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)時，其電(dian)(dian)解液中的水(shui)也不(bu)會(hui)(hui)散失(shi)。

3．車(che)(che)間(jian)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)鋼瓶不得隨(sui)意堆(dui)放或不同(tong)氣體(ti)鋼瓶混放。雖然乙炔(gui)(gui)、液(ye)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)氣及氧(yang)氣用最較少，但氣體(ti)鋼瓶仍需單獨存(cun)放。存(cun)放處應在生產車(che)(che)間(jian)外墻(qiang)處用磚墻(qiang)和(he)(he)預制板砌兩(liang)間(jian)作(zuo)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)液(ye)化(hua)(hua)氣和(he)(he)氧(yang)氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)間(jian)倉庫(ku)(ku)，選用下(xia)(xia)端帶(dai)百(bai)頁窗(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門，兩(liang)側墻(qiang)留通風(feng)口，并安裝鋼絲網(wang)，保(bao)持良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通風(feng)。門開在車(che)(che)間(jian)外面(mian)，并在醒目位置貼上禁(jin)止(zhi)明火和(he)(he)吸煙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標志。根據《建(jian)筑設計(ji)防火規范》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)，該存(cun)放處只能(neng)作(zuo)為(wei)車(che)(che)間(jian)中(zhong)間(jian)庫(ku)(ku)房，且乙炔(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)放數(shu)量不應超過(guo)25m3(標準狀態(tai)下(xia)(xia))，。液(ye)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)油(you)氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)放數(shu)量不應超過(guo)50m3(標準狀態(tai)下(xia)(xia))。氧(yang)氣和(he)(he)乙炔(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)管(guan)和(he)(he)使用要設專人負責，嚴禁(jin)超壓使用和(he)(he)人為(wei)加熱(re)氣瓶，嚴禁(jin)用帶(dai)油(you)污的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)套開啟氧(yang)氣瓶閥門；操作(zuo)人員作(zuo)業前必須先檢查(cha)軟管(guan)與焊接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)處是否牢固，軟管(guan)是否有打結處。

4．充(chong)電(dian)(dian)區(qu)應(ying)保持良好(hao)的通風，必要時(shi)應(ying)增加(jia)防爆型通風設(she)(she)備，同時(shi)設(she)(she)置可(ke)燃氣(qi)體(ti)濃度檢漏報警裝置，并(bing)達到《火災自(zi)動報警系(xi)統設(she)(she)計規(gui)范》的相關(guan)要求。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)區(qu)不(bu)(bu)準使用不(bu)(bu)防爆的電(dian)(dian)器設(she)(she)備(如開關(guan)、插座、熔斷及燈(deng)具(ju)等)，嚴禁在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)區(qu)吸煙，用明火照明或取暖；不(bu)(bu)準在室(shi)內(nei)動火作(zuo)業。室(shi)內(nei)各(ge)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)線路(lu)應(ying)穿(chuan)管敷設(she)(she)，電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)連接處應(ying)接觸(chu)良好(hao)、牢(lao)靠，不(bu)(bu)得(de)松動，避(bi)免產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)火花放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。不(bu)(bu)冷穿(chuan)化纖服(fu)裝進(jin)入充(chong)電(dian)(dian)區(qu)，以免摩擦產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。

三、影響UPS電池壽命及容量的幾個因素

正(zheng)常情況下(xia)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)壽命是以(yi)電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)次(ci)數量來決定。并(bing)不以(yi)使用時間(jian)來計量。過充(chong)、小(xiao)電(dian)流長時間(jian)放(fang)電(dian)、電(dian)池(chi)長時間(jian)處(chu)于充(chong)電(dian)不足狀態均可訊速導致(zhi)電(dian)池(chi)失(shi)效。隨著電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)放(fang)次(ci)數量的(de)增加電(dian)池(chi)逐漸老化(hua)，低(di)于標稱(cheng)容(rong)量的(de)80%時即認(ren)為電(dian)池(chi)壽命終止。目前金麗溫高(gao)速公路電(dian)池(chi)的(de)主要失(shi)效原因有(you)以(yi)下(xia)幾個方(fang)面：

