一、充電時電源指示燈亮，充電指示燈橙色

首先請檢查(cha)一(yi)下(xia)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)輸(shu)(shu)出插頭(tou)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池盒的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)插頭(tou)有(you)(you)沒有(you)(you)插緊。如(ru)確定(ding)沒有(you)(you)問(wen)題，可檢查(cha)一(yi)下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池盒上面的保險絲管是(shi)(shi)否(fou)開(kai)路(lu)或保險絲座(zuo)有(you)(you)松(song)動接(jie)觸(chu)不良現象。另外，有(you)(you)的車型要把電(dian)(dian)(dian)池鎖打開(kai)后才能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。如(ru)果以上故(gu)障均排(pai)除(chu)，考慮一(yi)下(xia)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)輸(shu)(shu)出線(xian)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)開(kai)路(lu)，可用(yong)(yong)萬用(yong)(yong)表電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓擋（200V擋）測量一(yi)下(xia)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的空(kong)載輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，應為41-44V（配(pei)36V電(dian)(dian)(dian)池因充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)不同有(you)(you)所(suo)不同），如(ru)沒有(you)(you)的話，可能(neng)是(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)輸(shu)(shu)出線(xian)開(kai)路(lu)，并(bing)將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)打開(kai)，換(huan)一(yi)根輸(shu)(shu)出線(xian)，即可排(pai)除(chu)故(gu)障。注意：在更換(huan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)輸(shu)(shu)出線(xian)時，一(yi)定(ding)要注意原機的正負極不要接(jie)反。

二、電源指示燈不亮，充電指示燈也不亮

檢查充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)插(cha)頭與市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)(you)(you)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)連接好(hao)(hao)，可將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)輸(shu)入插(cha)頭插(cha)至正常(chang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)插(cha)座中試一(yi)下(xia)，如情況依舊，將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)外殼打開(kai)，觀察一(yi)下(xia)機(ji)內(nei)保險(xian)(xian)絲有(you)(you)(you)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)斷，如沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)斷，先(xian)檢查一(yi)下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)輸(shu)入線是否良好(hao)(hao)，在排除電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)輸(shu)入線的(de)(de)故障后(hou)(hou)，應(ying)檢查一(yi)下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)板上高壓(ya)(ya)區附近的(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)是否有(you)(you)(you)虛焊(han)，保險(xian)(xian)絲座是否有(you)(you)(you)接觸不良現象(xiang)，重點(dian)檢查變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1、三極(ji)管V1、V2等是否有(you)(you)(you)虛焊(han)現象(xiang)。另外，R5或R6開(kai)路(lu)，也會(hui)引起上述(shu)(shu)故障，如機(ji)內(nei)保險(xian)(xian)絲已斷，則千萬不要更(geng)(geng)換(huan)大安培的(de)(de)保險(xian)(xian)絲管（充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)保險(xian)(xian)絲管一(yi)般為(wei)2A），應(ying)重點(dian)檢查D1-D4、V1、V2、R4、R7及D15、D21有(you)(you)(you)無損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)壞，如有(you)(you)(you)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)壞，可用同類型的(de)(de)更(geng)(geng)換(huan)。請(qing)注意，上述(shu)(shu)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)壞時，可能(neng)會(hui)同時損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)壞一(yi)到二個，有(you)(you)(you)時可能(neng)會(hui)同時損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)壞好(hao)(hao)幾個，檢修時需要逐一(yi)檢查、更(geng)(geng)換(huan)這些元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)后(hou)(hou)才能(neng)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

三、嚴重發熱，甚至有外殼燒化變形現象

這主(zhu)要(yao)是部(bu)分用(yong)戶(hu)經常隨(sui)車攜(xie)帶造成(cheng)部(bu)分元器件松動引起的故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。主(zhu)要(yao)表現為：C18松動虛焊(han)(han)時(shi)，會(hui)造成(cheng)V1、V2工作狀態不正常，熱量很(hen)大，嚴重(zhong)時(shi)充電(dian)器外殼變形，電(dian)路板燒焦，導致(zhi)V1、V2損壞，可將C18重(zhong)新焊(han)(han)接(jie)好(hao)，檢查V1、V2、R4、R7。如仍不能排(pai)除故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，則需檢查D15、D21中(zhong)(zhong)是否有一(yi)只(zhi)開(kai)路，另外，有些廠家的輸出整流管采用(yong)一(yi)只(zhi)雙(shuang)二極管，其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)只(zhi)開(kai)路亦造成(cheng)上述故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，有時(shi)該故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)會(hui)造成(cheng)V1、V2中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)只(zhi)損壞。需同時(shi)檢查及更換(huan)。

