倒馬(ma)(ma)關(guan),因山(shan)路險峻(jun),戰(zhan)馬(ma)(ma)到此經常(chang)要(yao)摔倒而得(de)名。
原關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)全長約(yue)(yue)(yue)2.5公(gong)里,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池占地(di)約(yue)(yue)(yue)7萬(wan)平方米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻底寬(kuan)6米(mi)(mi),頂寬(kuan)4米(mi)(mi),高約(yue)(yue)(yue)10米(mi)(mi)。關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為條石和(he)自然石加青磚筑(zhu)成(cheng),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)二(er)門(men)(men)上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou),外以(yi)溝壕環繞,南面依山(shan),北(bei)臨唐河,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣上(shang)(shang)列(lie)敵樓(lou)(lou)臺7座。關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有(you)(you)東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)、北(bei)三個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men),東(dong)門(men)(men)稱(cheng)“居仁”,西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)稱(cheng)“由羲”,北(bei)門(men)(men)稱(cheng)“宣威”。東(dong)西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)外各(ge)設(she)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),東(dong)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)有(you)(you)南北(bei)二(er)門(men)(men)。西(xi)(xi)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)僅(jin)設(she)南門(men)(men)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座,出南門(men)(men)往西(xi)(xi)約(yue)(yue)(yue)百米(mi)(mi)處唐河岸邊(bian)設(she)水關(guan)戰臺樓(lou)(lou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座,樓(lou)(lou)下(xia)設(she)有(you)(you)關(guan)門(men)(men),是由下(xia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)通往上(shang)(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)惟一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)通道。北(bei)門(men)(men)外原設(she)戰臺樓(lou)(lou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座,民國二(er)十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)被洪水沖毀。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內正街寬(kuan)12米(mi)(mi),十(shi)(shi)字(zi)街正中原來建有(you)(you)兩層的(de)閱兵樓(lou)(lou),樓(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)設(she)有(you)(you)十(shi)(shi)字(zi)通道,樓(lou)(lou)北(bei)為官署所在地(di),有(you)(you)大堂、二(er)堂、三堂。
乘坐661路至“倒馬關”站(zhan)下
倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)(guan)置關(guan)(guan)較早,《戰國策》稱其為(wei)鴻上(shang)關(guan)(guan),漢稱常山(shan)關(guan)(guan)。但目前(qian)可(ke)見到的(de)關(guan)(guan)于(yu)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)記載(zai),都是明(ming)朝的(de)。倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)(guan)分上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)下城(cheng)(cheng),上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)是明(ming)洪武初年修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)的(de),后(hou)改名上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)口;下城(cheng)(cheng)即(ji)今倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)。現倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)(guan)鄉政府院內(nei),保存著一(yi)(yi)塊已從(cong)中折斷的(de)漢白玉石碑,為(wei)《倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)(guan)建(jian)(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)碑》。碑文記載(zai)了1465年修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)(guan)的(de)情況。