北宋(song)太平(ping)興(xing)國八年(nian)(nian)(983年(nian)(nian))奉敕改(gai)寺(si)名為大云禪院。現存山門,天(tian)王殿(dian),后殿(dian)及兩廡,均是(shi)清代建筑。大鋪作,飛檐起(qi)翹(qiao),九(jiu)脊頂滿覆琉(liu)璃(li),巍峨壯(zhuang)麗。殿(dian)內保(bao)存有(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)代壁畫21平(ping)方米,東壁繪(hui)(hui)維(wei)摩變相佛教故事,紫殿(dian)紅樓,流(liu)云環繞(rao),富有(you)(you)傳奇(qi)色彩。八個(ge)伎樂人,或(huo)伴奏管弦,或(huo)舒腰起(qi)舞,表現出神姿仙態(tai)。扇面(mian)墻正面(mian)繪(hui)(hui)觀音,勢至(zhi)二菩薩。飛天(tian)乘(cheng)云遨游長空(kong),姿態(tai)飄逸。拱眼壁和闌額上保(bao)存有(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)代彩畫11平(ping)方米。殿(dian)內保(bao)存有(you)(you)五(wu)(wu)代石雕香爐(lu),大佛殿(dian)前(qian)有(you)(you)北宋(song)乾德四年(nian)(nian)(963年(nian)(nian)),北宋(song)咸平(ping)二年(nian)(nian)(994年(nian)(nian))石經(jing)幢以及石雕羅漢一尊。寺(si)內歷代碑刻(ke)甚多。
七寶(bao)(bao)塔(ta)(ta)在大云(yun)寺前。周(zhou)顯德(de)元(yuan)年(公元(yuan)954年)建。通體(ti)(ti)用堅硬青石雕(diao)造。原(yuan)為七層,現存五層,高6米。下三層平面八角形。第(di)一層雕(diao)寶(bao)(bao)裝蓮花,獅子(zi),麒麟,飛馬等。第(di)二(er)層雕(diao)伎樂人,體(ti)(ti)態輕盈,舞姿優美,伴奏(zou)者栩栩如生。第(di)三層轉角處雕(diao)絞龍柱(zhu),回旋盤繞。塔(ta)(ta)檐下飛鳳,飛仙共命鳥等變(bian)化多姿。檐下周(zhou)匝垂(chui)帳(zhang),面券門(men)上雙龍戲(xi)珠(zhu)(zhu),門(men)側(ce)侍立(li)(li)二(er)天王(wang)。后面比(bi)丘(qiu)半(ban)掩門(men)。兩次間(jian)二(er)力士分立(li)(li)左右。第(di)四(si)層周(zhou)匝垂(chui)帳(zhang),前后有假板門(men)。第(di)五層上覆大圓(yuan)蓋寶(bao)(bao)珠(zhu)(zhu)頂。此塔(ta)(ta)設計精巧,雕(diao)造頗(po)佳,獨(du)具匠心。
五代十國(guo)是中國(guo)歷史(shi)上的(de)一(yi)個(ge)特殊時(shi)期,盡管(guan)五十年的(de)短暫(zan)歷史(shi)在(zai)戰火兵燹中煙消云散,但(dan)山西仍然保存下來了三座這一(yi)時(shi)期的(de)木構建筑。平(ping)順縣(xian)的(de)龍門寺、大(da)云院(yuan)和平(ping)遙縣(xian)的(de)鎮國(guo)寺。她們在(zai)戰火硝煙、風雨飄搖中堅持(chi)到了今天,成(cheng)為山西這座“中國(guo)地上文物博物館”中彌足珍貴(gui)的(de)藏品。
“實(shi)會村,三里長,一(yi)里一(yi)個觀(guan)音堂(tang)(tang),七十(shi)二個連環(huan)洞,九龍戲珠大云院。”這(zhe)是在平順縣實(shi)會村的(de)(de)老百(bai)姓中(zhong)口耳相傳的(de)(de)一(yi)句話。如今,三座觀(guan)音堂(tang)(tang)已隨(sui)歲月流逝,蕩然無(wu)存。這(zhe)七十(shi)二個連環(huan)洞,相傳是三國時馬超(chao)避兵的(de)(de)地方(fang),其遺跡仍依(yi)稀可辯。
最(zui)后(hou)提到的大云院,就是(shi)山西保存下(xia)來的三(san)座(zuo)五代木(mu)構(gou)建(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)的一個。
古人建造寺廟(miao),往往選在深山幽(you)谷(gu)之中(zhong),大(da)云(yun)院(yuan)也是如(ru)此(ci)。從高處(chu)俯(fu)瞰,龍耳山的(de)(de)(de)九條支脈好象九條巨龍從三面(mian)環(huan)抱而(er)來,形成一個半封閉的(de)(de)(de)圓環(huan),圓環(huan)的(de)(de)(de)正中(zhong)有(you)一座(zuo)小山丘仿佛一顆(ke)碩(shuo)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)寶(bao)珠(zhu),大(da)云(yun)院(yuan)就座(zuo)落在這(zhe)(zhe)顆(ke)“寶(bao)珠(zhu)”下,因而(er)古代的(de)(de)(de)文人墨客把這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)美(mei)稱(cheng)為(wei)“九龍戲珠(zhu)大(da)云(yun)院(yuan)”。其實(shi),這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)更象是一個安逸的(de)(de)(de)搖籃,大(da)云(yun)院(yuan)則象嬰(ying)兒(er)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)鼾睡了足足一千(qian)年。
大云院始建(jian)于五(wu)代時期,輝煌的(de)時候這里曾(ceng)有僧舍(she)殿宇一百多間,明代時寺(si)院遭(zao)受(shou)了山洪的(de)侵襲(xi),除主殿大佛(fo)殿之外的(de)其他建(jian)筑全都未能幸免。歷經千年,大云院幾度興衰,惟獨大佛(fo)殿古貌(mao)仍舊,原構依(yi)然,彰(zhang)顯出(chu)蒼勁宏偉(wei)的(de)雄姿。
與離她不(bu)遠的另一座五代(dai)木構(gou)建(jian)筑龍門(men)寺(si)西(xi)配殿相比,大(da)云院大(da)佛(fo)殿少了幾分滄桑,多(duo)了些許雄(xiong)壯;沒有了龍門(men)寺(si)的荒涼(liang)和衰敗(bai),愈發(fa)顯得老當益壯。仔細端(duan)詳,倒和同(tong)屬(shu)五代(dai)時期木構(gou)建(jian)筑的平遙(yao)鎮國(guo)寺(si)萬佛(fo)殿有幾分相似(si),面(mian)寬與進深同(tong)樣(yang)均為三(san)間,平面(mian)同(tong)樣(yang)近(jin)似(si)正方(fang)形(xing),同(tong)樣(yang)為等級較高的單檐(yan)九脊歇山(shan)頂式建(jian)筑,同(tong)樣(yang)顯現出唐代(dai)木構(gou)建(jian)筑大(da)氣簡約的遺風。