四、發熱量大且伴有異常響聲

故障(zhang)(zhang)原因是輸出(chu)級(ji)消振阻容R31、C17損壞所(suo)致。另外，C12開路或虛焊也會引起(qi)上述故障(zhang)(zhang)。

五、工作時有異常響聲，充不進電

檢查電路板上C8是否有虛焊或損壞，一般更(geng)換C8均能解決。

六、工作時有異常響聲，電源指示燈與充電指示燈暗且閃爍

故障原因(yin)是(shi)IC1損(sun)壞(huai)，更(geng)換時務必(bi)小(xiao)心，不要(yao)將(jiang)印制板銅箔損(sun)壞(huai)，更(geng)換正常后(hou)，需調整(zheng)R28使(shi)充電器輸出電壓在正常工作范圍內。

七、輸出電壓很高

輸出(chu)電(dian)壓很高（大于50V），其故(gu)障(zhang)原因是C15短路(lu)或R26開路(lu)，具體判斷時可測量IC1集成電(dian)路(lu)的“1”腳(jiao)電(dian)壓。

注(zhu)：更換R26后，應重新調整R28使充電器輸(shu)出電壓保持(chi)正常(chang)。

八、輸出電壓正常，但充電電流很小

檢查R30、R11、R13是(shi)否接(jie)觸不良或損壞，如正(zheng)常請更換IC1即(ji)可排(pai)除故障。

九、輸出電壓正常，充電指示燈無指示或指示不正確

通常(chang)是由于IC2損(sun)壞或LED2損(sun)壞，可更換(huan)。

十、輸出部分銅箔燒斷

打(da)開充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)后(hou)發現充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)輸出(chu)部分銅箔燒斷(duan)，這(zhe)通常是將(jiang)電(dian)池正(zheng)負極反接的結果(guo)，由此而引起的故障(zhang)(zhang)將(jiang)會導(dao)致充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)許多元件損壞(huai)。如果(guo)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)保(bao)險(xian)絲沒有(you)(you)壞(huai)，則(ze)通常更(geng)換R30、IC1、IC2后(hou)將(jiang)斷(duan)銅箔連上即可恢復(fu)正(zheng)常。如果(guo)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的保(bao)險(xian)絲已斷(duan)，則(ze)故障(zhang)(zhang)較嚴重D1-D4、V1-V2、R4、R7等均有(you)(you)可能損壞(huai)，需測量后(hou)逐一更(geng)換。

1、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)不啟(qi)動(dong)：插電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，大電(dian)(dian)容有300V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、拔掉(diao)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)再(zai)次(ci)測量大電(dian)(dian)容2端還是300V電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不下(xia)降。給電(dian)(dian)容放電(dian)(dian)后，將啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)換掉(diao)即可。啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)在電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸(shu)入(ru)部分，阻(zu)(zu)值150K，功率(lv)2W。

2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)源不啟(qi)動：插電(dian)(dian)(dian)，大電(dian)(dian)(dian)容2端(duan)有(you)300V電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，拔(ba)掉電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，大電(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓慢(man)慢(man)下降(jiang)，將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路板全部檢查是否(fou)有(you)脫焊的(de)(de)現象，補焊完成后，將(jiang)(jiang)3842換成新的(de)(de)，通電(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)機即(ji)可(ke)。

3、閃燈：先將電(dian)路板補(bu)焊一(yi)遍，再次試機，如(ru)果還是閃燈，請(qing)檢查(cha)輸(shu)出(chu)端(duan)取樣(yang)電(dian)阻。0.1歐(ou)。3W功(gong)率(lv)。接(jie)在(zai)輸(shu)出(chu)線的(de)負極端(duan)，將此電(dian)阻換新即可(ke)。

