芒果视频

主要經歷

早年經歷

齊(qi)(qi)莊公(gong)五(wu)十(shi)六(liu)年（約前723年），管(guan)仲(zhong)出生(sheng)(sheng)，管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)(de)祖(zu)先是(shi)周穆王(wang)的(de)(de)后(hou)代，與周王(wang)室(shi)同宗。父親管(guan)莊是(shi)齊(qi)(qi)國的(de)(de)大夫(fu)，后(hou)來(lai)家(jia)道中衰，導致(zhi)管(guan)仲(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)活很貧困。為了(le)謀生(sheng)(sheng)，聯合好(hao)友鮑叔牙(ya)合伙(huo)做(zuo)生(sheng)(sheng)意失敗。管(guan)仲(zhong)做(zuo)過(guo)當時認為是(shi)微賤的(de)(de)商人。游歷許多(duo)地方，接觸各(ge)式(shi)各(ge)樣的(de)(de)人，見過(guo)許多(duo)世面，從而積累了(le)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)社會經驗。當兵的(de)(de)時候，臨陣脫逃。幾次想當官，但(dan)都(dou)沒有成功。

佐公子糾

齊(qi)僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十三(san)年（前(qian)698年），齊(qi)僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)駕崩，留(liu)下三(san)個兒(er)(er)子(zi)，太子(zi)諸兒(er)(er)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)和公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)小白(bai)。齊(qi)僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死后，太子(zi)諸兒(er)(er)即位(wei)，是為齊(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。當時，管(guan)仲(zhong)和鮑叔牙分別輔佐公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)和公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)小白(bai)。不久，齊(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與其妹魯(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的夫人文姜秘謀私通，醉殺(sha)了魯(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。對此，管(guan)仲(zhong)預感到齊(qi)國將會發生大亂。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)的母親是魯(lu)君的女兒(er)(er)，因此管(guan)仲(zhong)和召忽就(jiu)保護公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)逃(tao)到魯(lu)國去躲避(bi)。

齊(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十二(er)年（前(qian)686年），齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)內亂，兩個逃亡在外(wai)的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)，一見(jian)時機(ji)成熟，都想急忙設法回(hui)國(guo)(guo)，以便(bian)奪(duo)取(qu)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)的(de)寶(bao)座。魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)知道齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)無君(jun)后，萬(wan)分焦急，立即(ji)派兵護送公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾回(hui)國(guo)(guo)，后來(lai)發現公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白已經(jing)先出發回(hui)國(guo)(guo)。管(guan)仲(zhong)于是決定自請先行，親率30乘(cheng)兵車(che)到莒國(guo)(guo)通(tong)往齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)路上(shang)去(qu)截擊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白。人(ren)馬過(guo)即(ji)墨30余里(li)(li)，正(zheng)遇(yu)見(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白的(de)大隊車(che)馬。管(guan)仲(zhong)等公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白車(che)馬走近，就(jiu)操起(qi)箭來(lai)對準射(she)(she)去(qu)，一箭射(she)(she)中，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白應(ying)聲(sheng)倒下。管(guan)仲(zhong)見(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白已射(she)(she)死(si)，就(jiu)率領人(ren)馬回(hui)去(qu)。其實公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白沒有死(si)，管(guan)仲(zhong)一箭射(she)(she)中他的(de)銅制衣(yi)帶勾(gou)上(shang)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白急中生智咬破(po)舌尖裝死(si)倒下。經(jing)此一驚，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白與鮑(bao)叔牙更加(jia)警惕，飛速向齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)挺進。當他們來(lai)到臨淄時，由(you)鮑(bao)叔牙先進城里(li)(li)勸說，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)正(zheng)卿高氏(shi)和(he)國(guo)(guo)氏(shi)都同意護立公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白為國(guo)(guo)君(jun)，于是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白就(jiu)進城，順利地登(deng)上(shang)君(jun)位，這就(jiu)是歷史(shi)上(shang)有名的(de)齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。

鮑叔舉賢

齊(qi)桓年（前685年），齊(qi)桓公即位后，急需找到有才(cai)干的(de)人來輔佐，因此就準備請鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙出來任齊(qi)相。但鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙稱(cheng)自己才(cai)能不如管仲，若(ruo)要使齊(qi)國稱(cheng)霸(ba)，必要用管仲為相。

