概述
磁灶(zao)一帶多低山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)丘陵,盛產瓷土,長(chang)期(qi)歷經采掘,遺(yi)跡累累。有梅溪自西北(bei)向(xiang)東流至(zhi)晉(jin)江入泉州灣,逶(wei)延(yan)(yan)曲(qu)折,構成“五(wu)塢十(shi)八(ba)曲(qu)”的地(di)勢,南(nan)朝窯址(zhi)(zhi)1處(chu),位于下官(guan)路(lu)村(cun)雙溪口小(xiao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)坡(po)上,遺(yi)物散布范圍約3600平(ping)方米(mi),遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)破壞(huai)嚴(yan)重(zhong)。該(gai)窯年代(dai)早到(dao)南(nan)朝晚期(qi),至(zhi)唐代(dai)仍延(yan)(yan)續(xu)燒(shao)制(zhi)。唐、五(wu)代(dai)窯址(zhi)(zhi)6處(chu),分布于下灶(zao)村(cun)虎仔山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、后(hou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、老鼠石,下官(guan)路(lu)村(cun)后(hou)壁山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、狗仔山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),嶺(ling)畔(pan)村(cun)童子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(2號窯)。范圍都不大,破壞(huai)較(jiao)嚴(yan)重(zhong)。
宋、元窯(yao)址(zhi)12處,分(fen)布(bu)于嶺畔村(cun)蜘蛛(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、土尾(wei)庵、童子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(1號窯(yao))、山(shan)(shan)(shan)坪(ping),磁灶村(cun)許山(shan)(shan)(shan)、宮仔山(shan)(shan)(shan)、頂(ding)山(shan)(shan)(shan)尾(wei)、大(da)樹威,前埔(pu)(pu)村(cun)曾竹山(shan)(shan)(shan)、金交椅(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、溪墘山(shan)(shan)(shan)及(ji)現屬(shu)南(nan)安市官橋鎮下洋村(cun)的斗溫山(shan)(shan)(shan)。窯(yao)址(zhi)多(duo)依山(shan)(shan)(shan)傍溪,堆(dui)(dui)積層較厚(最(zui)厚達(da)4.5米),屬(shu)多(duo)次堆(dui)(dui)積,窯(yao)床互有(you)疊壓。窯(yao)址(zhi)范(fan)圍(wei)都較大(da),遺物(wu)較多(duo),如曾竹山(shan)(shan)(shan)窯(yao)址(zhi)有(you)8條窯(yao)床露于地表(biao),遺物(wu)散(san)布(bu)范(fan)圍(wei)約1.6萬(wan)平方米。清代窯(yao)址(zhi)7處,分(fen)布(bu)于下官路(lu)村(cun)銅(tong)鑼山(shan)(shan)(shan),洋宅(zhai)村(cun)路(lu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)尾(wei),下灶村(cun)宮后(hou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、寨邊山(shan)(shan)(shan)、窯(yao)尾(wei)草埔(pu)(pu),磁灶村(cun)下尾(wei)湖、甕灶崎。窯(yao)址(zhi)范(fan)圍(wei)不(bu)大(da),破壞嚴重(zhong)。
歷史
南朝至(zhi)唐五代(dai)時(shi)(shi)期,產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)為灰白胎,質地(di)粗松厚重,施青綠(lv)(lv)(lv)、黃(huang)褐(he)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),器形(xing)有(you)盤口壺(hu)、雙系或(huo)四系罐(guan)(guan)、盤、缽、甕(weng)、燈(deng)盞、缸、釜等(deng)(deng),采用(yong)托座(zuo)疊燒(shao)工(gong)藝燒(shao)成。宋元是磁灶窯(yao)(yao)生產(chan)的鼎(ding)盛(sheng)時(shi)(shi)期,產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)類繁多,胎骨灰白而(er)薄,不(bu)甚細密(mi),若瓷若陶,器形(xing)有(you)軍(jun)持(chi)、瓶(ping)、碗(wan)、執壺(hu)、壺(hu)、罐(guan)(guan)、盤、碟、燈(deng)盞、注子、硯(yan)滴、爐、薰(xun)爐、盆、洗、盒以(yi)及雕塑人物(wu)等(deng)(deng)。釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)色(se)(se)主要(yao)有(you)青、綠(lv)(lv)(lv)、黃(huang)、黑(hei),部分(fen)(fen)(fen)器物(wu)在上(shang)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)前,先(xian)(xian)敷一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)層化(hua)妝土(tu)。裝(zhuang)飾技法(fa)有(you)模(mo)印(yin)、堆(dui)貼(tie)、剔刻、刻劃、彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)等(deng)(deng)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紋有(you)折(zhe)枝(zhi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、梅(mei)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、菊花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、纏枝(zhi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、蓮花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、牡丹、鳳凰、麒麟、孔(kong)雀、龍、魚藻、卷云(yun)等(deng)(deng)。其中(zhong)綠(lv)(lv)(lv)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)下彩(cai)(cai)器物(wu)極(ji)富特色(se)(se):綠(lv)(lv)(lv)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)器多系淋(lin)色(se)(se)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二次焙燒(shao)而(er)成,常見“返銀”現(xian)象,且銹入釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you);釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)下彩(cai)(cai)系在胚胎上(shang)彩(cai)(cai)繪(hui)鐵銹褐(he)色(se)(se)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紋后(hou),再罩以(yi)青釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)或(huo)黃(huang)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),不(bu)少瓷盆內(nei)題寫詩(shi)句,如“三月(yue)當(dang)(dang)濂禁火神(shen),滿頭風(feng)碎(sui)踏(ta)青人。