1、溫度對閥控鉛酸蓄電池壽命的影響

閥控電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)對溫(wen)度(du)頗為敏感，環境溫(wen)度(du)的(de)變化對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)運行壽命(ming)、放電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)、浮充電(dian)(dian)壓都有影響。持(chi)續過(guo)高的(de)環境溫(wen)度(du)，會造成浮充電(dian)(dian)流加大，內部熱量(liang)增加，失(shi)水過(guo)快(kuai)，最終導致熱失(shi)控，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)損(sun)壞；過(guo)低(di)的(de)溫(wen)度(du)則會降低(di)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang)。

溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與電(dian)(dian)池壽命的(de)影響，由于(yu)閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池本身散熱(re)條件比較差，熱(re)量積累的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)引起惡性循環易造成熱(re)失控。當(dang)環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)超過(guo)25度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)時，溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)每(mei)(mei)升高10度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，使用壽命減(jian)少一半，所(suo)以當(dang)環境溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)在非25度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)時，溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)升高一度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)，浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓應降3MV/每(mei)(mei)只(zhi)，防止(zhi)過(guo)充(chong)。反之溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)降低時低于(yu)25度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)時，每(mei)(mei)低一度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓應增(zeng)3MV/每(mei)(mei)只(zhi)，防止(zhi)出現(xian)虧電(dian)(dian)現(xian)象(xiang)。

譬如，電池(chi)在35度下長期(qi)運(yun)(yun)行，如在25度下電池(chi)設計(ji)(ji)壽(shou)命為8年(nian)(電池(chi)普遍設計(ji)(ji))，實(shi)際壽(shou)命則只有5年(nian)，若長期(qi)在15度下運(yun)(yun)行，電池(chi)壽(shou)命則有20年(nian)。不(bu)難看出，金(jin)麗溫(wen)(wen)(wen)高速高路麗青段(duan)電池(chi)過早失效不(bu)得(de)不(bu)說溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度才是電池(chi)的(de)第一殺手。因為以麗青段(duan)而言(yan)，配電房基本無空調配置。夏天溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度均在40度以上。

2、大電池和小電流放電對電池的影響

相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)(du)下，小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)(du)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越小(xiao)(xiao)，過飽和度(du)(du)(du)降低，生成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)核越少。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)就越慢(man)。生成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)核少，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量，生成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛量是相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。則生成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)顆粒(li)就大(da)(da)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)越慢(man)，生成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體就越完善，從而(er)更(geng)難以充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時，這些(xie)(xie)顆粒(li)同(tong)(tong)(tong)樣會造成(cheng)(cheng)極板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)微孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)堵塞。這樣充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后很難還(huan)原成(cheng)(cheng)海綿狀純鉛，從而(er)影響到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。因為大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在固液交界處(chu)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)過飽和度(du)(du)(du)大(da)(da)，從而(er)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)，一(yi)方面(mian)，堵塞極板(ban)微孔(kong)，一(yi)方面(mian)也堵塞隔板(ban)微孔(kong)。更(geng)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)易生成(cheng)(cheng)枝晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。還(huan)使(shi)許多(duo)微晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)在當時或充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時脫落(luo)。從而(er)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池造成(cheng)(cheng)傷害。還(huan)有，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時也由于(yu)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)散速(su)度(du)(du)(du)慢(man)，只能到(dao)達淺層而(er)使(shi)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)阿爾法二氧化鉛放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)化。從而(er)使(shi)極板(ban)易與軟化。大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量不能全部放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)，如獲使(shi)用(yong)1小(xiao)(xiao)時放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量僅為額定(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)55%，而(er)半(ban)小(xiao)(xiao)時放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率則為35%。小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量，使(shi)用(yong)價20小(xiao)(xiao)時放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率則可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)額定(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)110%。

