一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

（1）恒定電流充電法

在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始(shi)終保(bao)持(chi)不(bu)變(bian)，叫(jiao)做恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法，簡稱恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法或(huo)等流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法。在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)由于(yu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐(zhu)漸升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)逐(zhu)漸下(xia)降(jiang)，為保(bao)持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)致因(yin)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升高而(er)(er)減小，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程必須逐(zhu)漸升高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，以(yi)維持(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)始(shi)終不(bu)變(bian)，這(zhe)對于(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)的自(zi)動化程度要求較高，一(yi)般(ban)簡陋的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)是(shi)不(bu)能滿足恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要求的。恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法，在(zai)(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最(zui)大(da)允許的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)情況下(xia)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)越(yue)大(da)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間就可(ke)以(yi)縮(suo)短。若從時(shi)間上考慮，采用(yong)(yong)此法有利的。但在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)若充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)仍不(bu)變(bian)，這(zhe)時(shi)由于(yu)大(da)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水上，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液出氣泡(pao)過多而(er)(er)顯沸(fei)騰(teng)狀(zhuang)，這(zhe)不(bu)僅(jin)消耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，而(er)(er)且容易(yi)使(shi)極(ji)板上活性(xing)物質大(da)量脫落(luo)，溫升過高，造(zao)成極(ji)板彎曲(qu)，容量迅速(su)下(xia)降(jiang)而(er)(er)提前報廢。所以(yi)，這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法很少(shao)采用(yong)(yong)。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓始(shi)(shi)終保持不(bu)變，叫做恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)，簡稱恒壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)或等(deng)(deng)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。由(you)(you)于(yu)恒壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)至(zhi)后(hou)期(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓始(shi)(shi)終保持一(yi)定，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)相(xiang)當大(da)，大(da)大(da)超過(guo)正常充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值。但(dan)隨著充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)進行，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐(zhu)漸升高，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐(zhu)漸減小。當蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓相(xiang)等(deng)(deng)時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減至(zhi)最小甚(shen)至(zhi)為(wei)零。由(you)(you)此可見，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)恒壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)的(de)優點(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)，可以(yi)避(bi)免(mian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)大(da)而(er)造成(cheng)極(ji)板(ban)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質脫落和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)損(sun)失。但(dan)其缺點(dian)是，在(zai)(zai)(zai)剛開(kai)始(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過(guo)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質體(ti)積變化收縮太快，影(ying)響(xiang)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質的(de)機(ji)械(xie)強度，致使(shi)其脫落。而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)又(you)過(guo)小，使(shi)極(ji)板(ban)深處(chu)的(de)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物質得不(bu)到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應，形成(cheng)長期(qi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足，影(ying)響(xiang)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命。所(suo)以(yi)這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)一(yi)般只(zhi)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備或充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備較簡陋的(de)特(te)殊場合，如(ru)汽(qi)車上蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號(hao)至(zhi)5號(hao)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池式的(de)小蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采(cai)用(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)給蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓：酸性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池每個單(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)2.4～2.8V左右(you)，堿性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池每個單(dan)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)1.6～2.0V左右(you)。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為補救恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)缺點而采用(yong)的(de)一種方法(fa)。即(ji)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)之(zhi)間串聯一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，這樣充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初期(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可以調整(zheng)。但有時(shi)最大充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)受到限制，因此(ci)隨(sui)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的(de)進行，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐(zhu)漸(jian)上升，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)卻幾乎成為直線衰減。有時(shi)使用(yong)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值，約在2.4V時(shi)，從(cong)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻轉(zhuan)換(huan)到高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，以減少(shao)出氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜(zong)合恒流(liu)和恒壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)法的(de)特(te)點，蓄電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)初期用較(jiao)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，經(jing)過一段(duan)時(shi)間改(gai)用較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，至充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)后(hou)期改(gai)用更(geng)小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，即不同階(jie)段(duan)內以(yi)不同的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)方(fang)法，叫做階(jie)段(duan)恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)法。階(jie)段(duan)恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)法，一般可分為兩個階(jie)段(duan)進行，也可分為多個階(jie)段(duan)進行。