桃花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)也笑風(feng)塵客(ke),不(bu)插(cha)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)枝(zhi)空(kong)過(guo)春。”“七(qi)十有(you)叁春,年來尚當(dang)(dang)先(xian)(xian)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)河(he)無寸草,天地(di)是何人。”器物(wu)的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般采用(yong)輪制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),也有(you)相當(dang)(dang)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)模(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其中(zhong)瓶(ping)、軍(jun)持(chi)、執壺(hu)均分(fen)(fen)(fen)段(duan)模(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),然后(hou)粘(zhan)接而(er)成。從發(fa)掘清理(li)的窯(yao)(yao)跡看,宋元窯(yao)(yao)爐是龍窯(yao)(yao)結構,采用(yong)匣(xia)缽、托座(zuo)等(deng)(deng)窯(yao)(yao)具(ju)裝(zhuang)燒(shao)。為了追(zhui)求產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的質量(liang)和(he)數量(liang),當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)磁灶窯(yao)(yao)場進行一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)分(fen)(fen)(fen)工(gong),不(bu)同作(zuo)坊分(fen)(fen)(fen)別生產(chan)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)專門品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong),如金交(jiao)椅窯(yao)(yao)主要(yao)燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)執壺(hu),溪(xi)墘山(shan)(shan)(shan)窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)碗(wan),童子山(shan)(shan)(shan)1號窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小碟,曾竹山(shan)(shan)(shan)窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小口瓶(ping),斗溫(wen)山(shan)(shan)(shan)窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小口罐(guan)(guan)。這(zhe)從一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個側面反(fan)映當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)商(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)生產(chan)的專業分(fen)(fen)(fen)工(gong)和(he)競爭意識。
清(qing)代產品有(you)青釉缸(gang)、瓷缽(bo)、壺(hu)等瓷器(qi)(qi)和(he)甕、缸(gang)之(zhi)類粗(cu)陶器(qi)(qi)。最有(you)代表性(xing)的(de)(de)是(shi)金交椅山窯址,2002年(nian)、2003年(nian)進行全面發掘,面積約1550平(ping)方米,揭露、清(qing)理龍(long)窯遺(yi)跡(ji)4座,作(zuo)坊遺(yi)跡(ji)1處,根據地層和(he)遺(yi)跡(ji)的(de)(de)相互關(guan)系以及出土陶瓷器(qi)(qi)分析,年(nian)代為五代至南宋(song)時期,出土有(you)青瓷和(he)醬黑器(qi)(qi),器(qi)(qi)形有(you)碗、盤、碟、瓶、壺(hu)、罐、爐、燈、水(shui)注、執壺(hu)等。
出土
磁灶窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)于1956年(nian)發現(xian),以后歷經多(duo)次(ci)調查(cha)。1973年(nian)2至3月,福建省博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館(guan)等單位對(dui)(dui)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)進(jin)行局部試(shi)掘:蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)山(shan)(shan)宋(song)、元窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)試(shi)掘面積35平(ping)方米;童子山(shan)(shan)五代、宋(song)初(chu)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)試(shi)掘面積15平(ping)方米。1980年(nian),泉州海(hai)外交(jiao)通史博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館(guan)對(dui)(dui)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)進(jin)行全面調查(cha),并(bing)對(dui)(dui)其(qi)中的溪口(kou)山(shan)(shan)、蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)山(shan)(shan)、土尾(wei)庵、童子山(shan)(shan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)進(jin)行局部試(shi)掘。1995年(nian)10月,福建省博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館(guan)對(dui)(dui)土尾(wei)庵宋(song)、元窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)又進(jin)行搶救性(xing)發掘,揭露(lu)龍窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)基(ji)址(zhi)一段,出土大批瓷器和窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)具。歷次(ci)調查(cha)和發掘材料(liao),揭示了磁灶窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的發展歷史狀況。
磁灶(zao)生產的瓷器在日(ri)(ri)本(ben)和(he)(he)東南亞各(ge)地(di)均(jun)有發現:日(ri)(ri)本(ben)的橫濱、長野、福(fu)岡、京都等(deng)(deng)地(di)出(chu)土(tu)有磁灶(zao)童(tong)子(zi)山所產黃釉(you)下(xia)鐵繪花(hua)紋盆,蜘蛛山窯所產綠(lv)釉(you)剔(ti)花(hua)器、龜形硯(yan)滴(di)等(deng)(deng)。菲律賓曾(ceng)發現磁灶(zao)土(tu)尾庵所燒(shao)制(zhi)的雙(shuang)龍(long)搶珠、纏枝牡丹花(hua)紋飾、綠(lv)釉(you)軍(jun)持和(he)(he)黑釉(you)軍(jun)持、印紋碟(die)、黑釉(you)碟(die)、黑釉(you)刻花(hua)爐、燈盞(zhan)等(deng)(deng),蜘蛛山窯的印紋碟(die)、軍(jun)持、綠(lv)釉(you)龜形硯(yan)滴(di)等(deng)(deng)。
榮耀
1961年(nian),福(fu)建省(sheng)(sheng)人民委員會公布為省(sheng)(sheng)級文物保護單(dan)位。