芒果视频

介紹

中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)隋至(zhi)(zhi)明代石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)佛經及唐遼佛塔(ta)。位于北(bei)京(jing)市西南(nan)(nan)75公(gong)里房山(shan)區水頭村(cun)白帶山(shan)麓(lu)。寺(si)(si)創建(jian)于隋唐，歷代屢有重(zhong)修擴建(jian)。“云居(ju)”2字最(zui)早見于唐總章(zhang)二(er)年(669)玄(xuan)導題刻(ke)。遼金(jin)時代以刻(ke)經著(zhu)稱，名石(shi)(shi)經寺(si)(si)。現存寺(si)(si)坐西朝東(dong)，依山(shan)勢(shi)而建(jian)，分中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、北(bei)、南(nan)(nan)三路。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)路有院(yuan)落(luo)五層，殿宇六進(jin)，南(nan)(nan)北(bei)二(er)塔(ta)。抗日(ri)戰爭時期，寺(si)(si)院(yuan)和(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)塔(ta)毀于炮(pao)火，現僅存遺(yi)址(zhi)。寺(si)(si)東(dong)北(bei) 1.5公(gong)里處石(shi)(shi)經山(shan)上，有藏經洞 9座，寺(si)(si)院(yuan)南(nan)(nan)端(duan)有藏經穴，保(bao)存了自隋至(zhi)(zhi)明代刻(ke)制的(de)石(shi)(shi)經板 1.5萬(wan)余石(shi)(shi)。云居(ju)寺(si)(si)和(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)經山(shan)附近(jin)還保(bao)留(liu)著(zhu)唐遼時代磚石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)10多座。1956～1958年中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)佛教協會和(he)(he)有關單(dan)(dan)位對(dui)石(shi)(shi)經進(jin)行了全面(mian)的(de)調查、發掘和(he)(he)整理拓印工作。房山(shan)石(shi)(shi)經是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)石(shi)(shi)經的(de)寶庫，對(dui)研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代政治、經濟、宗(zong)教、文(wen)(wen)化藝術都(dou)具有重(zhong)大價值。1961年中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人民共和(he)(he)國(guo)國(guo)務院(yuan)公(gong)布為全國(guo)重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)(dan)位。

云居寺及石(shi)(shi)經(jing)山(shan)附近有(you)唐(tang)代小石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta) 7座(zuo)，遼塔(ta)(ta) 4座(zuo)。唐(tang)塔(ta)(ta)中有(you)5座(zuo)有(you)紀年，最早(zao)為(wei)景云二年(711)，其(qi)次為(wei)太極元(yuan)年 (712)、開(kai)元(yuan)十年(722)、開(kai)元(yuan)十五年(727)和(he)開(kai)元(yuan)十八年(730)。云居寺北(bei)塔(ta)(ta)四隅各(ge)置一座(zuo)唐(tang)代小塔(ta)(ta),塔(ta)(ta)方形，通高 4米余，七層(ceng)(ceng)密檐(yan)式(shi)，漢(han)白玉質地。尤(you)以東(dong)北(bei)隅開(kai)元(yuan)十年塔(ta)(ta)為(wei)其(qi)中精品。塔(ta)(ta)門(men)兩旁雕(diao) 2尊力士(shi)，門(men)內正面為(wei)一佛二脅侍。兩側壁雕(diao)供(gong)養人像(xiang)，有(you)深目豐髭的胡(hu)人形象，反映幽州地區民族團(tuan)結的史實。檐(yan)間線雕(diao)奔象、馳鹿等(deng)，堪(kan)稱一代佳作(zuo)。石(shi)(shi)經(jing)山(shan)頂(ding)(ding)原有(you) 5臺(tai)，每臺(tai)均建石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)1座(zuo)，現僅存南、東(dong)2臺(tai)石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)。南臺(tai)上為(wei)著(zhu)名的金仙(xian)公主塔(ta)(ta)，九(jiu)層(ceng)(ceng)密檐(yan)，造(zao)型酷(ku)似西安小雁塔(ta)(ta)，后壁鐫《山(shan)頂(ding)(ding)石(shi)(shi)浮圖后記(ji)》，記(ji)述賜大唐(tang)新舊譯經(jing)充石(shi)(shi)經(jing)本及施(shi)舍該(gai)寺廟產事，這是房山(shan)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)刊刻史上的一件大事。東(dong)塔(ta)(ta)為(wei)單層(ceng)(ceng)石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)，造(zao)型獨特(te)。