管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)一(yi)伙認為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)已死(si)(si)(si)，再沒有(you)人(ren)與他(ta)爭奪君(jun)位(wei)，也就不(bu)急于趕路。六(liu)天(tian)后才到齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。一(yi)到齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，沒想(xiang)到齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)，新君(jun)正是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)。魯莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)得知齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有(you)新君(jun)后氣急敗(bai)壞，當即派兵進(jin)攻(gong)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，企圖武裝干涉來奪取君(jun)位(wei)。雙(shuang)方在(zai)乾時會(hui)戰，管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建議(yi)當趁小(xiao)白(bai)人(ren)心未定(ding)速攻(gong)，但(dan)魯莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卻(que)說：“如果(guo)一(yi)切如你所料，小(xiao)白(bai)早(zao)就被射死(si)(si)(si)了。”不(bu)聽(ting)管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)話，結果(guo)遭遇伏擊，魯軍大敗(bai)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)和(he)(he)管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隨魯莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)敗(bai)歸魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)軍乘勝追擊，進(jin)入魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)境內。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)絕后患，遣書給魯莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，叫魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)殺公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)，交出管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)召(zhao)(zhao)忽。否則齊(qi)軍將全面進(jin)攻(gong)魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魯莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)得知后與大夫施(shi)伯商(shang)量，施(shi)伯認為(wei)(wei)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)要管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)是為(wei)(wei)了報仇雪恨，而是為(wei)(wei)了任(ren)用他(ta)為(wei)(wei)政。因為(wei)(wei)管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)才干世間少(shao)有(you)，他(ta)為(wei)(wei)政的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家必(bi)然(ran)會(hui)富強稱霸。假如管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)任(ren)用，將為(wei)(wei)魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)大患。因此施(shi)伯主張殺死(si)(si)(si)管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，將尸首還給齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。但(dan)鮑叔牙用計稱齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)恨管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)入骨，一(yi)定(ding)要生(sheng)殺管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。且(qie)魯莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)新敗(bai)，聞齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大兵壓(ya)境，早(zao)嚇(xia)得心顫膽寒(han)，沒有(you)聽(ting)施(shi)伯的(de)主張。在(zai)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)壓(ya)力(li)下，殺死(si)(si)(si)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)糾(jiu)，并(bing)將管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)召(zhao)(zhao)忽擒住，準(zhun)備將二人(ren)送還齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)發落，以(yi)期退兵。

管仲(zhong)(zhong)清(qing)楚(chu)這是鮑叔(shu)牙(ya)的計謀(mou)，于是讓押運工人(ren)快(kuai)馬加(jia)鞭趕去齊(qi)國(guo)，最后平安到(dao)了(le)(le)齊(qi)國(guo)，經鮑叔(shu)牙(ya)的建議，齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)同意選擇吉祥日子，以非常隆重的禮節，親自(zi)去迎(ying)接(jie)管仲(zhong)(zhong)，以此來表示對管仲(zhong)(zhong)的重視和信(xin)任。同時也讓天下人(ren)都知(zhi)道齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)的賢達(da)大度。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)迎(ying)接(jie)管仲(zhong)(zhong)后，一連聊了(le)(le)三天三夜(ye)，句句投機，齋戒三日，拜了(le)(le)管仲(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)相，并稱管仲(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)“仲(zhong)(zhong)父”。

助齊稱霸

齊桓公(gong)二年（前684年），桓公(gong)又對(dui)管仲(zhong)說(shuo)：“我想加強軍(jun)備。”管仲(zhong)又說(shuo)：“不(bu)行。”桓公(gong)不(bu)聽(ting)，果(guo)然(ran)修治軍(jun)備。一(yi)次，宋夫(fu)人惹(re)怒了齊桓公(gong)，桓公(gong)怒對(dui)管仲(zhong)說(shuo)：“我想伐(fa)宋。”管仲(zhong)說(shuo)：“不(bu)可以，我認為內(nei)政不(bu)修，對(dui)外用(yong)兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)會成功。”桓公(gong)不(bu)聽(ting)，果(guo)然(ran)起兵(bing)(bing)伐(fa)宋。各諸(zhu)侯興兵(bing)(bing)救宋，把齊軍(jun)打(da)得大敗(bai)。

齊(qi)桓(huan)公三年（前(qian)683年），管仲(zhong)建(jian)議(yi)出兵問罪不遵禮法的譚國。譚國本來很小，力量十分(fen)微(wei)弱，結(jie)果(guo)很快(kuai)就被(bei)齊(qi)國消(xiao)滅。齊(qi)國沒費力氣消(xiao)滅了譚國，擴大了國土。

齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公五年（前(qian)681年），在管仲的建議(yi)下，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與宋、陳、蔡、鄭(zheng)等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在齊(qi)的北(bei)杏（今山東(dong)聊城東(dong)）會盟(meng)，商討安定(ding)宋國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之計。遂(sui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)（今山東(dong)肥(fei)城南）也被邀請，但沒有參(can)加(jia)。管仲為了提高齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的威望(wang)，就出兵(bing)把遂(sui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)消滅。魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本(ben)來(lai)比較強(qiang)大(da)，但因接連被齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)打敗，又(you)看到諸(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都服(fu)從齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，不(bu)服(fu)從齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的遂(sui)、譚兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)又(you)被消滅，所(suo)以也屈服(fu)了齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。不(bu)久，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和好(hao)，在柯（今山東(dong)東(dong)阿西南）會盟(meng)。就在這次(ci)會盟(meng)中(zhong)，發生了著名的曹沫劫(jie)盟(meng)事件。曹沫迫使齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歸(gui)還(huan)之前(qian)魯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所(suo)有失地(di)，齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公事后(hou)想(xiang)反悔，但是(shi)管仲用大(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)該(gai)失信讓齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公歸(gui)還(huan)了失地(di)。

齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)六年(nian)（前680年(nian)），魯、宋、陳(chen)、蔡、衛都先后屈服齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，譚、遂兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)早已消滅，只有鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)還在內亂。管(guan)(guan)仲因此(ci)(ci)建議(yi)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)出面(mian)調解鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內亂，以此(ci)(ci)來提高齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的地位(wei)，加(jia)速實(shi)現做霸(ba)主的目的。鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)自厲公(gong)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)殺了子儀(yi)，又殺了恩(en)人傅瑕，逼死大夫原繁，登位(wei)稱君(jun)后，為鞏固君(jun)位(wei)，就要聯合齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。管(guan)(guan)仲抓(zhua)住這一時機，建議(yi)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)聯合宋、衛、鄭(zheng)三國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，又邀請(qing)周王室參加(jia)，于鄄（今(jin)山東鄄城）會(hui)盟。

齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)七(qi)年（前(qian)679年），管仲又讓齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)以(yi)自己名義召集宋、陳、衛、鄭又在鄄會盟。

北戰山戎

齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)二十四年（前662年），山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)攻打(da)燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)，燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)向齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)求救(jiu)，齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)認為(wei)南面(mian)楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)禍(huo)害更大，不愿(yuan)出兵。但管仲認為(wei)，當時為(wei)患一(yi)方的，南有楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)，北有山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)，西有狄，都(dou)是(shi)中原諸國(guo)(guo)的禍(huo)患。國(guo)(guo)君要(yao)想征伐楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)，必須先進(jin)攻山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)，北方安定(ding)，才能(neng)專心去征伐南方。如今燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)被犯，又求救(jiu)于我國(guo)(guo)，舉兵率先伐夷，必能(neng)得到(dao)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)的擁戴。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)深以為(wei)然，遂舉兵救(jiu)燕(yan)(yan)。管仲隨軍討伐山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)(rong)救(jiu)援燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)，一(yi)直(zhi)打(da)到(dao)孤(gu)竹才回師。

齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二十六年(nian)（前660年(nian)），當時西(xi)北方(fang)的(de)(de)狄(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)也起兵(bing)(bing)進攻中原，先攻邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)（今(jin)河北邢(xing)臺(tai)）。作(zuo)為(wei)霸主的(de)(de)齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)，當然不(bu)能置之(zhi)不(bu)理(li)。管仲(zhong)也很關心(xin)這個問題，他向(xiang)齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)說：“戎(rong)(rong)狄(di)(di)性情十分殘暴(bao)，貪得無(wu)(wu)厭。諸夏各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)都是親戚，彼此關心(xin)，一國(guo)(guo)(guo)有難，大家(jia)都應相(xiang)助，不(bu)能袖手不(bu)理(li)。滿足現狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)安樂(le)是很危險(xian)的(de)(de)，出兵(bing)(bing)救(jiu)邢(xing)才是上策。”齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)很欣(xin)賞管仲(zhong)的(de)(de)想法(fa)，就(jiu)派(pai)兵(bing)(bing)救(jiu)邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)很快得救(jiu)。不(bu)久狄(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)又出兵(bing)(bing)攻衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，衛(wei)(wei)(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)被殺(sha)，衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)滅亡。狄(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)又追趕(gan)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓到(dao)黃(huang)河沿(yan)岸。 宋國(guo)(guo)(guo)出兵(bing)(bing)救(jiu)出衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓七(qi)百(bai)三十人(ren)(ren)。加上共、滕(teng)兩邑的(de)(de)居(ju)民(min)一共五千(qian)人(ren)(ren)。就(jiu)在曹(cao)(cao)邑（今(jin)河南(nan)滑縣）立衛(wei)(wei)(wei)戴公(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君。剛(gang)剛(gang)恢(hui)(hui)復的(de)(de)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，處境十分困(kun)難。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、管仲(zhong)派(pai)了公(gong)(gong)(gong)子無(wu)(wu)虧帶著五百(bai)乘(cheng)車(che)馬和三千(qian)名甲(jia)士來武裝衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，戎(rong)(rong)守(shou)曹(cao)(cao)邑。又給(gei)(gei)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)君帶來乘(cheng)馬祭服，還給(gei)(gei)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)君夫人(ren)(ren)帶來乘(cheng)車(che)和錦帛。此外還有牛羊豬狗雞(ji)等三百(bai)余(yu)只。又幫助修建宮殿。 邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)還未恢(hui)(hui)復，狄(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)又來第二次洗劫。

齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公二十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)（前659年(nian)），狄人攻邢(xing)(xing)(xing)，形勢十(shi)分(fen)嚴重。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公和管仲立即聯合宋(song)、曹救邢(xing)(xing)(xing)。當齊(qi)(qi)、宋(song)、曹軍隊到(dao)(dao)達時(shi)，邢(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)百姓(xing)如見親人，紛紛投奔，狄人被打退。邢(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)又(you)被狄人洗(xi)劫一空。于是(shi)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公和管仲同宋(song)、曹兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，幫(bang)助邢(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)把都(dou)城遷到(dao)(dao)夷儀(yi)（今聊城西南），這里靠近齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，較為安全(quan)。使(shi)破亂(luan)的(de)邢(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)得(de)到(dao)(dao)安定。 邢(xing)(xing)(xing)、衛(wei)兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)遭狄人洗(xi)劫，在齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公、管仲的(de)主持下，得(de)以復國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。當時(shi)人們都(dou)贊賞(shang)地說：邢(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人遷進新都(dou)城，好像回到(dao)(dao)了(le)老(lao)家；恢復后的(de)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，人們心情高興，也(ye)忘記(ji)了(le)亡國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)悲(bei)痛。

齊楚結盟

齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)二十九(jiu)年(nian)（前657年(nian)），楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)又(you)出兵鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)與管仲約諸侯共(gong)同救鄭(zheng)抗楚(chu)(chu)。由于(yu)楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)不斷攻鄭(zheng)，齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)和管仲約魯、宋、陳、衛、鄭(zheng)、許、曹(cao)等(deng)八國(guo)(guo)組成聯軍南下，首先一舉消(xiao)滅蔡(cai)國(guo)(guo)，直指楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)。楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)在大軍壓(ya)境的形勢(shi)下，派使臣屈完出來談判。

屈完見(jian)到(dao)齊桓公就(jiu)問：“你們住在(zai)北海，我們住在(zai)南海，相隔千里(li)，任何事(shi)情都不(bu)相干涉(she)。這(zhe)(zhe)次你們到(dao)我們這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)來，不(bu)知是(shi)為了(le)什(shen)么？”

管(guan)仲在(zai)齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)身旁，聽了之后就(jiu)替齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)答道(dao)：“從前召康公(gong)(gong)奉(feng)了周王(wang)(wang)的(de)命令，曾(ceng)對我們(men)的(de)祖先太公(gong)(gong)說過，五等侯(hou)九級(ji)伯，如(ru)不守(shou)法你(ni)們(men)都可以去(qu)征(zheng)討。東(dong)到海，西(xi)到河，南到穆陵，北到無隸，都在(zai)你(ni)們(men)征(zheng)討范圍(wei)內。你(ni)們(men)不向(xiang)周王(wang)(wang)進貢用于祭祀(si)的(de)濾酒的(de)包茅(mao)，公(gong)(gong)然違(wei)反王(wang)(wang)禮。還有(you)昭王(wang)(wang)南征(zheng)，至今未回，這(zhe)事也不是與你(ni)們(men)無關。我們(men)興(xing)師來到這(zhe)里，正是為了問罪你(ni)們(men)。”

屈完回(hui)答(da)說(shuo)：“多年沒有進貢(gong)包茅，確實是我(wo)們的過(guo)錯(cuo)。至于昭王(wang)南(nan)征(zheng)未回(hui)是發(fa)生在(zai)漢水，你們只好(hao)去漢水邊打(da)聽好(hao)了。”

齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)見楚(chu)(chu)使屈(qu)完的態度(du)不(bu)軟(ruan)不(bu)硬，就命令大軍(jun)(jun)在陘（今(jin)河南郾城南）駐扎下來。南北兩軍(jun)(jun)相峙(zhi)，從春季(ji)到(dao)夏季(ji)，已(yi)經半年。楚(chu)(chu)國又派屈(qu)完和齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)、管(guan)仲(zhong)談(tan)判(pan)。齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)、管(guan)仲(zhong)早(zao)就無意打仗，只是(shi)想通過(guo)這次軍(jun)(jun)事行(xing)動來顯示霸(ba)主的威風，嚇唬楚(chu)(chu)國罷了。所以(yi)他們很快就同意與屈(qu)完談(tan)判(pan)，并達(da)成協議，將軍(jun)(jun)隊撤到(dao)召陵(ling)（今(jin)河南偃(yan)縣(xian)）。

齊桓公為了炫耀兵力，就請(qing)屈完來到軍中與他同(tong)車觀看軍隊(dui)。齊桓公指(zhi)著軍隊(dui)對屈完說(shuo)：“指(zhi)揮這樣的(de)(de)軍隊(dui)去打(da)仗，什么(me)樣的(de)(de)敵人能抵(di)抗得了？指(zhi)揮這樣的(de)(de)軍隊(dui)去夾(jia)攻城寨，有什么(me)樣的(de)(de)城寨攻克不下呢？”

屈完很沉靜地回答(da)；“國(guo)君，你(ni)若用德(de)義來安撫天(tian)下諸侯，誰敢不服從呢？如(ru)果只憑武力(li)(li)，那么(me)我們楚(chu)國(guo)可以把方(fang)城(cheng)山當城(cheng)，把漢(han)水當池(chi)，城(cheng)這么(me)高，池(chi)這么(me)深，你(ni)的(de)兵再多，恐(kong)怕也無(wu)濟于(yu)事(shi)。”回答(da)得委婉有力(li)(li)。