本(ben)名彌陀殿(dian),五(wu)(wu)代(dai)后晉天福(fu)五(wu)(wu)年(940)建(jian)。面(mian)(mian)(mian)闊進深(shen)各(ge)(ge)三間(jian),單檐歇山頂(ding)通面(mian)(mian)(mian)闊11.8米,明次間(jian)略同;總進深(shen)10.1米,山面(mian)(mian)(mian)次間(jian)約合當(dang)心(xin)間(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)半;平(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)接近方形。殿(dian)前無月(yue)臺,前后檐當(dang)心(xin)間(jian)辟門,前檐次間(jian)安直欞窗。檐柱(zhu)側(ce)角(jiao)生(sheng)起顯著。柱(zhu)頭上(shang)于欄額之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)加施(shi)(shi)普(pu)柏(bo)枋(fang)(fang)一(yi)材,此為采用普(pu)柏(bo)枋(fang)(fang)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)始。柱(zhu)上(shang)斗雙(shuang)抄五(wu)(wu)鋪(pu)作(zuo),耍頭為短(duan)促(cu)的(de)下昂形。殿(dian)內后槽當(dang)心(xin)間(jian)用金柱(zhu)兩根(gen),金柱(zhu)上(shang)不施(shi)(shi)普(pu)柏(bo)枋(fang)(fang),仍沿襲著唐制(zhi)(zhi)。梁(liang)(liang)(liang)架(jia)(jia)為“六架(jia)(jia)椽屋,四椽對乳用三柱(zhu)”,上(shang)有(you)(you)駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)峰(feng)、托腳承平(ping)(ping)(ping)梁(liang)(liang)(liang),平(ping)(ping)(ping)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)上(shang)有(you)(you)駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)峰(feng)、侏儒(ru)(ru)柱(zhu)、大(da)叉手(shou)、捧節令以承負脊(ji)。駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)峰(feng)較小,侏儒(ru)(ru)柱(zhu)甚細,是(shi)此二(er)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)初產生(sheng)階段的(de)雛形。因無前槽金柱(zhu),縱斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)前后槽結構(gou)不一(yi)致。梁(liang)(liang)(liang)架(jia)(jia)上(shang)駝(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)峰(feng)尺(chi)寸、形制(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)(ge)異,多達8種。殿(dian)頂(ding)明清(qing)補葺過,已(yi)非原貌,但少量瓦件(jian)(jian)可看出(chu)非宋元(yuan)以后之(zhi)(zhi)物。殿(dian)內斗、枋(fang)(fang)、替木等(deng)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)上(shang)還保存有(you)(you)一(yi)部(bu)分五(wu)(wu)代(dai)彩繪,是(shi)中(zhong)國古建(jian)筑中(zhong)稀(xi)有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)例。殿(dian)內東壁(bi)(bi)和扇面(mian)(mian)(mian)墻上(shang)保存五(wu)(wu)代(dai)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)22平(ping)(ping)(ping)方米。東壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)題(ti)“維摩變相”,8個伎樂(le)天一(yi)邊(bian)奏樂(le)一(yi)邊(bian)起舞,表現出(chu)超人的(de)神態仙(xian)姿。扇面(mian)(mian)(mian)墻正面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)部(bu)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)飛天,兩側(ce)是(shi)觀世音和大(da)勢至(zhi)二(er)菩(pu)薩,乃彌陀佛(fo)脅侍(shi)。后面(mian)(mian)(mian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)“西方凈(jing)土變”,云氣(qi)繚繞,菩(pu)薩、天王、侍(shi)從等(deng)參插其中(zhong),上(shang)部(bu)天宮樓閣懸空。各(ge)(ge)像面(mian)(mian)(mian)相圓潤,肌肉豐盈,樂(le)舞伎廣袖長裙,姿態柔(rou)麗俊美(mei),唐代(dai)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)風猶存,是(shi)中(zhong)國現存寺觀中(zhong)惟(wei)一(yi)的(de)五(wu)(wu)代(dai)壁(bi)(bi)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺作(zuo)。
兩(liang)(liang)層(ceng)(ceng),平面八角形,高6米,青石雕(diao)造。基座兩(liang)(liang)級皆束腰須彌式,雕(diao)仰(yang)覆蓮瓣、獅(shi)子、麒麟、力士、門(men)(men)等,第二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)門(men)(men)內還雕(diao)有樂(le)伎和舞伎。塔(ta)身雕(diao)有間柱,正面雕(diao)板門(men)(men),門(men)(men)兩(liang)(liang)側置(zhi)二(er)天王像,背(bei)面雕(diao)比丘半掩門(men)(men)。塔(ta)檐下雕(diao)飛天。2層(ceng)(ceng)塔(ta)身雕(diao)假板門(men)(men)、門(men)(men)簪、帷幔等。再上置(zhi)仰(yang)蓮、矮柱、寶珠等制成(cheng)塔(ta)剎,都是五代(dai)原作。該(gai)塔(ta)造形俊秀(xiu),刻工精(jing)細(xi),因(yin)地形變遷(qian)大半埋入積土(tu)之(zhi)中(zhong),經清理保(bao)存完好。