階(jie)段(duan)等流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)法所需充(chong)電(dian)時間短，充(chong)電(dian)效(xiao)果也(ye)好(hao)。由(you)于充(chong)電(dian)后期改用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)小電(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)，這樣減(jian)少了氣泡對(dui)極(ji)板活性物質(zhi)的(de)(de)沖刷，減(jian)少了活性物質(zhi)的(de)(de)脫落(luo)。這種(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)法能(neng)延長(chang)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)，并節省(sheng)電(dian)能(neng)，充(chong)電(dian)又徹底，所以是當前常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)方法。一般(ban)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)第一階(jie)段(duan)以10h率電(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)，第二階(jie)段(duan)以20h率電(dian)流(liu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)。各階(jie)段(duan)充(chong)電(dian)時間的(de)(de)長(chang)短，各種(zhong)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)具體要(yao)求和標(biao)準不一樣。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電(dian)池理(li)想充電(dian)法。

（5）浮充電法

間歇使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或僅在(zai)(zai)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)才使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)為浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)。一些特(te)殊場合使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固定型蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一般均采用(yong)浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點主要在(zai)(zai)于能減少蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)析(xi)氣率，并(bing)可防止過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時(shi)(shi)由于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)同直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并(bing)聯供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)瞬時(shi)(shi)輸(shu)出(chu)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，這(zhe)有助于鎮定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常(chang)。浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺點是個別(bie)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)均衡(heng)和充不(bu)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以需要進行定期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)均衡(heng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不(bu)是所有失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)都(dou)能進(jin)行修復(fu)，如出(chu)現(xian)了(le)短路(lu)(lu)和斷路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、極板上活性(xing)(xing)物質嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)脫落(luo)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、極板嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)損(sun)壞，嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)變形的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑(su)料(liao)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)體嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)變形和嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)破裂(lie)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)塑(su)料(liao)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)體底部出(chu)現(xian)大面積(ji)漏(lou)(lou)液的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是不(bu)能進(jin)行修復(fu)的(de)(de)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)可(ke)修復(fu)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是因(yin)失(shi)(shi)水嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)而失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)極上活性(xing)(xing)物質發生嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)硫酸(suan)鹽化而失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)及因(yin)磕碰、摔(shuai)打、跌落(luo)等(deng)原因(yin)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)體上部出(chu)現(xian)微弱(ruo)裂(lie)縫而漏(lou)(lou)液造成失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，即結構輕微失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)修復(fu)可(ke)分為對電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)修復(fu)和對塑(su)料(liao)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)體結構件失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)修復(fu)。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修(xiu)復可分(fen)為化(hua)學方法修(xiu)復和物(wu)理方法修(xiu)復。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化學(xue)方法對電(dian)(dian)性能失效的鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的修復通常是采用(yong)加(jia)入化學(xue)活化劑方法，如(ru)添加(jia)納米(mi)(mi)碳(tan)溶膠蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)活化劑，它是以納米(mi)(mi)石墨為溶質主(zhu)要成份的水(shui)溶液。

A、對失水(shui)嚴重的鉛酸蓄電(dian)池在加(jia)入(ru)(ru)活化(hua)劑(ji)前要先加(jia)入(ru)(ru)濃度為5%~10%的(de)(de)稀硫酸電解液(ye)(ye)，補加的(de)(de)電解液(ye)(ye)量控制在(zai)上(shang)下液(ye)(ye)面線之間偏(pian)上(shang)線的(de)(de)位(wei)置。

B、按活化劑的使用添加量要求通過氣塞孔(kong)均勻的從四周及中間加入到每個(ge)單(dan)體蓄電池內(nei)部并搖動(dong)均勻。納米碳溶膠活化劑加完后電解液(ye)的液(ye)面線(xian)接近液(ye)面標示(shi)線(xian)的上線(xian)。