為形勢(shi)所迫，齊桓公同意與楚國結盟(meng)。這樣南北軍事對(dui)峙(zhi)就(jiu)體面的(de)結束了。

葵丘之盟

齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)三(san)十五年(nian)（前(qian)651年(nian)），周(zhou)(zhou)惠(hui)王(wang)去世。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)會同各(ge)諸(zhu)侯(hou)國擁立太子(zi)鄭(zheng)為天(tian)子(zi)，這就(jiu)(jiu)是周(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)。周(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)即位后(hou)，命(ming)宰孔賜齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)文武胙(zuo)、彤弓矢、大(da)路，以表彰其功(gong)。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)召集(ji)各(ge)路諸(zhu)侯(hou)大(da)會于葵(kui)丘（今河(he)南蘭(lan)考、民權縣境(jing)），舉(ju)行受(shou)賜典禮(li)。受(shou)賜典禮(li)上，宰孔請(qing)周(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)之命(ming)，因齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)年(nian)老(lao)德高，不(bu)必下拜(bai)受(shou)賜。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)想聽(ting)從王(wang)命(ming)，管(guan)仲從旁進言(yan)道：“周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)雖(sui)然謙讓，臣(chen)子(zi)卻(que)不(bu)可不(bu)敬。”齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)于是答道：“天(tian)威不(bu)違(wei)顏咫(zhi)尺，小(xiao)白敢貪王(wang)命(ming)，而廢臣(chen)職(zhi)嗎？”說(shuo)罷，只見(jian)齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)疾走下階，再(zai)拜(bai)稽(ji)首，然后(hou)登堂受(shou)胙(zuo)。眾諸(zhu)侯(hou)見(jian)此，皆嘆服齊(qi)君之有(you)(you)禮(li)。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)又重(zhong)申盟好，訂立了新盟。這就(jiu)(jiu)是歷史上有(you)(you)名的“葵(kui)丘之盟”。

齊桓公三十(shi)九年(nian)（前647年(nian)），周(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)王的(de)弟弟叔帶(dai)勾結戎人進攻京城(cheng)，王室(shi)內亂(luan)，十(shi)分危機(ji)。齊桓公派管(guan)仲幫助襄(xiang)(xiang)王平息內亂(luan)。管(guan)仲完成得(de)很好，獲得(de)周(zhou)王贊賞(shang)。周(zhou)襄(xiang)(xiang)王為(wei)了表示(shi)尊重霸主的(de)臣下(xia)，準備用(yong)上卿(qing)禮儀設宴為(wei)管(guan)仲慶(qing)功，但管(guan)仲沒有接受。最(zui)后他接受了下(xia)卿(qing)禮儀的(de)待遇。

晚年薦才

齊(qi)桓公四十一年（前645年），管(guan)仲(zhong)臨(lin)死前齊(qi)桓公問(wen)誰可(ke)以替代(dai)相位，管(guan)仲(zhong)推薦了公孫隰朋，并要求(qiu)齊(qi)桓公遠離開方、豎刁、易牙三(san)人，管(guan)仲(zhong)死后(hou)，繼任(ren)的公孫隰朋、鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙兩位相國繼續(xu)沿用管(guan)仲(zhong)所留下的政治(zhi)制(zhi)度。管(guan)仲(zhong)的后(hou)代(dai)被(bei)任(ren)命(ming)為(wei)大夫，世(shi)世(shi)代(dai)代(dai)享(xiang)受福蔭。

主要作品

《管子》一(yi)(yi)(yi)書(shu)原為86篇，至唐又亡(wang)佚10篇，今本存76篇，托名(ming)春(chun)秋管仲(zhong)(zhong)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。其(qi)實《管子》同先(xian)秦許多典(dian)籍(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣，既(ji)非一(yi)(yi)(yi)人之著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，亦非一(yi)(yi)(yi)時之書(shu)。是一(yi)(yi)(yi)部稷下(xia)黃(huang)老道(dao)家(jia)(jia)學派的(de)(de)文(wen)集匯編。西(xi)漢(han)國家(jia)(jia)藏書(shu)目錄《漢(han)書(shu)·藝(yi)文(wen)志》，在(zai)“道(dao)家(jia)(jia)”類中(zhong)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)錄有(you)管仲(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)《管子》85篇，班固注曰：“名(ming)夷吾，相齊桓公，九合諸侯(hou)，不(bu)以(yi)兵車也。有(you)《列(lie)傳(chuan)》。”今存76篇，內容極豐，包含道(dao)、儒、名(ming)、法(fa)、兵、陰陽等(deng)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)思想以(yi)及(ji)天文(wen)、輿地、經(jing)濟和(he)農業等(deng)方面的(de)(de)知(zhi)識，其(qi)中(zhong)《輕(qing)重》等(deng)篇，是古代(dai)典(dian)籍(ji)中(zhong)不(bu)多見(jian)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟文(wen)作(zuo)，對生產、分配、交易、消費(fei)、財政、貨幣(bi)等(deng)均有(you)論述，是研究我國先(xian)秦農業和(he)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)珍貴(gui)資料(liao)。管仲(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)記(ji)，載於(wu)《史記(ji)·管晏(yan)列(lie)傳(chuan)》。其(qi)中(zhong)以(yi)黃(huang)老道(dao)家(jia)(jia)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)最多，其(qi)次法(fa)家(jia)(jia)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)16篇，其(qi)余各家(jia)(jia)雜(za)之，其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)法(fa)家(jia)(jia)思想是道(dao)家(jia)(jia)影響(xiang)下(xia)的(de)(de)法(fa)家(jia)(jia)思維(wei)。