3、落后電池對容量的影響

計算蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)是以(yi)某只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)最先(xian)達到終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)止(zhi)的容(rong)量(liang)，若是UPS蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組中出現落后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)則(ze)會影響整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的容(rong)量(liang)。以(yi)-48V系統(tong)為(wei)(wei)例(li)，系統(tong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)1.8V/只，(即(ji)43.2V)以(yi)10小時(shi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的話從48至43.2用時(shi)10小時(shi)，一旦(dan)出現落后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)則(ze)系統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)48-2V=46V系統(tong)46V到43.2V放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)將(jiang)大(da)大(da)下降。因些(xie)這些(xie)落后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就應該及時(shi)剔除，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信部(bu)門經驗規定，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)個數少于3只時(shi)單個更(geng)換，落后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)大(da)于3時(shi)則(ze)整體更(geng)換。落后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的發(fa)現就須(xu)我們在日常(chang)維護(hu)中通過容(rong)量(liang)測(ce)試或日常(chang)維護(hu)中的端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)測(ce)量(liang)中發(fa)現。但目前(qian)金麗溫高(gao)速(su)此項工(gong)作基本為(wei)(wei)空白。

額定(ding)容(rong)量：在(zai)(zai)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)工作條(tiao)件(jian)下，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能放(fang)(fang)出的(de)最低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量稱為(wei)額定(ding)容(rong)量。VRLA蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)額定(ding)容(rong)量規(gui)定(ding)工作條(tiao)件(jian)為(wei)：在(zai)(zai)10小時放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)為(wei)25度(du)(du)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)1.80V(12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)為(wei)6×1.80=10.8V)。實際(ji)容(rong)量：在(zai)(zai)特點的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫(wen)度(du)(du)和放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等條(tiao)件(jian)下，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)實際(ji)放(fang)(fang)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量稱為(wei)實際(ji)容(rong)量。影響實際(ji)放(fang)(fang)出容(rong)量的(de)主要(yao)因(yin)素有：放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫(wen)度(du)(du)。

四、關注免維護蓄電池

所謂免維護(hu)(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，是(shi)指在規定的(de)使用條(tiao)件下，使用期間不(bu)需要(yao)進行維護(hu)(hu)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。對于車用鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)來講，也就是(shi)使用期間不(bu)需經常添加蒸餾水(shui)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

1.免維護蓄電池的結構特點

為(wei)(wei)了(le)提(ti)高鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命，隨著其(qi)(qi)使(shi)性能(neng)，免維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)柵架(jia)一般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣合金(jin)或低(di)銻合金(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)，而負(fu)極(ji)(ji)柵架(jia)均用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣合金(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)減小極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)短路和(he)活性物質(zhi)脫落，其(qi)(qi)隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)大多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)超細玻璃纖維棉制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)，或將其(qi)(qi)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)裝在(zai)(zai)袋式隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)內(nei)(nei)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)防止氧氣(qi)、氫氣(qi)垂直上溢，減小水(shui)(shui)分損失和(he)活性物質(zhi)脫落，極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)組多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)緊湊(cou)結構(gou)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)縮短聯接條的(de)長度(du)(du)，減小內(nei)(nei)阻，提(ti)高蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)起動性能(neng)，各(ge)單(dan)格(ge)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)組之間采(cai)用(yong)(yong)內(nei)(nei)連式接法，露(lu)在(zai)(zai)密(mi)(mi)封式殼體(ti)外面(mian)的(de)只(zhi)有(you)(you)正(zheng)、負(fu)極(ji)(ji)樁。為(wei)(wei)了(le)更有(you)(you)效地避免水(shui)(shui)分損失，在(zai)(zai)殼體(ti)上部設(she)有(you)(you)收集水(shui)(shui)蒸氣(qi)和(he)硫酸蒸氣(qi)的(de)集氣(qi)室，待(dai)其(qi)(qi)冷卻后變(bian)成液體(ti)重新流(liu)回電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液內(nei)(nei)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)便于檢查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)，了(le)解存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況，在(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)部設(she)有(you)(you)的(de)溫度(du)(du)補償式密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)計。密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)計的(de)指示(shi)(shi)器用(yong)(yong)不同的(de)顏(yan)色指示(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液液面(mian)高低(di)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)正(zheng)常時，指示(shi)(shi)器顯示(shi)(shi)綠色，表示(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)足；指示(shi)(shi)器顯示(shi)(shi)黑色，表示(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)低(di)于標(biao)準值(zhi)，應進行補充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；指示(shi)(shi)器顯示(shi)(shi)黃色，表示(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液液面(mian)過(guo)低(di)，需添加蒸餾水(shui)(shui)。