龍耳(er)山(shan)(shan)(shan)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)那座大(da)(da)云院,至(zhi)今(jin)仍較好地保存(cun)下(xia)來(lai)。沿著村東北(bei)(bei)婉延(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)路走二、三(san)里,峰巒起伏的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍耳(er)山(shan)(shan)(shan)就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)奔湊(cou)到游人(ren)眼(yan)前。令人(ren)稱(cheng)奇叫絕的(de)(de)(de)(de)是龍耳(er)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)九(jiu)條支脈極象九(jiu)條巨龍從(cong)三(san)面(mian)盤屈環(huan)抱而來(lai),形成一(yi)個近乎封(feng)閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)圈。圓(yuan)圈的(de)(de)(de)(de)正中(zhong)有(you)一(yi)座巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)丘象一(yi)顆碩大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)寶珠。大(da)(da)云院就(jiu)(jiu)座落在(zai)這個“寶珠”山(shan)(shan)(shan)下(xia)。古代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)人(ren)墨(mo)客把這形勝美稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“九(jiu)龍戲珠大(da)(da)云院”。 大(da)(da)云院始建(jian)于五(wu)代(dai)晉(jin)天(tian)(tian)福(fu)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)938年(nian)(nian)(nian)),初名(ming)“仙巖(yan)寺”。天(tian)(tian)福(fu)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)建(jian)大(da)(da)佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)。后周顯(xian)德元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)954年(nian)(nian)(nian))建(jian)寺外七(qi)寶塔。塔造形精巧(qiao),雕刻(ke)細膩,獨具匠心。至(zhi)北(bei)(bei)宋建(jian)隆元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)960年(nian)(nian)(nian)),已有(you)殿(dian)(dian)堂(tang)100余間。北(bei)(bei)宋太平(ping)興國八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)983年(nian)(nian)(nian))奉皇帝命令改寺名(ming)為(wei)(wei)“大(da)(da)云院”。大(da)(da)云院現(xian)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體構造大(da)(da)佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian),單檐(yan)9脊l0獸歇山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding),滿(man)覆琉璃(li)圓(yuan)柱方額,斗拱五(wu)鋪作,飛(fei)檐(yan)起翹,面(mian)闊3間,進深6椽,投影平(ping)面(mian)近方形,屋坡平(ping)緩(huan)。大(da)(da)云院是中(zhong)國規存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)九(jiu)座五(wu)代(dai)木結構建(jian)筑之一(yi)。大(da)(da)佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)代(dai)壁(bi)畫,更是中(zhong)國古代(dai)壁(bi)畫中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稀世佳作。1988年(nian)(nian)(nian),被國務院公(gong)布為(wei)(wei)國家(jia)重點保護(hu)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)。大(da)(da)佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)內現(xian)存(cun)五(wu)代(dai)壁(bi)畫2l平(ping)方米,可辨認處,東山(shan)(shan)(shan)壁(bi)繪有(you)“維(wei)摩經(jing)變”。經(jing)摩諾托病在(zai)家(jia),釋迦牟尼(ni)派文(wen)(wen)殊(shu)前去探望,病床上(shang)維(wei)摩詰身著淡黃(huang)色病衣,側身半臥十錦帳之中(zhong),身體前傾,神態(tai)莊嚴激昂,正在(zai)向文(wen)(wen)殊(shu)訴說自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)乘主(zhu)張。前來(lai)探視的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)殊(shu),和維(wei)摩話側身相(xiang)對坐十病榻之下(xia),滿(man)臉(lian)虜誠,洗(xi)耳(er)恭(gong)聽,若有(you)所思。畫面(mian)背(bei)景(jing)全以人(ren)物(wu)(wu)襯(chen)托。舍利佛(fo)、香(xiang)積菩薩、天(tian)(tian)王、羅漢(han)等多人(ren),體態(tai)豐韻,表情各異(yi),均(jun)以前方十畫面(mian)人(ren)物(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)核心,遙(yao)相(xiang)呼(hu)應(ying),渾(hun)然一(yi)體。畫面(mian)上(shang)方飛(fei)天(tian)(tian)回翔,紫(zi)霧(wu)繚繞,天(tian)(tian)女散花,呼(hu)之欲(yu)出。
