祓國都城遺址(zhi),位于山東(dong)省(sheng)青島市膠州市,是(shi)漢代時(shi)期(qi)的古城遺址(zhi),2013年5月,被國務院核(he)定(ding)公(gong)布(bu)為第七批全國重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護單位。
祓(fu)(fu)(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo),西漢諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo),俗曰肥城(cheng)(cheng),其(qi)都城(cheng)(cheng)位于(yu)(yu)“膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)州西南(nan)七十(shi)里”(即膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)州市里岔鎮駐地(di)西北方(fang)(fang)向3里處(chu))。《增修志(zhi)》載:秦始(shi)皇二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)227年(nian)(nian))滅齊,置瑯琊郡,始(shi)置黔(qian)陬縣,漢武帝(di)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狩四年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)119年(nian)(nian))在(zai)秦置黔(qian)陬建(jian)立祓(fu)(fu)(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo),新莽天鳳元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)14年(nian)(nian))祓(fu)(fu)(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)改名純德,更(geng)始(shi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)23年(nian)(nian))王莽被誅,重又恢復祓(fu)(fu)(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)舊(jiu)縣,東(dong)(dong)漢光武帝(di)建(jian)武十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)37年(nian)(nian))祓(fu)(fu)(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)被撤銷(xiao),祓(fu)(fu)(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)共延續156年(nian)(nian)之(zhi)久祓(fu)(fu)(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)被撤銷(xiao)后,由于(yu)(yu)人(ren)口外(wai)遷,交通不便(bian)繁華的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)逐漸被沒落直(zhi)到湮(yin)廢(fei)。到了明(ming)(ming)代,膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)州所轄范圍與權(quan)限比以前(qian)擴大了,軍(jun)事(shi)、地(di)理位置非常重要,因此在(zai)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)州擇(ze)地(di)養(yang)(yang)馬以供軍(jun)政需要。祓(fu)(fu)(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)都城(cheng)(cheng)雖然已廢(fei),但(dan)因其(qi)地(di)處(chu)近丘陵平原,東(dong)(dong)西兩側(ce)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)瀠帶,東(dong)(dong)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)有(you)堯王山、石馬山為列屏,再加上(shang)水(shui)草豐美,原城(cheng)(cheng)略加修整,即成(cheng)高墻圍欄,成(cheng)為養(yang)(yang)馬的(de)(de)(de)寶地(di)。《增修膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)志(zhi)》載:“明(ming)(ming)擇(ze)地(di)養(yang)(yang)馬,因舊(jiu)而更(geng)新之(zhi)”,昔(xi)日的(de)(de)(de)祓(fu)(fu)(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)故城(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)明(ming)(ming)朝成(cheng)為“牧(mu)馬城(cheng)(cheng)”。牧(mu)馬城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)郭(guo)方(fang)(fang)形(xing),周長2公里,占地(di)375畝,有(you)東(dong)(dong)、南(nan)、西三(san)門(men),但(dan)經過(guo)近兩千年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)風雨剝蝕(shi),現只存城(cheng)(cheng)墻二、三(san)米(mi)不等,昔(xi)日的(de)(de)(de)繁華城(cheng)(cheng)池(chi)已蕩然無(wu)存。