4、輸出(chu)電(dian)壓高，通(tong)電(dian)，電(dian)壓高于70多V，充電(dian)不轉燈，先將電(dian)路板補焊一遍，再(zai)次(ci)試機，如果還是電(dian)壓高，請更換光電(dian)耦合器(qi)、再(zai)次(ci)試機、還是輸出(chu)高，更換431基準穩壓器(qi)，再(zai)次(ci)試機。

5、吱吱叫，發熱，充電不足：通電測量大電容(rong)電壓(ya)，只要低于300V，一般電容(rong)失效，更換即(ji)可。

6、嚴重發熱，請將風扇(shan)換新即可。

7、輸(shu)出電壓不(bu)穩定，先將電路板補焊(han)一遍，后(hou)試機(ji)，然后(hou)將輸(shu)出端電容(rong)63V470UF電容(rong)換新試機(ji)即可。

8、充電不(bu)轉燈(deng)，用檢測儀測試各項(xiang)數據，然(ran)后將358或者324換新試機。

9、充電不穩定，有(you)時(shi)候能(neng)充，有(you)時(shi)候不能(neng)沖，用(yong)測試(shi)儀檢測各(ge)項數據，然后將輸入(ru)輸出電源(yuan)線(xian)，全部換新(xin)，補焊線(xian)路板(ban)試(shi)機(ji)。

10、通(tong)電燒(shao)保險(xian)：先(xian)檢測功率管擊(ji)穿沒(mei)有，沒(mei)有的話將4個整流二極管全(quan)部換新，試機。

11、通電(dian)無輸出(chu)，通電(dian)試(shi)機，大(da)電(dian)容2端(duan)有300V電(dian)壓，且慢慢下降，首(shou)先檢測輸出(chu)端(duan)大(da)二極管(guan)擊(ji)穿沒有，補焊，再次試(shi)機。

12、通(tong)電亮(liang)2個紅燈：通(tong)電試(shi)機，空(kong)載電壓是否(fou)正常，然(ran)后將358或324換(huan)新試(shi)機。

13、通電無輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)，能正(zheng)常啟動，指示燈正(zheng)常，先將(jiang)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)線換新(xin)，對于有繼電器的充電器直接短(duan)路繼電器試機。

14、通電(dian)(dian)閃燈，請(qing)補焊變壓器各引腳，然后試機(ji)(ji)，如果依(yi)舊，請(qing)檢查431、光電(dian)(dian)耦合(he)器、輸出(chu)部分各二(er)極管是(shi)否(fou)短路，變壓器磁芯是(shi)否(fou)松動，電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸入部分10歐小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)阻是(shi)否(fou)開(kai)路。或代換3842再次試機(ji)(ji)。

15、充電(dian)不(bu)(bu)轉燈，先用測試儀(yi)檢(jian)測各(ge)項數據(ju)，一(yi)般充新電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)(bu)高(gao)于59.5，充半年左右電(dian)池不(bu)(bu)高(gao)于58.8，為正常，高(gao)于此電(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)能不(bu)(bu)轉燈。

16、輸(shu)出電壓(ya)低：補焊線(xian)路板。試機，然后(hou)將輸(shu)入輸(shu)出大電容換新(xin)再次試機。

17、輸(shu)(shu)出低(di)，發燙(tang)，如果輸(shu)(shu)出電壓低(di)于40多V，且(qie)功(gong)率管，變(bian)壓器發燙(tang)，一般為變(bian)壓器有問(wen)題(ti)。

18、啟動困難，有時(shi)候(hou)(hou)能起到有時(shi)候(hou)(hou)不能啟動，補(bu)焊線路板，后試機(ji)，如果依舊請將輸入部分小電容(rong)換新再次試機(ji)，50V47UF。

19、燒3842,3842換(huan)新后試機(ji)插電聽到一聲喀的一聲響，這是(shi)測量大(da)電容2端電壓300V慢慢將，說明3842又(you)擊穿(chuan)了，先補焊線(xian)(xian)路板，檢查變壓器引腳是(shi)否(fou)松動或(huo)者引線(xian)(xian)是(shi)否(fou)斷(duan)開，輸出部分大(da)二極(ji)管是(shi)否(fou)開路，線(xian)(xian)路板是(shi)否(fou)斷(duan)裂(lie)。

20、以上(shang)故障(zhang)適合于市場上(shang)大部分(fen)單管電(dian)路(lu)充電(dian)器常(chang)見(jian)故障(zhang)，操作過(guo)程中可(ke)隨時咨詢技術人員。