貢獻影響

政治制度

行政改革

管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)整頓行政(zheng)(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理系統，“叁其國而伍(wu)其鄙(bi)(bi)”。所謂“叁其國”，就是將國劃分(fen)(fen)為(wei)21鄉(xiang)，士(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)(ju)15鄉(xiang)，工居(ju)(ju)(ju)3鄉(xiang)，商居(ju)(ju)(ju)3鄉(xiang)，分(fen)(fen)設(she)3官管(guan)(guan)理。所謂“伍(wu)其鄙(bi)(bi)”，就是將鄙(bi)(bi)野（國都之(zhi)外的(de)(de)廣大地區(qu)(qu)）分(fen)(fen)為(wei)5屬，設(she)立5大夫、5正官分(fen)(fen)管(guan)(guan)。屬下有縣(xian)、鄉(xiang)、卒(zu)、邑4級，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)設(she)立縣(xian)帥(shuai)、鄉(xiang)帥(shuai)、卒(zu)帥(shuai)、司(si)官管(guan)(guan)理。整頓行政(zheng)(zheng)系統的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)是“定民之(zhi)居(ju)(ju)(ju)”，使(shi)士(shi)(shi)、農、工、商各就其業，從而使(shi)部落的(de)(de)殘余影響被徹底(di)革除，行政(zheng)(zheng)區(qu)(qu)域的(de)(de)組織結(jie)構更加精(jing)細化，并且有效地維(wei)護了社(she)會穩定。

用人人事

他(ta)提出(chu)的(de)(de)用人(ren)原則(ze)是：“德義未明于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)朝者，則(ze)不可(ke)加于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)尊(zun)位；功力(li)未見(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)國者，則(ze)不可(ke)授以重祿；臨事(shi)不信于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民者，則(ze)不可(ke)使任大官(guan)。”用今天的(de)(de)話說就是在任命一切官(guan)員時，都(dou)必須(xu)根據其實(shi)際的(de)(de)政績，特別是要有取信于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民的(de)(de)真實(shi)政績,而不是虛假的(de)(de)、表(biao)面的(de)(de)政績。此外，他(ta)還總結出(chu)一套對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)各級官(guan)員實(shi)行獎懲的(de)(de)具體辦法。

國中“慈孝(xiao)”、“聰慧(hui)”、“拳勇”出眾者(zhe)，由鄉長(chang)推薦試用，稱(cheng)職(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)委任為吏，任用稱(cheng)職(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)又可(ke)以晉升(sheng)，直至升(sheng)為上(shang)卿(qing)(qing)助理。選賢(xian)任能，在一(yi)定程度上(shang)突破(po)了(le)世卿(qing)(qing)世祿制，擴大了(le)人(ren)才來源(yuan)，這一(yi)制度成為日(ri)后(hou)科舉制度的(de)(de)雛形(xing)。

政治主張

管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)注重經(jing)濟和(he)農(nong)業，反對空談主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)，開創(chuang)職業技能教育。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)改革(ge)以富(fu)國(guo)(guo)強兵，他(ta)(ta)說：“國(guo)(guo)多財則(ze)遠(yuan)者來，地(di)辟舉則(ze)民留處，倉廩實而(er)(er)知禮節，衣(yi)食足而(er)(er)知榮辱(ru)”，唯物論中“物質決定意識(shi)”的(de)觀(guan)念和(he)《管子(zi)》的(de)思想(xiang)頗為(wei)(wei)接近。齊(qi)桓公尊管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)“仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)父”，授權讓他(ta)(ta)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)持一(yi)(yi)系列政治和(he)經(jing)濟改革(ge)：在全國(guo)(guo)劃(hua)分(fen)政區(qu)，組織(zhi)軍事編制(zhi)，設官吏管理；建立(li)選(xuan)拔(ba)人(ren)(ren)才制(zhi)度，士經(jing)三審選(xuan)，可為(wei)(wei)“上卿之(zhi)贊”（助理）；按土(tu)地(di)分(fen)等征稅，禁止貴族(zu)掠奪私產；發展鹽鐵業，鑄造貨幣(bi)，調劑(ji)物價。管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)改革(ge)的(de)實質，改革(ge)土(tu)地(di)和(he)人(ren)(ren)口制(zhi)度。管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)改革(ge)成效顯著，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)由此國(guo)(guo)力(li)大振。對外(wai)，管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)早提出“華夷(yi)之(zhi)辨”與“尊王攘夷(yi)”的(de)民族(zu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)思想(xiang)。聯合北方鄰國(guo)(guo)，抵抗山戎族(zu)南侵。這一(yi)(yi)外(wai)交(jiao)戰略也獲(huo)得(de)成功。后來孔子(zi)感嘆說：“管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相桓公，霸諸(zhu)侯(hou)，一(yi)(yi)匡天(tian)下(xia)，民到于(yu)今受其(qi)賜。微管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，吾其(qi)被(bei)發左衽矣(yi)。豈若匹(pi)(pi)夫匹(pi)(pi)婦之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)諒也，自(zi)經(jing)于(yu)溝(gou)瀆，而(er)(er)莫(mo)之(zhi)知也？”又說：“桓公九合諸(zhu)侯(hou)，不以兵車，管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)力(li)也。如(ru)其(qi)仁，如(ru)其(qi)仁。”

