宛梆(bang)(bang)(南(nan)陽梆(bang)(bang)子(zi))，是生長形成于河南(nan)省(sheng)南(nan)陽市的古老(lao)傳統戲曲(qu)劇種之一。它(ta)的歷史悠久，源(yuan)遠流(liu)長。早期人們稱它(ta)為"西調(diao)"、"南(nan)陽調(diao)"、"亂彈"、"老(lao)梆(bang)(bang)子(zi)"，建國后(hou)更名為"宛梆(bang)(bang)"。
它是明(ming)末清初由陜西同州(zhou)梆子傳入南(nan)陽(yang)市(shi)，結合南(nan)陽(yang)民歌(ge)小調，鄉音俚(li)語，逐漸(jian)演變而成的一個(ge)戲曲劇(ju)種，它基(ji)本(ben)上(shang)保持著河南(nan)梆子的早期精(jing)華(hua)和原始音樂形態(tai)，其(qi)唱腔(qiang)優(you)美，風格(ge)獨特，迄今已有300余(yu)年歷史。目前，僅存(cun)內鄉縣一個(ge)專業(ye)劇(ju)團，號(hao)稱(cheng)"天下(xia)第(di)一團" 。
宛梆的(de)(de)興盛(sheng)時期(qi)是清道(dao)光(guang)年間(jian)至民(min)國三十年前后，各(ge)(ge)縣(xian)(xian)民(min)間(jian)的(de)(de)春祈秋報，婚喪(sang)嫁娶，多唱宛梆，其(qi)(qi)流(liu)行程度(du)極為普及(ji)。到處(chu)流(liu)傳(chuan)著(zhu)(zhu)"扛起鋤頭上南崗，嘴(zui)里哼著(zhu)(zhu)梆子腔"、"桃黍(shu)(高粱)地里喊亂彈"的(de)(de)民(min)謠。其(qi)(qi)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)社更是星(xing)羅棋布，遍及(ji)南陽(yang)各(ge)(ge)縣(xian)(xian)，影響較大的(de)(de)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)社有(you)南陽(yang)城(cheng)(cheng)關的(de)(de)白音堂班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、十八里崗班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、府門外(wai)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、高廟李莊(zhuang)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、石(shi)(shi)橋黃碧班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、掘地坪班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，社旗泥河(he)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，鄧縣(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)磨(mo)戶張(zhang)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、構林(lin)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、林(lin)扒(ba)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、庫糧房班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、肖店班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、蔣莊(zhuang)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、桑莊(zhuang)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、（氵急(ji)）灘班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，新野(ye)的(de)(de)孔樓班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，內鄉(xiang)齊(qi)營齊(qi)大茂班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、王(wang)店四張(zhang)張(zhang)風山(shan)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、西(xi)后街王(wang)福清班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、曹沖班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、螺螄河(he)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，鎮平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)關王(wang)少班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、蘆醫(yi)廟班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、石(shi)(shi)佛寺(si)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，以及(ji)方城(cheng)(cheng)、南召、唐河(he)、桐柏等地的(de)(de)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)社數以百計之多，演出地域除宛屬(shu)各(ge)(ge)縣(xian)(xian)之外(wai)，東至沙(sha)河(he)兩岸的(de)(de)周口(kou)、項城(cheng)(cheng)，西(xi)至商(shang)洛、藍田(tian)，北到盧氏、靈寶，南達襄樊、河(he)口(kou) 。
特別是內鄉夏館(guan)張(zhang)珊的(de)"公義"班(ban)，該班(ban)創(chuang)辦于(yu)清咸豐三(san)(san)年(nian)(1853年(nian))，名(ming)角薈萃，箱具齊全，先(xian)后培養了著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)武丑王(wang)老四等諸(zhu)多(duo)的(de)藝術(shu)人才(cai)。"公義"班(ban)由赤眉齊俊(jun)顯任戲主(zhu)之后，請來著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)演(yan)員王(wang)春生掌班(ban)及(ji)著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)紅臉翟道三(san)(san)、著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)黑頭(tou)杜林保相繼加入該班(ban)，使(shi)"公義"班(ban)的(de)名(ming)聲(sheng)大振(zhen)，成為宛屬(shu)各(ge)縣梆子班(ban)無(wu)人匹(pi)敵的(de)班(ban)社。
進入30年代后期，由于豫劇(ju)的流入和(he)興起，加之抗(kang)日戰(zhan)爭及解(jie)放戰(zhan)爭的動亂，多數(shu)宛(wan)梆(bang)班(ban)(ban)社停辦，藝(yi)人(ren)相繼離散(san)(san)，使這個曾經風(feng)靡一時的古老劇(ju)種(zhong)逐(zhu)漸衰萎(wei)。至解(jie)放前夕(xi)，宛(wan)屬(shu)各縣(xian)的宛(wan)梆(bang)班(ban)(ban)社已經所剩(sheng)無幾(ji)，內鄉縣(xian)境內僅存(cun)以聶(nie)國政為班(ban)(ban)主的"公義"班(ban)(ban)，也瀕臨停演(yan)，部分藝(yi)人(ren)離散(san)(san)改業。