C、立即對修復的電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)，開始(shi)活化充(chong)電(dian)時充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流要大于(yu)正常充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流的50%左右，以便使納(na)米石墨在電場(chang)的作用下(xia)盡快的吸(xi)附(fu)到電極里面，大(da)約充進40%左右的(de)電量(liang)時再進(jin)行正常(chang)充電。首次活化的(de)充電量(liang)為理論容量(liang)的(de)120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周次(ci)后(hou)電(dian)池的電(dian)性(xing)能(neng)就能(neng)得以恢復，其放(fang)電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)在額定容(rong)量(liang)的98%以上的可認(ren)為修復完成。電池(chi)活(huo)化修復后對電解液液面偏高的要抽出多余的電解液。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電池(chi)，應把電解液全部(bu)倒出(chu)（或(huo)吸出(chu)）并用電池(chi)用純凈水清洗(xi)2次(ci)，然(ran)后再(zai)加入(ru)使用濃度(du)的(de)硫酸電解液，再(zai)按前述方法對電池進行活化(hua)修(xiu)復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)的修復也有(you)一定效(xiao)果(guo)；但對膠(jiao)體電解質電池(chi)的修復效(xiao)果(guo)不明顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物理方法對電性能失(shi)效的(de)鉛酸蓄電池(chi)修復是用充電設備提供的(de)充電模式創新—充電電流的(de)變化(hua)來實現的(de)。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方法見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小電流預放電可(ke)以使(shi)電解(jie)液更容易(yi)浸(jin)潤到(dao)電極內部，使(shi)表(biao)面已生(sheng)成鈍(dun)化層的(de)活(huo)性物(wu)質（硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)）在小電流放電時產生(sheng)比較疏松的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)分子(zi)，這有(you)助于鈍(dun)化的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)活(huo)化并再度(du)參加(jia)電化學反應。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負脈沖電(dian)流(liu)一般(ban)≥0.1C，終止時單體(ti)電池電壓控制(zhi)在2.63V~2.70V之間。充(chong)電電流會隨電池(chi)的(de)(de)電壓升高而逐步(bu)下(xia)降(jiang)，這可以避(bi)免長時間大電流充(chong)電造成電極的(de)(de)損壞和失水。一般(ban)修(xiu)復充(chong)電的(de)(de)充(chong)電容量控制在額定容量的(de)(de)120%左右，時(shi)間控制在(zai)10h~12h之間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小時，其后檢察電池的開路電壓，若(ruo)一切(qie)正常可按要求(qiu)的放(fang)電電流放(fang)電，放(fang)至單體電壓到1.75V，放出的容量應(ying)不少于額(e)定容量的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上；需要對容量恢復到額定容量80%以上(shang)的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行第二(er)次修復。第二(er)次修復的充電(dian)方法與第一(yi)次相同。一(yi)般(ban)只是電(dian)性能(neng)失(shi)效的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)第二(er)次修復后其電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)可(ke)以恢復到(dao)額定容(rong)(rong)量(liang)的98%以(yi)上；這時(shi)可認為(wei)修復完成(cheng)，電池再充電后就可以(yi)提交使用。如果第二次修復放(fang)電容量低于額定容量的85%則認為(wei)該電池(chi)徹(che)底失效不可(ke)修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描共(gong)振頻率(lv)技術（裝置(zhi)）對落(luo)后或電性能(neng)失效電池的(de)修(xiu)復操作

A、對失水嚴重(zhong)的電(dian)池進行補(bu)充電(dian)解液(ye)，方(fang)法同3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描共振頻率裝置連接(jie)到(dao)電池(chi)（組(zu)）的正、負極上，按使用要求對落后或電性能失效(xiao)的電池(chi)進行(xing)修復(fu)。為防(fang)止(zhi)電池(chi)工作狀態對修復(fu)的干擾在(zai)線路中應串一個同(tong)步干擾抑(yi)制模塊。