由此可(ke)知(zhi),倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)始建(jian)(jian)于(yu)1452年,后(hou)又于(yu)1465年又進行了一(yi)(yi)次(ci)大規模的(de)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)。倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng),周長(chang)約(yue)2.5公里(li),城(cheng)(cheng)墻底寬(kuan)6米(mi),頂寬(kuan)4米(mi),高約(yue)10米(mi),墻為(wei)黃土(tu)夯筑外(wai)砌磚石。關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)東、西、北設有3個城(cheng)(cheng)門。關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)筑設計獨特,它依(yi)峭壁,傍深澗,一(yi)(yi)半在溝谷(gu),一(yi)(yi)半在山(shan)上(shang),整座關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)依(yi)地勢而(er)建(jian)(jian),唐河水由西、北、東三面環繞(rao)關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)而(er)流。山(shan)、水、關(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)在這里(li)相(xiang)得益彰,互為(wei)險阻。古人謀略(lve)之(zhi)深,設防(fang)之(zhi)嚴,建(jian)(jian)筑之(zhi)奇(qi),令(ling)人嘆為(wei)觀止。
據(ju)《畿輔通志》記(ji)載,倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)在河北唐縣西北60公里,山路(lu)險峻,馬為之倒(dao)(dao),故(gu)而得(de)名。倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)位于太行山東(dong)(dong)麓,北臨內(nei)長城,背靠唐河。東(dong)(dong)南為險要的十(shi)八(ba)盤嶺。自(zi)古以來,倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)就為戰略要沖。據(ju)《后漢書(shu)》記(ji)載,建(jian)武十(shi)五(公元39年(nian))年(nian),因匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)常犯東(dong)(dong)漢北部邊境,東(dong)(dong)漢政府(fu)遷徙雁門、代郡、上(shang)谷三郡居(ju)民于常山關(guan)(倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan))、居(ju)庸(yong)關(guan)以東(dong)(dong)地(di)方居(ju)住,防止匈(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)的侵(qin)擾,由(you)此(ci)可見(jian)倒(dao)(dao)馬關(guan)的屏障作用。
倒(dao)馬關處于(yu)一條(tiao)古老的(de)通(tong)道(dao)上,這條(tiao)道(dao)稱為“靈(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)道(dao)”。《魏書·高祖紀》載,太和六年(公元482年)曾(ceng)調集州郡5萬人修治靈(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)道(dao)。靈(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)道(dao)北(bei)起平城(cheng)(山(shan)西大同市東北(bei)),南(nan)(nan)越(yue)恒山(shan),自靈(ling)丘(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)以下,略循(xun)今(jin)唐河(he)谷道(dao)出太行(xing)山(shan),南(nan)(nan)抵中山(shan)(今(jin)河(he)北(bei)定縣),是當(dang)時(shi)山(shan)西高原北(bei)部通(tong)向華北(bei)平原的(de)交通(tong)要(yao)道(dao),倒(dao)馬關就是這條(tiao)道(dao)路上的(de)重要(yao)關隘。
明朝(chao)馬(ma)(ma)中錫(xi)《倒馬(ma)(ma)關詩并序(xu)》中說(shuo):“關有兩(liang)山(shan)對峙(zhi),其路(lu)極險,相傳楊(yang)(yang)六郎(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)到此馬(ma)(ma)踣,故名。”后人為(wei)紀念(nian)楊(yang)(yang)延(yan)(yan)昭(六郎(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang))鎮(zhen)守(shou)(shou)三關的(de)功績,于明正德十五年(nian)(公元(yuan)1520年(nian)),在(zai)(zai)倒馬(ma)(ma)關城西3公里的(de)馬(ma)(ma)圈山(shan)上修建了“六郎(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)碑”。碑通體高1.8米,寬60厘米,為(wei)漢白玉雕鑿(zao)而成,碑額(e)抹角及兩(liang)邊雕云紋花(hua)邊圖案。碑文(wen)為(wei):“宋將楊(yang)(yang)六郎(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)拒(ju)守(shou)(shou)之處。”楊(yang)(yang)延(yan)(yan)昭是并州(zhou)(今山(shan)西太原(yuan))人,宋真宗時(shi)為(wei)保州(zhou)(今河(he)北保定)緣邊都巡檢使,后因與遼兵作戰有功升為(wei)保州(zhou)防(fang)御使。楊(yang)(yang)延(yan)(yan)昭在(zai)(zai)邊防(fang)鎮(zhen)守(shou)(shou)20余年(nian),遼兵甚為(wei)畏懼,千百年(nian)來,許多文(wen)人學士到倒馬(ma)(ma)關憑吊六郎(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)碑,稱頌(song)吟懷(huai)楊(yang)(yang)六郎(lang)(lang)(lang)(lang)威鎮(zhen)邊關的(de)不朽業績。