正(zheng)門扇面(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)左(zuo)測繪(hui)有(you)觀世(shi)音,右側是(shi)大勢至(zhi)。二菩(pu)薩(sa)坦胸(xiong)露(lu)腹(fu),面(mian)(mian)相凝重(zhong),雍容典稚。扇面(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)背(bei)畫“西方(fang)(fang)凈土變”。畫面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)眾(zhong)菩(pu)薩(sa)和仆從分賓主談話(hua)其間,主尊(zun)仆殷一(yi)派升平(ping)景象(xiang)。畫面(mian)(mian)下方(fang)(fang)是(shi)8個(ge)邊歌邊舞(wu)邊奏樂(le)的(de)(de)樂(le)伎,吹(chui)笛拍鈸,廣袖長裙(qun),圍(wei)成環狀,翩(pian)翩(pian)起舞(wu),神姿仙態(tai),楚楚動人,拱眼壁(bi)和闌額上(shang)(shang)(shang)保存五(wu)(wu)代彩塑11米(mi),色彩莊重(zhong),古(gu)樸典雅。人云(yun)院五(wu)(wu)代壁(bi)畫,上(shang)(shang)(shang)承晚唐風(feng)格,無(wu)論男女皆以豐腴富(fu)態(tai)為美(mei),心胸(xiong)坦蕩,氣宇軒昂。大云(yun)院南面(mian)(mian)數十米(mi)高的(de)(de)山崗上(shang)(shang)(shang),有(you)一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)青(qing)石(shi)雕(diao)道的(de)(de)浮圖七寶(bao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。這是(shi)五(wu)(wu)代時遺物。原來是(shi)七級(ji),現行五(wu)(wu)級(ji)。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)基是(shi)八(ba)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing),覆盆式蓮花池(chi)瓣底(di)座(zuo)(zuo),第(di)—層的(de)(de)束(shu)腰上(shang)(shang)(shang)雕(diao)造(zao)飛(fei)馬、獅子、麒麟、熊黑等(deng)(deng)吉(ji)祥動物,活靈活現。第(di)二層的(de)(de)束(shu)腰上(shang)(shang)(shang)雕(diao)合幾個(ge)伎養樂(le)人翩(pian)翩(pian)起舞(wu)。第(di)三層正(zheng)面(mian)(mian)有(you)門,門頂雙龍戲(xi)珠,維妙維肖;門西側侍立二天王(wang),神情莊重(zhong)嚴肅;周圍(wei)轉角,龍蛇盤(pan)旋,使(shi)人驚嘆古(gu)人筆走龍蛇的(de)(de)藝(yi)術功力。第(di)四層雕(diao)帳幕低垂(chui),前后都(dou)有(you)假(jia)板門,第(di)五(wu)(wu)層雕(diao)云(yun)紋大圓蓋(gai)寶(bao)珠嵌頂。整(zheng)座(zuo)(zuo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)體造(zao)型優美(mei),腿刻精細,是(shi)不可多(duo)(duo)得的(de)(de)石(shi)刻藝(yi)術杰(jie)作。在大云(yun)院南面(mian)(mian)100米(mi)處的(de)(de)土崖(ya)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)72個(ge)連環洞(dong),相傳那就是(shi)三國馬超避兵的(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)。另外在大云(yun)院四周還可看到(dao)大天橋、唐朝(chao)貞觀年間國公馬三保墓地等(deng)(deng)許多(duo)(duo)古(gu)跡名勝。它們和人云(yun)院相映成趣,形(xing)(xing)成了一(yi)組美(mei)麗(li)的(de)(de)文(wen)物景觀。
山西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)幾千(qian)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)進程中(zhong),由于(yu)人(ren)為和(he)自然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因,造成一(yi)(yi)定程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破壞(huai)這就必然要維(wei)修(xiu)。維(wei)修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部位(wei)包括(kuo)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)屋頂、室(shi)內梁架、門(men)窗、臺基、斗拱等。從歷(li)代(dai)(dai)維(wei)修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文獻記載和(he)古建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)勘察情況看(kan),歷(li)史上維(wei)修(xiu)較多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部位(wei),大(da)多集中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)屋頂和(he)梁架部分。一(yi)(yi)座建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物中(zhong)往往存(cun)在(zai)(zai)著多個朝代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)件,建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年代(dai)(dai)越早,更換的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)件就越多,給建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)定性帶(dai)來了困難。