群(qun)眾習稱宛(wan)(wan)梆(bang)為(wei)"大戲"。在(zai)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)音樂上具有自己的(de)獨特(te)風(feng)格，且變化較多。宛(wan)(wan)梆(bang)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)音樂屬板(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體。它的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)弦(xian)和秦腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)早期主(zhu)(zhu)弦(xian)一(yi)樣，琴桿粗且短，高一(yi)尺半左右，琴筒用(yong)香椿木作(zuo)料，中間掏(tao)空，呈橢圓形，筒面(mian)用(yong)薄木板(ban)(ban)(ban)粘合，弦(xian)用(yong)牛(niu)筋，里外弦(xian)序63，發(fa)音高銳(rui)，以軟弓子二(er)(er)(er)嗡(weng)(低音京(jing)胡)為(wei)二(er)(er)(er)弦(xian)，輔以月琴、三(san)弦(xian)、墜胡，以棗木梆(bang)擊(ji)節(jie)(jie)，并配(pei)之(zhi)以大花(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)在(zai)宛(wan)(wan)梆(bang)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)藝(yi)術中獨具特(te)色，幾乎各(ge)類板(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)中都有花(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，生、旦、凈、丑(chou)各(ge)個行(xing)當皆可用(yong)之(zhi)。花(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)接于本腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)后(hou)，是一(yi)種比二(er)(er)(er)本腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)還要(yao)(yao)高八(ba)度(du)的(de)假(jia)嗓無(wu)字行(xing)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，它的(de)使用(yong)為(wei)板(ban)(ban)(ban)式(shi)和感(gan)情的(de)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)所決定，和本腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)一(yi)樣，喜、怒(nu)、哀(ai)、樂各(ge)種感(gan)情均(jun)可表(biao)達。"慢(man)板(ban)(ban)(ban)"中的(de)[工字調]、[流水(shui)(shui)]，[二(er)(er)(er)八(ba)]中的(de)[花(hua)揚(yang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)]能使聽者悅(yue)目賞心，而各(ge)種哭腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)則又(you)使人牽魂掛腸(chang)。宛(wan)(wan)梆(bang)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)調高為(wei)1=bB，男女(nv)演員同腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)同調。花(hua)臉(lian)的(de)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)蒼勁雄健(jian)，別具一(yi)格。宛(wan)(wan)梆(bang)的(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)類大體分(fen)為(wei)四(si)大部(bu)分(fen)：即慢(man)板(ban)(ban)(ban)類、流水(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)類、二(er)(er)(er)八(ba)板(ban)(ban)(ban)類、散板(ban)(ban)(ban)類。[慢(man)板(ban)(ban)(ban)]為(wei)一(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)眼(yan)(4/4節(jie)(jie)拍)，起于中眼(yan)，落于板(ban)(ban)(ban)上，變格部(bu)分(fen)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有頭(tou)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、二(er)(er)(er)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、三(san)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、工字調和不帶花(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)老二(er)(er)(er)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、寒(han)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)等。[流水(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)]為(wei)一(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)一(yi)眼(yan)(2/4拍)，旋(xuan)律輕(qing)快(kuai)流暢，節(jie)(jie)奏明(ming)朗，適于敘(xu)事、抒情。[緊流水(shui)(shui)]和[緊流水(shui)(shui)垛(duo)(duo)]有板(ban)(ban)(ban)無(wu)眼(yan)（1/4）拍。[二(er)(er)(er)八(ba)板(ban)(ban)(ban)]也為(wei)一(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)一(yi)眼(yan)(2/4拍節(jie)(jie))。[緊二(er)(er)(er)八(ba)]和[緊二(er)(er)(er)八(ba)垛(duo)(duo)]的(de)速(su)度(du)較快(kuai)，均(jun)為(wei)有板(ban)(ban)(ban)無(wu)眼(yan)的(de)1/4拍，也可類似自由體的(de)緊打(da)慢(man)唱(chang)。
各種(zhong)[二(er)八板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]統統突出了(le)豐富的(de)鑼鼓打(da)擊樂，使(shi)它更具(ju)有激越情調和火爆味兒。散(san)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)無(wu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)無(wu)眼(yan)，包括[哭滾白]、[大(da)起板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]、[導板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]、[軟導板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]、[圓(yuan)簧]、[尖板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]等，這些散(san)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)形式中，除[尖板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)]外(wai)，均可(ke)使(shi)用花腔。此外(wai)，宛(wan)梆(bang)吸收(shou)民歌小調如(ru)[一串鈴]、[裰羅調]等也都(dou)在特定情景下具(ju)有豐富的(de)表(biao)現力。
宛梆音(yin)樂中擁有(you)豐富的傳統曲牌(pai)(pai)。絲弦曲牌(pai)(pai)有(you)：[慢板(ban)大盤頭]、[大開門]、[小(xiao)開門]、[王(wang)子(zi)開門]、[步步緊]、[鶯(ying)兒山(shan)]、[花雀子(zi)]、[慢壓板(ban)]等十多種。嗩吶曲牌(pai)(pai)有(you)[清(qing)水令]、[半槍]、[滿槍]、[尾聲]、[嗩吶皮]、[泣(qi)顏回]、[欠(qian)場]、[嘆如(ru)雷]、[一尺綢]、[娃娃]等。?