現(xian)存遼塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)中有(you)磚石塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)各(ge) 2座(zuo)，磚塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)一為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)立于(yu)西北山(shan)(shan)頂處(chu)保護(hu)寺(si)廟平(ping)安(an)的(de)吉祥塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，俗稱老虎塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)；一即云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)北塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),又稱舍利塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)、羅漢塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，俗稱紅塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。北塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)高30.46米，建(jian)于(yu)遼天(tian)慶年間(1111～1120)，下部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)基(ji)座(zuo)，上(shang)建(jian)樓閣式塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)兩層，其(qi)(qi)上(shang)置覆缽(bo)和“十三(san)天(tian)”塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎，是(shi)(shi)樓閣、覆缽(bo)和金剛寶(bao)座(zuo) 3種形(xing)(xing)式相結合的(de)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，造型特(te)殊。從其(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)制布局分(fen)析(xi)，該塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)在唐(tang)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)基(ji)礎上(shang)改建(jian)，塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎部(bu)(bu)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)明清時重(zhong)修。石塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)一為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“開山(shan)(shan)琬公(gong)之(zhi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)”,高5.7米，下部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雕(diao)刻海葡萄等(deng)圖(tu)案的(de)須彌座(zuo)，其(qi)(qi)上(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)，正面鐫刻 “開山(shan)(shan)琬公(gong)之(zhi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)” 6 字，上(shang)有(you)三(san)層檐(yan)及(ji)蓮座(zuo)、剎頂,每層檐(yan)刻出瓦垅、滴(di)水、雀網、斗栱(gong)等(deng),據“靜琬法師塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)銘”，可確定其(qi)(qi)年代(dai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)遼大安(an)九年。另一為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“涿州涿鹿山(shan)(shan)云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)續秘(mi)藏(zang)石經(jing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)”,即壓經(jing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),建(jian)于(yu)天(tian)慶八年(1118),高約5 米余,下部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雙層塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)座(zuo)，浮雕(diao)伎(ji)樂、飛天(tian)、花卉等(deng)精美(mei)圖(tu)案,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)鐫“續秘(mi)藏(zang)石經(jing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)記”,上(shang)承托十一層密(mi)檐(yan)，造型優美(mei)。

房(fang)山石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)始刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)于(yu)隋(sui)代(dai)而終于(yu)明末，以(yi)盛唐(tang)、遼(liao)、金(jin)時(shi)期(qi)所刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數量(liang)最(zui)多。隋(sui)代(dai)幽州(zhou)智泉(quan)寺僧靜琬自(zi)隋(sui)大業(ye)年間發愿刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，至(zhi)唐(tang)貞(zhen)觀十(shi)三年入寂(ji)，刊刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過(guo)(guo)法華(hua)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、華(hua)嚴經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、涅槃(pan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、維(wei)摩(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、勝鬘經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、金(jin)剛經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等。其間有幾則題記(ji)，內容反映(ying)了(le)(le)(le)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，如(ru)“冀于(yu)曠劫，濟(ji)度蒼生(sheng)”，“此經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為未來佛法難時(shi)，擬充經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)本(ben)”等。他死(si)后(hou)，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事業(ye)由(you)(you)其弟子繼(ji)(ji)承，得(de)到皇(huang)(huang)室和地方(fang)(fang)官吏(li)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)助(zhu)。唐(tang)開元(yuan)十(shi)八年玄宗(zong)八妹金(jin)仙公主(zhu)奏請皇(huang)(huang)帝同(tong)意，送(song)佛經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) 4000 余(yu)(yu)(yu)卷(juan)充作石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)底(di)本(ben)。至(zhi)天(tian)寶(bao)十(shi)三載刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就(jiu)許多大部(bu)(bu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)典(dian)，如(ru) 《摩(mo)訶(he)般若(ruo)(ruo)波羅密經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大方(fang)(fang)等大集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大方(fang)(fang)廣佛華(hua)嚴經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大般涅槃(pan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《正(zheng)法念處經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》。安(an)史之亂時(shi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事業(ye)并未停(ting)(ting)頓(dun)。至(zhi)貞(zhen)元(yuan)、元(yuan)和(785～820)間，幽州(zhou)節度使刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)濟(ji)崇信佛教，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事業(ye)得(de)以(yi)發展，中(zhong)間雖有唐(tang)武宗(zong)會昌(chang)滅佛運動，但很快(kuai)得(de)以(yi)恢復，共刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)百余(yu)(yu)(yu)部(bu)(bu)， 400多萬言。五(wu)(wu)代(dai)戰亂，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)停(ting)(ting)頓(dun)。遼(liao)圣宗(zong)時(shi)由(you)(you)政府資(zi)助(zhu)主(zhu)要補(bu)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)(le)大般若(ruo)(ruo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。興(xing)宗(zong)賜(si)錢析利，以(yi)契丹(dan)藏(zang)為底(di)本(ben)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大寶(bao)積(ji)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、放光般若(ruo)(ruo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、陀羅尼(ni)集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等87帙、161部(bu)(bu)、656卷(juan)、1000余(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)。道宗(zong)前期(qi)繼(ji)(ji)續賜(si)錢刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，至(zhi)大安(an)時(shi)已主(zhu)要靠(kao)僧徒募捐，如(ru)通理大師放戒募化刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)(le)首楞(leng)嚴經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、菩薩地持經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、大智度論等69部(bu)(bu) 443卷(juan)，小碑(bei)4000余(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)。金(jin)代(dai)前期(qi)除繼(ji)(ji)續前代(dai)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)外，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)(le)《鐫葬藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)總經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)題字號目(mu)錄》，后(hou)期(qi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)(le)(le)宋遼(liao)兩代(dai)新譯(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。遼(liao)金(jin)兩代(dai)所刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大抵是已佚的(de)(de)(de)“契丹(dan)藏(zang)”復刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)本(ben)和大藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)未收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。元(yuan)至(zhi)正(zheng)元(yuan)年(1341)高(gao)麗僧慧月游石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)山，向朝野(ye)募化修(xiu)補(bu)門(men)窗(chuang)，補(bu)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)殘經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)五(wu)(wu)石(shi)，并留下題記(ji)。明代(dai)佛教日漸(jian)衰微，萬歷(li)、天(tian)啟、崇禎(zhen)間刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過(guo)(guo)少量(liang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，如(ru)《四十(shi)華(hua)嚴》等 10余(yu)(yu)(yu)部(bu)(bu)，儲(chu)于(yu)董其昌(chang)書 “寶(bao)藏(zang)” 2字的(de)(de)(de)寶(bao)藏(zang)洞(dong)(第六洞(dong))。清康熙以(yi)后(hou)雖曾刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就(jiu)一些經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)碑(bei)立于(yu)寺中(zhong)，但已失(shi)去錮藏(zang)石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)備法滅的(de)(de)(de)原意了(le)(le)(le)。