如48V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，最高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)大(da)于(yu)(yu)59.6V，大(da)于(yu)(yu)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可能不(bu)轉(zhuan)燈(deng)，低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)低于(yu)(yu)55V，低于(yu)(yu)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)造成充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足，長時間容易對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，如48V20A充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，最大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不(bu)大(da)于(yu)(yu)3A。大(da)于(yu)(yu)3A可能造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水較早，最低不(bu)低于(yu)(yu)2.1A。低壓(ya)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流造成充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足。

1、48V新電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要求(qiu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)參數，最高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)58.5---59.7，不(bu)低于(yu)(yu)58V，低于(yu)(yu)58V造成(cheng)(cheng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)足(zu)，高于(yu)(yu)59.7V可能造成(cheng)(cheng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)轉(zhuan)燈。轉(zhuan)燈電(dian)(dian)流約0.4---0.7A，實(shi)際電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)約55.5V，低于(yu)(yu)50V造成(cheng)(cheng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)足(zu)，長時(shi)間充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)。

2、4820電池要求(qiu)充電最大(da)電流2.4----3.3A，低于2.2A充電慢(man)，充電效果差。

3、市(shi)場上低于30元的(de)充(chong)電器實(shi)際功率小，參數設計不精(jing)確(que)，請(qing)注意區分。

4、充電器(qi)穩壓電路失效會造成輸出電壓75---130V，充電電池滾(gun)燙(tang)不轉燈。

5、當新電(dian)池(chi)(chi)出(chu)現(xian)，續航里(li)(li)程20A電(dian)池(chi)(chi)低(di)于30公(gong)里(li)(li)，12A電(dian)池(chi)(chi)低(di)于25公(gong)里(li)(li)請檢查(cha)充電(dian)器各項參數(shu)，如果(guo)無法判斷是，請更換(huan)優質充電(dian)器再次(ci)使用，即可(ke)解決問題。

6、新電池遇(yu)到不轉燈時，請更換另外一個優質充(chong)電器試(shi)機。

7、正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)情(qing)況下(xia)。4820新電池充電時(shi)間(jian)約10小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)左(zuo)右，續航里程40---60公(gong)里，4812新電池充電時(shi)間(jian)約10小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)內，里程達到25---40公(gong)里，如果正(zheng)(zheng)常(chang)充電時(shi)間(jian)超(chao)過以上，請更換優質充電器再次使用。

8、有(you)(you)很多(duo)充(chong)電(dian)器內部電(dian)路、輸(shu)入輸(shu)出連線(xian)老化，造成(cheng)，有(you)(you)時候能(neng)充(chong)、有(you)(you)時候不能(neng)沖(chong)。嚴重影響電(dian)池，或者充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中電(dian)路失效，造成(cheng)充(chong)鼓包，如果出現這種情況，請直接更換(huan)優質充(chong)電(dian)器再(zai)次使用。

很多朋友都在問電動車充電器可(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)通用(yong)這(zhe)個問(wen)題。有(you)回答(da)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)的，有(you)對(dui)(dui)答(da)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)的。那到底聽誰的呢？買(mai)購網建(jian)(jian)議(yi)(yi)：最好用(yong)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)配套(tao)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。因為一般情(qing)況下，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)大小(xiao)配置(zhi)的，也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)說電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大小(xiao)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓大小(xiao)的配置(zhi)的。正常(chang)情(qing)況下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)，四輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)觀光車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)巡邏車(che)(che)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)18v或(huo)者72v都是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)一定規格的。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的容量(liang)單位不(bu)(bu)(bu)一定相同。所以(yi)(yi)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)(yi)大家最好是(shi)(shi)(shi)使用(yong)配套(tao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)。當然了，我(wo)們知道(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)被充(chong)(chong)壞跟充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓有(you)關而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)有(you)關。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)長(chang)時間不(bu)(bu)(bu)轉換或(huo)者充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過高會(hui)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)失水，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)鼓包(bao)等情(qing)況發(fa)生。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的影響是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的快慢而(er)(er)已(yi)。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)充(chong)(chong)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。所以(yi)(yi)說電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)通用(yong)，而(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)最好不(bu)(bu)(bu)要通用(yong)。