C、測量被修復電路中電池的(de)(de)電壓(ya)和內阻，失效的(de)(de)或落后的(de)(de)電池電壓(ya)和內阻與其它電池基本一致時可以認為修復完成。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系(xi)統、衛星地面站等設施的電池機房。該技術（裝置）的最大特(te)點是落(luo)后或失(shi)效的電池可以(yi)在線修復，不(bu)必把有(you)問題的電池從供配電系(xi)統中取下，是屬于(yu)在線智能修復，可無需人(ren)員值班，修復激活電池時(shi)也不(bu)會給電池帶來損壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛酸蓄電池在(zai)使用(yong)過程中有(you)時(shi)會出現(xian)碰撞、跌(die)落、摔(shuai)打的(de)(de)現(xian)象，這就會造成電池的(de)(de)塑料殼(ke)體被損壞。對于只有(you)輕(qing)微損壞（如外殼(ke)有(you)輕(qing)微縫隙、漏電解液并(bing)不(bu)嚴重、內部電極并(bing)未損壞）的(de)(de)可以(yi)進行修(xiu)復，但修(xiu)復后不(bu)應影響電池在(zai)設備上(shang)的(de)(de)裝配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑料料粒(li)的配比(bi)配制膠液(ye)，不(bu)斷搖動，使(shi)固體(ti)料粒(li)完全溶解并(bing)成均勻液(ye)，待(dai)用(yong)（膠液(ye)用(yong)后密封(feng)好，可(ke)以長期使(shi)用(yong)）。把鉛酸蓄電池(chi)外(wai)殼損傷處擦拭潔凈(jing)，粘接面上不(bu)能有粉(fen)塵，粉(fen)狀顆粒(li)，油(you)污及電解液(ye)并(bing)應平整(zheng)。取潔凈(jing)的尺寸適度的ABS（或SAN）塑(su)料板(ban)塊（板(ban)塊的尺寸各方向上要大于(yu)裂縫5mm以上，厚度和電池(chi)外(wai)殼(ke)壁相當(dang)，待用(yong)。取適量的(de)膠液涂抹于(yu)鉛酸蓄(xu)電池(chi)外(wai)殼(ke)的(de)損傷處及周邊5mm以上的地帶，再把裁(cai)剪好的塑料板塊(kuai)緊(jin)(jin)壓在涂好膠(jiao)的電(dian)池外殼損傷處并平(ping)壓緊(jin)(jin)，12小時以后(hou)(hou)待(dai)膠液(ye)完全干涸后(hou)(hou)檢查不漏(lou)(lou)，可以認為修復(fu)(fu)完成(cheng)，可提交使用。應注(zhu)意的(de)(de)是粘接面必需平(ping)整，粘接處必需平(ping)壓緊(jin)。被修復(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)電(dian)池在(zai)修復(fu)(fu)前(qian)若漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)解液(ye)較(jiao)多時應補(bu)加使用濃度的(de)(de)硫酸(suan)電(dian)解液(ye)在(zai)充電(dian)活(huo)化后(hou)(hou)方可提交使用。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯晴、苯乙(yi)烯、丁二烯共(gong)聚物），改性ABS工程(cheng)塑(su)料，SAN工(gong)程塑料(liao)（苯(ben)乙烯、丙烯晴(qing)共聚(ju)物）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以上，損傷縫(feng)隙粘合(he)膠(jiao)面的(de)厚度(du)不小于(yu)電池外殼的(de)壁(bi)厚，熱熔膠(jiao)合(he)面可(ke)以適當加壓(ya)有利(li)于(yu)粘合(he)牢固，自然冷(leng)卻(que)12小時后檢查(cha)不漏(lou)，可以認為修復(fu)完成，可提交使用(yong)。

熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)膠粘合(he)修(xiu)復可(ke)以用(yong)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)膠棒，也可(ke)以用(yong)與電池(chi)殼體相同材(cai)料(liao)的棒（板）材(cai)料(liao)，作為(wei)熱(re)熔(rong)(rong)膠合(he)材(cai)料(liao)，后者效果會更好。對熔(rong)(rong)膠粘合(he)修(xiu)復前失液(ye)過(guo)多的電池(chi)修(xiu)復后應補加使用(yong)濃(nong)度的電解液(ye)到(dao)液(ye)面(mian)線的中間部位(wei)并充電后再提交使用(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙(bing)烯(xi)），改性增(zeng)強PP（滑石(shi)粉強化的聚丙烯）等(deng)。

對于極拄處，或蓋子(zi)上(shang)出(chu)現的(de)輕微縫隙也可以用上(shang)述熱熔粘(zhan)合方法進行修復。

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