宛梆打(da)擊樂(le)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)身段鑼(luo)(luo)(luo)鼓與其他劇(ju)種接近(jin)，唱腔頭尾和中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)的(de)打(da)擊樂(le)，十分(fen)獨特豐富(fu)。鑼(luo)(luo)(luo)鼓經(jing)有[鳳(feng)凰(huang)(huang)三(san)點(dian)頭]、[老全(quan)(quan)錘(chui)]、[全(quan)(quan)錘(chui)]、[反全(quan)(quan)錘(chui)]、[小(xiao)全(quan)(quan)錘(chui)]、[五(wu)錘(chui)頭]、[五(wu)鑼(luo)(luo)(luo)]、[鳳(feng)凰(huang)(huang)單(dan)展翅]等。
宛梆(bang)的劇(ju)(ju)目可分為三(san)種(zhong)，一是(shi)(shi)傳統(tong)劇(ju)(ju)目，二是(shi)(shi)移植兄弟劇(ju)(ju)種(zhong)的劇(ju)(ju)目，三(san)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)同(tong)時期的創(chuang)編(bian)劇(ju)(ju)目。
傳統劇目有"四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)"、"四(si)(si)鍘(zha)"、"八(ba)大山(shan)"、"大、小(xiao)十八(ba)本(ben)"等數(shu)百(bai)個，四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)又分(fen)《雷(lei)振海征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)北》、《馬(ma)三保(bao)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)東》等男"四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)"和《穆桂英(ying)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)東》、《樊梨花(hua)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)西(xi)》等女"四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)"，以及《秦(qin)英(ying)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)西(xi)》、《姚剛(gang)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)南》、《燕王掃北》等武生(sheng)戲；四(si)(si)鍘(zha)有《鍘(zha)西(xi)宮(gong)》、《鍘(zha)越王》等；八(ba)大山(shan)有《兩郎山(shan)》、《豹頭山(shan)》、《青銅山(shan)》等征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)戰戲；"大、小(xiao)十八(ba)本(ben)"包括哪些劇目各說不一。
移植(zhi)劇目(mu)，有《收(shou)姜維》、《逼上梁山(shan)》、《趙(zhao)氏孤兒》等(deng)百余(yu)出(chu)。
創編劇(ju)目(mu)，不同劇(ju)團各有(you)不同，不同時代，題材各異。
宛梆的劇目特色，從劇目樣式(shi)上，以正劇、悲劇為多，以反映宮廷(ting)、征戰、公案故(gu)事的功架戲為主(zhu)。
宛(wan)梆既有陜西(xi)梆子(zi)的(de)高(gao)亢(kang)激越，又有中原音樂的(de)平整(zheng)規范(fan)，還(huan)(huan)有楚(chu)(chu)樂的(de)委婉清麗(li)，它(ta)用(yong)以烘托感情的(de)假腔為高(gao)八度(du)無字(zi)行(xing)腔，系宛(wan)腔一(yi)絕，具有獨特的(de)藝(yi)術價值。受中原文化、秦晉(jin)文化和楚(chu)(chu)文化共同滋養的(de)宛(wan)梆是研究河(he)南(nan)梆子(zi)早(zao)期生態的(de)標(biao)本，20世(shi)紀30年代以來，由(you)于(yu)豫劇(ju)、河(he)南(nan)曲(qu)劇(ju)的(de)興起和迅(xun)速流傳(chuan)，宛(wan)梆漸(jian)趨(qu)衰落，至目前只剩下內鄉縣一(yi)家國有宛(wan)梆專業劇(ju)團還(huan)(huan)在艱難地傳(chuan)承著這一(yi)古老的(de)民族(zu)藝(yi)術火(huo)種，有必要及(ji)時加以搶(qiang)救和維護。
國家非(fei)常重視(shi)非(fei)物質文化(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)的保護，2006年(nian)5月20日，宛梆經國務院批準列入(ru)第(di)一(yi)批國家級(ji)非(fei)物質文化(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)名錄。
歲月靜好 