因此,古建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)梁架的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現存(cun)年代(dai)(dai),也就成了對(dui)整個建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)進行斷代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要依據。大(da)云院大(da)佛殿雖經過后代(dai)(dai)匠人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷修(xiu)整,但(dan)梁架結構(gou)卻完整保持(chi)了五代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)貌,是一(yi)(yi)座不(bu)折不(bu)扣(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五代(dai)(dai)木構(gou)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。
大殿(dian)(dian)出(chu)檐深遠,正(zheng)面(mian)看(kan)如兩翼齊伸,給人以雄壯穩(wen)定的(de)(de)感覺(jue)。殿(dian)(dian)體主要(yao)靠八根立柱(zhu)支撐,墻壁并不支撐殿(dian)(dian)頂的(de)(de)重(zhong)量,只起遮蔽(bi)的(de)(de)作用(yong),具有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)木構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)古(gu)建(jian)“墻倒屋不塌”的(de)(de)鮮明特(te)色。除了(le)(le)(le)梁架,大佛殿(dian)(dian)里的(de)(de)許多構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件更是(shi)顯現(xian)(xian)著五(wu)代(dai)木構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)筑的(de)(de)鮮明符號。大云院大佛殿(dian)(dian)創建(jian)于五(wu)代(dai)后晉天福三年(公元938年),在(zai)建(jian)筑上(shang)它(ta)新(xin)增加了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)個(ge)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件,就(jiu)是(shi)普(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)這(zhe)個(ge)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件。這(zhe)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)現(xian)(xian)存建(jian)筑中(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)普(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)的(de)(de)實例(li)。普(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)和闌(lan)額是(shi)架在(zai)柱(zhu)頭之間的(de)(de)這(zhe)兩個(ge)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件,在(zai)太原天龍山北齊石(shi)窟(ku)中(zhong)(zhong),就(jiu)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)闌(lan)額,但還(huan)沒(mei)有(you)(you)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)普(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)。陜西的(de)(de)玄(xuan)奘塔首次出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)仿木結構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)普(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件,但在(zai)山西現(xian)(xian)存的(de)(de)幾座唐代(dai)木構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)筑中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)沒(mei)有(you)(you)普(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong),只安置(zhi)闌(lan)額。同(tong)為五(wu)代(dai)建(jian)筑的(de)(de)鎮國(guo)寺(si)萬佛殿(dian)(dian)也(ye)沒(mei)有(you)(you)使(shi)(shi)用(yong),直(zhi)到(dao)遼代(dai)這(zhe)種(zhong)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件才得到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)推廣和普(pu)及。因而,大佛殿(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)這(zhe)道普(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang),也(ye)就(jiu)成了(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)木構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)古(gu)建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)普(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)早的(de)(de)實例(li)。