2.免維護蓄電池的性能特點

如上(shang)所(suo)述，免維(wei)護(hu)蓄電(dian)池與普通鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)池的最大區(qu)別是極板材料不同(tong)。由(you)于采用鉛(qian)鈣合金(jin)制作柵架，消除了鉛(qian)銻合金(jin)柵架的一些弱點(dian)(如水分蒸(zheng)發(fa)、過量充電(dian)、熱破壞和自行(xing)放電(dian))，因(yin)此(ci)，不僅使(shi)其使(shi)用性能得到改善，而且還延(yan)長了其使(shi)用壽(shou)命和儲存壽(shou)命。

免維護蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水(shui)量(liang)少，一(yi)般(ban)僅為普通鉛蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)1／10左右，使用中一(yi)般(ban)不需添加蒸(zheng)(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)。這一(yi)方面是由于鉛鈣合金的(de)(de)析氫(qing)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)比鉛銻合金高，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時析氫(qing)量(liang)少，從而(er)水(shui)分逸(yi)出量(liang)大(da)大(da)降低；另一(yi)方面是由于免維護蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)設有集(ji)氣(qi)室，可使收集(ji)到(dao)的(de)(de)水(shui)蒸(zheng)(zheng)氣(qi)冷卻后重(zhong)新返回電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)內，避免了水(shui)分散(san)失。因(yin)此，使用中免維護蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不需要添加蒸(zheng)(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)。

普通(tong)鉛蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)柵架(jia)，一般用鉛銻(ti)合金(jin)制作，且含銻(ti)量(liang)較高。充電(dian)時，正極柵架(jia)上的(de)(de)(de)銻(ti)被逐漸溶解到電(dian)解液中，并不(bu)斷(duan)地在負(fu)極板表面(mian)上沉積(ji)，與負(fu)極板上的(de)(de)(de)活性物質形成微(wei)電(dian)池，使其(qi)自行(xing)放電(dian)量(liang)增大。免維(wei)護蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)柵架(jia)采用的(de)(de)(de)是鉛鈣合金(jin)，其(qi)特點是晶粒(li)較細(xi)，耐腐蝕，不(bu)易形成微(wei)電(dian)池，自行(xing)放電(dian)量(liang)小。

普通(tong)(tong)鉛蓄電池(chi)，其內部(bu)經常有(you)硫(liu)(liu)酸氣(qi)(qi)體逸(yi)出，并聚集(ji)在蓄電池(chi)的頂蓋部(bu)位。這(zhe)些硫(liu)(liu)酸氣(qi)(qi)體在金屬接頭(tou)處(chu)凝結(jie)，形成(cheng)短路通(tong)(tong)道，產(chan)生短路電流(liu)，并對(dui)極樁和連接件造成(cheng)腐(fu)蝕(shi)。嚴(yan)重時，甚(shen)至(zhi)影響到蓄電池(chi)功率輸(shu)出。由(you)于維護蓄電池(chi)設(she)有(you)集(ji)氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)和新型的通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)裝(zhuang)置，不僅可(ke)(ke)避免(mian)水分(fen)散失，而(er)且可(ke)(ke)有(you)效地防止酸氣(qi)(qi)外逸(yi)，從(cong)而(er)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降(jiang)臨了酸氣(qi)(qi)對(dui)極樁連接件的腐(fu)蝕(shi)。

免(mian)維(wei)護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)起動電(dian)(dian)流(liu)比(bi)普通(tong)鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大(da)，起動性能好。這一方面是由于鉛鈣(gai)合(he)金(jin)的(de)導電(dian)(dian)性能比(bi)鉛銻合(he)金(jin)好，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內阻小(xiao)，輸出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)；另(ling)一方面是由于免(mian)維(wei)護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采用(yong)內連(lian)式連(lian)接(jie)，縮短(duan)了連(lian)線長度，功(gong)率損失小(xiao)，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓高。

由于免維護蓄電池采用鉛鈣合金制作柵架，既增加了機械強度又提高了耐充性，再加上采用袋裝式隔板結構，可有效防止活性物質脫落，因此，其使用壽命顯著提高。同時，由于自行放電量小，其儲存壽命也大大增長，一般為普通鉛蓄電池的2～3倍。