外交主張

管仲的外交主張(zhang)，打(da)出“尊(zun)王攘(rang)夷”的旗幟，以諸侯(hou)長的身份(fen)，挾天(tian)子以伐(fa)不敬(jing)。

為了(le)(le)使(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)成為諸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)之長，管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)外交上協助齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)做了(le)(le)許多努力。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)二(er)十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)663年(nian)(nian)(nian)），山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)攻打燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，燕(yan)向齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)求救(jiu)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)救(jiu)燕(yan)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)二(er)十五年(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)661年(nian)(nian)(nian)），山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)攻打刑國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)提出“戎(rong)狄(di)豺狼，不(bu)可厭也；諸(zhu)(zhu)夏親昵，不(bu)可棄也。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)再次發兵攻打山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)以救(jiu)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。打退了(le)(le)毀邢都城的(de)(de)(de)(de)狄(di)兵，并在(zai)夷儀為邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建立(li)了(le)(le)新都。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，狄(di)人(ren)大(da)舉(ju)攻衛，衛懿公(gong)(gong)被殺。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率(lv)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)替衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)楚丘(qiu)另建新都。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)三十年(nian)(nian)(nian)（前(qian)(qian)656年(nian)(nian)(nian)），管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)讓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)質(zhi)問(wen)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)為何不(bu)按時(shi)(shi)(shi)向周(zhou)(zhou)天子進(jin)貢祭祀所用的(de)(de)(de)(de)茅草而導致祭祀大(da)典無(wu)法(fa)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)行，使(shi)得(de)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)承認自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)錯誤。前(qian)(qian)655年(nian)(nian)(nian)，周(zhou)(zhou)惠王(wang)有另立(li)太(tai)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)意向。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)獻計讓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)會集諸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君于首止(zhi)，與周(zhou)(zhou)天子盟(meng)(meng)(meng)，以確(que)定(ding)太(tai)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)統地位。前(qian)(qian)654年(nian)(nian)(nian)，管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)因鄭文(wen)公(gong)(gong)首止(zhi)逃會，率(lv)聯軍討伐(fa)鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。數年(nian)(nian)(nian)后，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)率(lv)多國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君與周(zhou)(zhou)襄王(wang)派來的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)夫會盟(meng)(meng)(meng)，并確(que)立(li)了(le)(le)周(zhou)(zhou)襄王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)位。前(qian)(qian)651年(nian)(nian)(nian)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)召(zhao)集魯、宋、曹等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君及周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)宰孔會于葵(kui)(kui)丘(qiu)。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)宰代表(biao)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)正(zheng)(zheng)式封齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)為諸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)長。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)秋，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)以霸主(zhu)身份主(zhu)持了(le)(le)葵(kui)(kui)丘(qiu)之盟(meng)(meng)(meng)。此后遇到侵犯周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)室權威的(de)(de)(de)(de)事，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)都會過問(wen)和制(zhi)止(zhi)，此次盟(meng)(meng)(meng)會齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)確(que)立(li)了(le)(le)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)霸主(zhu)地位。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外交戰略獲得(de)了(le)(le)很大(da)成功，使(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)霸業更加合法(fa)合理(li)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)也保(bao)護(hu)了(le)(le)中(zhong)原經濟(ji)和文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。為華(hua)夏文(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)存續做出了(le)(le)巨大(da)貢獻。