位于膠州市里岔鎮(zhen)駐(zhu)地西側的(de)“牧馬城(cheng)”,至今聞名遐(xia)邇。但由于歷史(shi)久(jiu)遠,史(shi)籍(ji)記載較(jiao)少,再加(jia)上舊史(shi)學家受(shou)歷史(shi)局限,缺乏(fa)科學的(de)考察條(tiao)件(jian),相互傳抄,穿鑿(zao)附(fu)會,以訛(e)傳訛(e),把牧馬城(cheng)當成了黔陬東城(cheng)(又(you)稱黔陬故城(cheng)),致(zhi)使幾部(bu)志書都做了誤(wu)載。根據《中(zhong)國歷史(shi)地圖集(ji)》標(biao)注的(de)地理座標(biao),在(zai)1979年地名普(pu)查、1981年文物普(pu)查過程(cheng)中(zhong),經過實地勘察,反復核校(xiao),終(zhong)于考證清楚(chu),明代擇地養(yang)馬用(yong)過的(de)牧馬城(cheng),不是黔陬東城(cheng),而(er)是祓國古城(cheng)。
祓(fu)(fu),是建(jian)于漢代的侯(hou)國(guo)。《中(zhong)國(guo)歷史地圖集》標(biao)(biao)“祓(fu)(fu)國(guo)”,《中(zhong)國(guo)古今(jin)地名大詞典》標(biao)(biao)“[祓(fu)(fu)縣]漢置,為侯(hou)國(guo),后漢省”。《續山東考(kao)古錄》、《增(zeng)(zeng)修(xiu)膠(jiao)志》等(deng)史籍(ji)都引證(zheng)《齊乘》的記述,“膠(jiao)州(zhou)西南(nan)七(qi)十里,漢祓(fu)(fu)侯(hou)國(guo),俗曰肥城(cheng)。”據《增(zeng)(zeng)修(xiu)膠(jiao)志》記載,祓(fu)(fu)縣在新莽(mang)天鳳元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元14年(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)名純德(de),更始(shi)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元23年(nian)(nian)(nian))王莽(mang)被誅,重又恢(hui)復祓(fu)(fu)舊縣。到東漢光武帝建(jian)武十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元37年(nian)(nian)(nian)),連同(tong)邞、計亓等(deng)縣一并省除(chu)。
祓(fu)的讀(du)音,唐(tang)代訓古(gu)學家(jia)顏師古(gu)考證文字(zi),音廢。《爾雅·釋詁》:“祓(fu),福也(ye)”。是否(fou)以吉祥(xiang)佳言命國?有(you)待方家(jia)考證。
祓(fu)(fu)國(guo)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭方形(xing),周長(chang)2公里(li),有東、南、西三門(men)。由于明代(dai)(dai)在(zai)(zai)此繁育過(guo)軍馬,對舊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾(ceng)作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)修(xiu)葺更新(xin),所以至(zhi)今仍(reng)形(xing)勢(shi)可(ke)觀;城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)殘垣雖經(jing)(jing)(jing)歷(li)(li)了(le)(le)近兩千年的(de)(de)風(feng)雨(yu)剝蝕(shi),高(gao)處至(zhi)今仍(reng)有三米多高(gao),南門(men)的(de)(de)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)也還保留大(da)半(ban)。經(jing)(jing)(jing)考古(gu)(gu)工作(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)實地(di)勘察驗證,北(bei)墻(qiang)部(bu)分段落(luo)夯土中夾雜漢(han)代(dai)(dai)瓦(wa)陶碎(sui)片(pian),明顯地(di)保留了(le)(le)當年重修(xiu)過(guo)的(de)(de)痕(hen)跡。五十年代(dai)(dai)初期,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)中部(bu)偏北(bei)端還可(ke)清楚看到(dao)舊宮殿基礎痕(hen)跡,群眾(zhong)在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)耕種(zhong)土地(di),經(jing)(jing)(jing)常發現(xian)“貨泉”以及(ji)石制貨泉錢幣、“大(da)布黃(huang)千”銅(tong)幣和(he)銅(tong)盆等歷(li)(li)史文物。直到(dao)現(xian)在(zai)(zai),許(xu)多漢(han)代(dai)(dai)陶片(pian)、瓦(wa)片(pian)仍(reng)信手可(ke)揀。至(zhi)于因“牧馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”而(er)派生出來的(de)(de)優美神話(hua)——“神馬從(cong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)里(li)出來,一聲嘶鳴向(xiang)南飛奔,留下了(le)(le)一溜(liu)‘窩(wo)洛’(村莊名(ming)),幾次‘抬頭’(村莊名(ming)),最后(hou)進了(le)(le)‘藏馬山’,不見了(le)(le)”,仍(reng)在(zai)(zai)附近村莊的(de)(de)群眾(zhong)中廣為流傳。對于祓(fu)(fu)國(guo)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)真正(zheng)名(ming)稱以及(ji)名(ming)稱由來,早(zao)已淹沒在(zai)(zai)歷(li)(li)史長(chang)河中,連作(zuo)(zuo)為青島市(shi)重點文物保護標志的(de)(de)石碑,也只鐫(juan)刻“牧馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址”五個大(da)字。歷(li)(li)史的(de)(de)誤考既已糾(jiu)正(zheng),祓(fu)(fu)國(guo)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之名(ming)應副其實了(le)(le)。