古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)梁架上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)個兼具承重和裝飾雙重作用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件叫(jiao)駝(tuo)(tuo)峰,使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)駝(tuo)(tuo)峰早的(de)(de)(de)實例出(chu)現(xian)在(zai)另一(yi)座五(wu)代木(mu)(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)龍門寺(si)西配殿(dian)(dian)中,但規(gui)(gui)格(ge)(ge)(ge)和形(xing)狀比較單一(yi)。比西配殿(dian)(dian)晚十五(wu)年(nian)建(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)同樣也使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)這(zhe)一(yi)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件,但大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)駝(tuo)(tuo)峰的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)格(ge)(ge)(ge)和形(xing)狀多達(da)八種,這(zhe)在(zai)其他木(mu)(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)中是罕見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)充分(fen)說明,早在(zai)五(wu)代,駝(tuo)(tuo)峰的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)就(jiu)已(yi)經(jing)得到了(le)普及。中國人的(de)(de)(de)祖(zu)先很會擺(bai)弄這(zhe)些原始的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)頭(tou),勾心斗角(jiao),相互疊壓,經(jing)過幾千(qian)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)中國古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)特有的(de)(de)(de)組合形(xing)式(shi)(shi)------斗拱(gong)。斗拱(gong)不僅(jin)僅(jin)起支撐屋(wu)檐(yan)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong),更是古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)發(fa)展演(yan)變的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)歷(li)。有“亞洲第(di)一(yi)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)”之盛譽的(de)(de)(de)南禪寺(si)大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian),建(jian)(jian)于(yu)唐大(da)(da)(da)中三(san)年(nian)(公元782年(nian)),是中國現(xian)存早的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。由于(yu)地處偏(pian)僻(pi)山村(cun),當時也沒(mei)有對建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)格(ge)(ge)(ge)進行統一(yi)規(gui)(gui)定(ding),因(yin)而南禪寺(si)大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)拱(gong)枋(fang)斷面規(gui)(gui)格(ge)(ge)(ge)不一(yi)。直到北宋,官方頒布(bu)了(le)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)設計專用(yong)(yong)(yong)書籍《營(ying)造法(fa)(fa)式(shi)(shi)》后,建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)材(cai)(cai)才得以規(gui)(gui)范。《營(ying)造法(fa)(fa)式(shi)(shi)》將建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)所有用(yong)(yong)(yong)材(cai)(cai)歸為八等(deng),并(bing)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)了(le)每(mei)等(deng)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)規(gui)(gui)模。大(da)(da)(da)云院大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)拱(gong)枋(fang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)材(cai)(cai)符(fu)合《營(ying)造法(fa)(fa)式(shi)(shi)》中規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)四等(deng)材(cai)(cai)規(gui)(gui)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。因(yin)而,大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)也就(jiu)成(cheng)了(le)中國木(mu)(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)由唐朝(chao)模數制向(xiang)宋代營(ying)造法(fa)(fa)式(shi)(shi)演(yan)變的(de)(de)(de)活化石。