軍事制度

其(qi)原則(ze)是“作內政(zheng)而寄軍(jun)令”，其(qi)措(cuo)施是“參(can)其(qi)國(guo)而伍其(qi)鄙”，其(qi)內容為(wei)：將全國(guo)分為(wei)二十一(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，工商(shang)之鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)六(liu)，士鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)十五(wu)。工商(shang)之鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不從(cong)事(shi)作戰，實際從(cong)事(shi)作戰的是士鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)十五(wu)。五(wu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)一(yi)帥(shuai)，有一(yi)萬(wan)一(yi)千人。由(you)齊君率為(wei)中軍(jun)，兩個上卿各(ge)率五(wu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)左右軍(jun)，是為(wei)三軍(jun)，就是“參(can)其(qi)國(guo)”。一(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有十連(lian)，一(yi)連(lian)有四(si)里，一(yi)里有十軌，一(yi)軌有五(wu)家，五(wu)家為(wei)一(yi)軌，這就是“伍其(qi)鄙”。軌中的五(wu)家，因(yin)世代(dai)相居處在(zai)一(yi)起，因(yin)為(wei)利害禍福相同(tong)，所以，“守則(ze)同(tong)固，戰則(ze)同(tong)強(qiang)”。

這是一種社會(hui)與(yu)軍事相結合的(de)戰(zhan)斗體(ti)制，亦為后來大(da)規模的(de)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)作了準備。

人物評價

孔子：“微管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)，吾其(qi)被發左衽矣。”（《論語·憲問篇(pian)》）意(yi)思是(shi)：管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)輔助齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)做(zuo)諸侯(hou)霸主(zhu)，尊(zun)王攘夷(yi)，一匡天(tian)下。要(yao)是(shi)沒有管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)，我們都(dou)會(hui)披散(san)頭發，左開衣襟，成為野蠻人了。又說：“桓(huan)公(gong)九合諸侯(hou)，不(bu)以兵(bing)車，管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)之力也，如(ru)其(qi)仁，如(ru)其(qi)仁！”

《淮南(nan)子(zi)·泰族訓》：“文王舉(ju)太公望、召(zhao)公奭而(er)(er)王，桓公任(ren)管仲、隰朋而(er)(er)霸，此舉(ju)賢(xian)以立功也(ye)(ye)，夫差用太宰(zai)嚭而(er)(er)滅，秦任(ren)李斯、趙高而(er)(er)亡，此舉(ju)所(suo)與同。故觀其(qi)所(suo)舉(ju)，而(er)(er)治亂(luan)可(ke)見(jian)也(ye)(ye)；察其(qi)黨與，而(er)(er)賢(xian)不(bu)肖(xiao)可(ke)論也(ye)(ye)。”

司(si)馬遷：①”管(guan)仲，世(shi)所謂(wei)賢臣，然孔子(zi)小之。豈以(yi)為周道(dao)衰(shuai)微，恒公(gong)既賢，而(er)不(bu)勉之至王，乃稱霸哉(zai)？語曰：將順其美，匡救(jiu)其惡，故上下能(neng)相(xiang)親也。豈管(guan)仲之謂(wei)乎(hu)？“②“晏子(zi)儉矣，夷吾則奢；齊桓以(yi)霸，景公(gong)以(yi)治。”

蜀漢名相諸葛(ge)亮(liang)經常(chang)把自己比作管仲，樂毅。歷(li)史上管仲相齊，使齊國(guo)成為(wei)春秋五霸之首；諸葛(ge)亮(liang)相蜀，使劉備與曹(cao)操，孫權三分天下(xia)。二人皆嘔心瀝血，鞠躬盡瘁，而且居功至偉。

房(fang)玄齡：“至(zhi)若(ruo)夷吾體仁，能(neng)相小國，孔明踐義，善翊新邦，撫(fu)事論情，抑斯之類(lei)也。”

李靖(jing)：“若(ruo)樂毅(yi)，管仲(zhong)，諸葛亮，戰必勝，守必固(gu)，此非(fei)查天時地(di)利(li)，安能邇(er)忽？”

劉勰：“古之(zhi)(zhi)將相，疵咎實(shi)多。至如管仲孝竊，吳起之(zhi)(zhi)貪淫，陳平之(zhi)(zhi)污點，絳灌之(zhi)(zhi)讒(chan)嫉，沿茲(zi)以下(xia)，不(bu)可(ke)勝數。孔光負衡據鼎，而仄媚董(dong)賢，況(kuang)班馬之(zhi)(zhi)賤職(zhi)，潘岳之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)位哉(zai)？王戎開國上秩，而鬻官囂俗；況(kuang)馬杜之(zhi)(zhi)磬懸，丁路之(zhi)(zhi)貧薄(bo)哉(zai)？然子夏無虧(kui)于名(ming)儒(ru)，浚沖不(bu)塵乎竹(zhu)林者，名(ming)崇而譏減(jian)也。若夫屈賈之(zhi)(zhi)忠貞，鄒枚之(zhi)(zhi)機覺，黃香之(zhi)(zhi)淳孝，徐干之(zhi)(zhi)沉(chen)默，豈曰(yue)文(wen)士，必其玷(dian)歟(yu)？”

司馬貞：“夷吾成霸，平仲稱賢。粟(su)乃實廩，豆不掩肩。轉禍為(wei)福(fu)，危言獲全。孔賴左衽(ren)，史忻執鞭。成禮而去，人望存(cun)焉。”