石城子遺址
漢疏勒(le)城(cheng)(cheng)位于奇臺縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)南(nan),直線距離50公里(li),地處天山北(bei)坡的(de)山區,隸(li)屬(shu)半截溝(gou)(gou)(gou)鎮麻(ma)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)梁村。該(gai)遺(yi)址(zhi)地處前山丘陵(ling)地帶,坐落在麻(ma)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)河沿上,其城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)東(dong)依懸崖(ya)峭壁,南(nan)有麻(ma)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)河向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)繞(rao)北(bei)澤(ze)黑溝(gou)(gou)(gou)流向(xiang)(xiang)新(xin)戶梁,北(bei)為南(nan)高北(bei)低的(de)坡地,西面是低緩的(de)丘陵(ling)與(yu)麻(ma)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)河、新(xin)戶河相接,地勢險(xian)要(yao)是該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)地理環境特色(se)。因城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)有露出(chu)地表的(de)巖石,俗稱“石城(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)”。
該城(cheng)(cheng)呈不(bu)規則(ze)狀(zhuang),并不(bu)見(jian)一(yi)般(ban)概念上(shang)(shang)的(de)完整的(de)封閉的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),只(zhi)(zhi)是依(yi)自然(ran)(ran)地勢而因地制宜建造。古城(cheng)(cheng)位于山(shan)坡上(shang)(shang),北高(gao)南(nan)低,東(dong)西(xi)(xi)長(chang)240米(mi)(mi)(mi),南(nan)北長(chang)200米(mi)(mi)(mi),古城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)面(mian)為麻(ma)溝河絕壁深淵,古城(cheng)(cheng)三(san)面(mian)筑城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),東(dong)面(mian)依(yi)絕壁為天然(ran)(ran)屏障,城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)寬一(yi)丈,有(you)角樓、馬(ma)面(mian),城(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)一(yi)洼(wa)地,據考證是人工(gong)挖掘的(de)類似(si)于“井(jing)”的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)。該城(cheng)(cheng)只(zhi)(zhi)有(you)西(xi)(xi)、北兩(liang)面(mian)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),北墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)段(duan)有(you)一(yi)條南(nan)北向土墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。北、西(xi)(xi)兩(liang)面(mian)土墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)相(xiang)對高(gao)度(du)不(bu)過三(san)米(mi)(mi)(mi),其中(zhong)(zhong)北墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)殘(can)高(gao)1.5-2米(mi)(mi)(mi),東(dong)端最高(gao)處約3.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)有(you)一(yi)圓形凹(ao)地,直徑約6米(mi)(mi)(mi),實際(ji)測量,北墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)長(chang)280米(mi)(mi)(mi),西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)南(nan)北長(chang)155米(mi)(mi)(mi)。北墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)部偏(pian)東(dong)土墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)長(chang)140米(mi)(mi)(mi),墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)基(ji)寬約10米(mi)(mi)(mi)。由于墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)內墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)外(wai)均已成麥地,當年(nian)建筑布局(ju)或建筑基(ji)址相(xiang)對集中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)處所已難辨別。但(dan)城(cheng)(cheng)內外(wai),尤其是西(xi)(xi)南(nan)隨處都可發現不(bu)少具有(you)明(ming)顯漢代文物特征的(de)灰陶(tao)片、板(ban)瓦、云紋瓦當、筒瓦殘(can)片。城(cheng)(cheng)內散布的(de)殘(can)片以灰陶(tao)為主,紅陶(tao)較少,陶(tao)器多(duo)褶,底(di)小(xiao)、平(ping),有(you)耳,磚瓦殘(can)片較多(duo)。古城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)五(wu)公(gong)里是奇臺著名(ming)的(de)旅游風景區(qu)-江布拉克(ke)風景區(qu)。