云居寺現存刻(ke)經(jing)(jing)總計15061石，其(qi)中(zhong)完好的(de)14621石，山(shan)上(shang)九室(shi)藏(zang)(zang)4978石，山(shan)下藏(zang)(zang)經(jing)(jing)穴中(zhong)藏(zang)(zang)100082石。共(gong)刻(ke)佛(fo)經(jing)(jing)約(yue)1025種(zhong)、900多部、3000多卷。石經(jing)(jing)中(zhong)還有(you)大量(liang)題(ti)(ti)記,共(gong)約(yue)6051則(ze)，其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)明確紀年者(zhe)1467則(ze)，唐代354則(ze)、遼代 919則(ze)。這(zhe)些題(ti)(ti)記反映了(le)幽州(zhou)(zhou)范陽郡、涿州(zhou)(zhou)等地經(jing)(jing)濟和(he)行業組織情況，也涉及(ji)官爵的(de)升(sheng)遷、各州(zhou)(zhou)郡文武官員升(sheng)降(jiang)、郡邑省等方面(mian)的(de)情況，以及(ji)刻(ke)工和(he)書(shu)寫者(zhe)姓名。

九洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)位于(yu)白帶(dai)山山腰，南(nan)北(bei)(bei)向，除雷(lei)音洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)為開(kai)放(fang)式外，其(qi)余 8洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)均以石(shi)(shi)(shi)門錮戶(hu)，內(nei)疊藏經(jing)(jing)版。雷(lei)音洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)積最大，作不規則(ze)方形，正面(mian)(mian)開(kai)門辟破子(zi)欞石(shi)(shi)(shi)窗，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)以4根八角(jiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)柱支撐洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)頂巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)柱各面(mian)(mian)雕(diao)像，共 1056軀，故稱千佛(fo)柱，為隋(sui)代遺(yi)物。靜琬(wan)初(chu)刻石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing) 146塊砌于(yu)四(si)壁(bi)，四(si)柱中間原(yuan)供(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)像。1981年11月曾于(yu)該洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)發現(xian)隋(sui)、明兩(liang)代瘞藏的佛(fo)舍(she)利、隋(sui)大業(ye)十二年石(shi)(shi)(shi)函、銀函、明萬歷石(shi)(shi)(shi)函、玉函等。藏經(jing)(jing)穴位于(yu)云(yun)居(ju)寺南(nan)塔前，南(nan)北(bei)(bei)長19米(mi)，東西寬10米(mi)，深(shen) 5米(mi)，面(mian)(mian)層以方磚鋪墁，周圍(wei)砌磚墻(qiang)，東墻(qiang)中部(bu)有一(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)門。穴分南(nan)北(bei)(bei)兩(liang)部(bu)分，中間隔 1米(mi)寬的土墻(qiang)，北(bei)(bei)部(bu)順(shun)序(xu)排列，南(nan)部(bu)經(jing)(jing)版縱橫交錯排列，共瘞藏經(jing)(jing)版 6層。其(qi)上建石(shi)(shi)(shi)塔，刻文標記石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)所在。

1958年(nian)成立(li)云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)文物保(bao)管所，1989年(nian)改名為(wei)云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)文物管理(li)處。1971 年(nian)開始(shi)對部分被損壞的石經(jing)洞(dong)門、北(bei)塔(ta)多次進(jin)(jin)行(xing)維修加固,安裝避雷設(she)施(shi),并建立(li)碑(bei)廊，把散(san)存于附近(jin)的碑(bei)刻(ke)、經(jing)幢、小(xiao)石塔(ta)移入碑(bei)廊或寺(si)內(nei)保(bao)存。1981年(nian)新(xin)建石經(jing)庫和(he)展室，將部分石經(jing)上(shang)架保(bao)管和(he)展出。1984年(nian)開始(shi)對云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)遺(yi)址進(jin)(jin)行(xing)清理(li)，1985年(nian)開始(shi)在原(yuan)基址上(shang)復(fu)建殿堂，并將石經(jing)移入保(bao)護(hu)。