據考證,《漢(han)(han)書耿恭(gong)(gong)傳》記載,漢(han)(han)代派往西域鎮守邊關(guan)的(de)名將(jiang)耿恭(gong)(gong)駐守疏(shu)勒(le)城(cheng)(cheng),屯田固邊。恭(gong)(gong)以(yi)疏(shu)勒(le)城(cheng)(cheng)傍有(you)澗水(shui)可固,五(wu)月,乃(nai)引(yin)(yin)兵據之。七月,匈奴復(fu)來攻恭(gong)(gong),恭(gong)(gong)募(mu)先登(敢(gan)死(si)隊員(yuan))數(shu)千人(ren)直(zhi)馳之,胡騎散走,匈奴遂(sui)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)下擁絕澗水(shui)。恭(gong)(gong)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)穿井十(shi)五(wu)丈不得水(shui),吏(li)士(shi)渴乏,笮(同“榨”)馬糞汁而飲之。恭(gong)(gong)仰(yang)嘆曰(yue):“聞昔貳(er)師將(jiang)軍(指(zhi)西漢(han)(han)李廣利(li))拔(ba)佩刀(dao)刺山(shan),飛泉(quan)涌出;今(jin)漢(han)(han)德神(shen)明(ming),豈有(you)窮哉。”乃(nai)整衣服向井再拜,為(wei)吏(li)士(shi)禱。有(you)頃(qing),水(shui)泉(quan)奔(ben)出,眾(zhong)皆稱(cheng)(cheng)萬歲(sui)。乃(nai)令(ling)(ling)吏(li)士(shi)揚水(shui)以(yi)示虜(據《東觀(guan)漢(han)(han)記》載:“恭(gong)(gong)親自挽籠(long),于(yu)是(shi)令(ling)(ling)士(shi)且勿(wu)飲,先和(he)泥涂城(cheng)(cheng),并揚示之。”)。虜出不意,以(yi)為(wei)神(shen)明(ming),遂(sui)引(yin)(yin)去。此間,范羌率漢(han)(han)兵2000,由交(jiao)河(he)古城(cheng)(cheng)越天山(shan)趕到,城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)夜聞兵馬聲,以(yi)為(wei)虜來,大(da)驚(jing)。羌乃(nai)遙呼曰(yue):“我(wo)范羌也。漢(han)(han)遣(qian)軍迎校(xiao)尉耳。”城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)皆稱(cheng)(cheng)萬歲(sui)。開門,共相持(chi)涕泣。明(ming)日,遂(sui)相隨(sui)俱歸。虜兵追之,且戰且行。吏(li)士(shi)素饑(ji)困,發疏(shu)勒(le)時(shi)尚有(you)二十(shi)六人(ren),隨(sui)路死(si)歿,三月至(zhi)玉門,唯余十(shi)三人(ren)。
據《漢(han)(han)書》記載,疏(shu)勒(le)城(cheng)(cheng)邊(bian)有(you)澗水,城(cheng)(cheng)中有(you)井,四周(zhou)宜農耕(geng),依(yi)山(shan)通(tong)交河古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng),及(ji)石城(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)(zi)出(chu)土繩紋板瓦、云紋瓦當(dang)等典型漢(han)(han)代文(wen)物(wu)。為此,史學界斷(duan)定石城(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)(zi)為漢(han)(han)疏(shu)勒(le)城(cheng)(cheng)。疏(shu)勒(le)城(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)樓(lou)蘭(lan)同等重(zhong)要,是新疆(jiang)遺存兩處漢(han)(han)代古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址,是樓(lou)蘭(lan)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的姊妹城(cheng)(cheng)。
1972年8月(yue)29日(ri),奇(qi)臺縣人(ren)民(min)政府批(pi)準為(wei)第一批(pi)縣級(ji)重點(dian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei)。1999年新政辦發〔1999〕91號文(wen)(wen)(wen)件定(ding)為(wei)自治區級(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei)。
記者近日從新(xin)疆文物考古(gu)(gu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)所(suo)(suo)獲悉(xi),在2014年(nian)9—10月間,該所(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)考古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)來到距現在疏勒(le)縣城2000公(gong)里(li)以外的(de)(de)昌吉回族自(zi)治州奇(qi)臺(tai)縣半(ban)(ban)截(jie)溝鎮(zhen)麻溝梁村東(dong)北,一座被當地(di)人(ren)(ren)稱作“石城子(zi)”的(de)(de)地(di)方進(jin)行考古(gu)(gu)挖掘。參(can)與考古(gu)(gu)工作的(de)(de)新(xin)疆文物考古(gu)(gu)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)所(suo)(suo)文物館員(yuan)胡望林﹑田小紅十分肯(ken)定地(di)說:“通過考古(gu)(gu)挖掘出的(de)(de)遺(yi)跡(ji)遺(yi)物,證(zheng)實奇(qi)臺(tai)縣半(ban)(ban)截(jie)溝鎮(zhen)麻溝梁村東(dong)北的(de)(de)石城子(zi)就是(shi)漢代的(de)(de)疏勒(le)城。”
疏勒城在歷史(shi)上之(zhi)所以(yi)著名,是(shi)因為耿恭率軍(jun)在抗(kang)擊(ji)匈(xiong)奴(nu)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)斗(dou)中曾在這里立下過(guo)不朽功績(ji),以(yi)極少的(de)(de)兵(bing)力抗(kang)擊(ji)百倍于己的(de)(de)匈(xiong)奴(nu),擊(ji)敗了(le)敵方長(chang)達7個(ge)多 月(yue)的(de)(de)圍攻。漢代將士(shi)之(zhi)英勇(yong),戰(zhan)斗(dou)之(zhi)慘(can)烈,讓后人銘記(ji)。最(zui)終,創造了(le)我國歷史(shi)上以(yi)弱勝強、孤軍(jun)獲勝的(de)(de)戰(zhan)例(li)奇跡。為疏勒城在平定西域的(de)(de)歷史(shi)長(chang)河中寫(xie)下了(le)濃(nong)墨重(zhong) 彩的(de)(de)一筆。
史料(liao)顯示(shi),疏勒(le)城歷經漢、魏(wei)、晉、隋、唐諸朝代。考古人員曾在城內(nei)地(di)表采集(ji)到筒瓦(wa)、板瓦(wa)、方磚及大量的夾砂灰陶片,器形(xing)有(you)罐、盆(pen)、甕(weng)、缽等,并且還有(you)炭精虎飾和(he)完整陶器,這些器物(wu)都具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)為典(dian)型的漢代風(feng)格。
2014年9月(yue)19日至(zhi)10月(yue)9日,新疆文(wen)物(wu)(wu)考古(gu)(gu)研究所(suo)考古(gu)(gu)人員在傳統(tong)考古(gu)(gu)學方法的基(ji)礎上結(jie)合航拍、RTK測(ce)量(liang)等科(ke)技手段(duan)對(dui)石城子有(you)重點的進行 了(le)清(qing)理(li)發掘,包括古(gu)(gu)城西墻南段(duan)遺存以及城內西北部(bu)區(qu)域。清(qing)理(li)出城墻、壕溝、房址、灰(hui)坑、柱洞、車轍、夯窩等遺跡,出土了(le)包括板瓦、筒瓦、瓦當、釉(you)陶器等一 批文(wen)物(wu)(wu),以板瓦和筒瓦殘(can)片(pian)居多。這些(xie)板瓦和筒瓦殘(can)片(pian)相當堅硬。筒瓦的瓦舌經陶輪旋轉,器表(biao)多為繩紋,內壁為布紋。另外還出土了(le)大量(liang)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)骨(gu)骼。