寧武(wu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)是三(san)關(guan)(guan)(guan)鎮守總(zong)兵駐所所在(zai)地。關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)始建于(yu)明景泰元(yuan)(yuan)年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1450年),在(zai)明成(cheng)化(hua)、正(zheng)(zheng)德、隆慶年間,均有修繕。關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)雄踞(ju)于(yu)恒山(shan)余脈的(de)(de)(de)(de)華蓋(gai)山(shan)之上(shang)(shang),臨恢河,俯瞰東(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、南三(san)面(mian),周(zhou)長(chang)2公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),開東(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、南三(san)門(men)。成(cheng)化(hua)二年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1466年)增(zeng)(zeng)修之后,關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)圍約(yue)(yue)2公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),基寬15米,頂寬7.5米,墻(qiang)高(gao)(gao)約(yue)(yue)10米,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、南三(san)面(mian)開門(men)。成(cheng)化(hua)十(shi)一年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1479年),由巡撫魏(wei)紳主持(chi),拓廣關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),周(zhou)長(chang)3500多米,加辟(pi)北(bei)門(men),建飛(fei)樓(lou)于(yu)其上(shang)(shang),起(qi)名為(wei)鎮朔城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),南北(bei)較狹,東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)為(wei)長(chang),關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)長(chang)七里(li)(li),呈長(chang)方形,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高(gao)(gao)大堅(jian)固,四(si)周(zhou)炮臺、敵樓(lou)星(xing)羅(luo)棋布。到弘(hong)治(zhi)十(shi)一年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1498年),關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)又被擴(kuo)展為(wei)周(zhou)圍約(yue)(yue)3.5公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)增(zeng)(zeng)高(gao)(gao)了1.5米,并加開了北(bei)門(men),不過這時的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)仍(reng)為(wei)黃土夯筑(zhu),磚城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)是萬(wan)歷(li)三(san)十(shi)四(si)年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1606年)包(bao)砌(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。萬(wan)歷(li)年間,在(zai)全部用青磚包(bao)砌(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,還修建了東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)2座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou),在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)華蓋(gai)山(shan)頂修筑(zhu)了一座巍(wei)峨(e)聳峙的(de)(de)(de)(de)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墩,墩上(shang)(shang)筑(zhu)有一座三(san)層重樓(lou),名為(wei)華蓋(gai)樓(lou)。關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不僅與內長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相連,而且在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)還修筑(zhu)了一條長(chang)達二十(shi)公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邊墻(qiang)。寧武(wu)據鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)(huang)(huang)山(shan)之北(bei),傳說由鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)(huang)(huang)所變,故有“鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”之稱,遇敵侵(qin)犯可神(shen)奇地飛(fei)走。但見城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池猶(you)如鳳(feng)(feng)身,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)華蓋(gai)山(shan)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墩酷(ku)似鳳(feng)(feng)首,東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)延伸的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)堡儼然鳳(feng)(feng)翅,南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之迎薰(xun)樓(lou),正(zheng)(zheng)如高(gao)(gao)翹的(de)(de)(de)(de)鳳(feng)(feng)尾。雄居城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼓樓(lou),堪稱鳳(feng)(feng)凰(huang)(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心臟,使(shi)人產生美妙的(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)想。萬(wan)歷(li)末(mo)年,增(zeng)(zeng)高(gao)(gao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang),加以(yi)磚包(bao),關(guan)(guan)(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)更為(wei)堅(jian)固雄壯。
當時為(wei)(wei)了抵御蒙古的進攻,在(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)方不斷(duan)設(she)險置關(guan)(guan)、修筑防(fang)線(xian)(xian),形成(cheng)了外邊(bian)(bian)與內(nei)(nei)(nei)邊(bian)(bian)。而內(nei)(nei)(nei)邊(bian)(bian)者(zhe),就是指西(xi)(xi)起山西(xi)(xi)偏關(guan)(guan)縣(xian)(xian),經神池(chi)、寧武(wu)、代(dai)縣(xian)(xian)、朔(shuo)縣(xian)(xian)、河北(bei)(bei)蔚(yu)縣(xian)(xian)等地(di),抵河北(bei)(bei)延慶縣(xian)(xian)的內(nei)(nei)(nei)線(xian)(xian)長城(cheng),蜿蜒1000多公里。在(zai)(zai)這條防(fang)線(xian)(xian)上,創關(guan)(guan)設(she)堡,駐(zhu)守軍(jun)隊(dui)。在(zai)(zai)河北(bei)(bei)境內(nei)(nei)(nei)者(zhe),沿(yan)線(xian)(xian)設(she)紫荊(jing)、倒馬、居庸三(san)關(guan)(guan),稱為(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)(nei)三(san)關(guan)(guan)。在(zai)(zai)山西(xi)(xi)境內(nei)(nei)(nei),設(she)偏頭、寧武(wu)、雁(yan)(yan)門(men)三(san)關(guan)(guan),稱為(wei)(wei)外三(san)關(guan)(guan)。外三(san)關(guan)(guan)之中(zhong),偏頭為(wei)(wei)極邊(bian)(bian),雁(yan)(yan)門(men)為(wei)(wei)沖要(yao),而寧武(wu)介二關(guan)(guan)之中(zhong),控扼內(nei)(nei)(nei)邊(bian)(bian)之首(shou),形勢尤為(wei)(wei)重要(yao)。故《邊(bian)(bian)防(fang)考》上說:“以重兵駐(zhu)此,東(dong)可以衛雁(yan)(yan)門(men),西(xi)(xi)可以援偏關(guan)(guan),北(bei)(bei)可以應云朔(shuo),蓋地(di)利得勢。”
寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)是(shi)三關(guan)中(zhong)歷代戰爭(zheng)最(zui)為(wei)(wei)頻繁的(de)關(guan)口(kou)。當時(shi)北方游牧民(min)(min)族南下(xia),必經(jing)三關(guan)。偏關(guan)由于有黃河(he)(he)作為(wei)(wei)天險,只(zhi)有冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)匈奴的(de)騎(qi)兵才可(ke)以(yi)踏(ta)冰而過,而雁門以(yi)山(shan)為(wei)(wei)天險,騎(qi)兵難(nan)以(yi)突(tu)破。寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)所靠的(de)恢(hui)河(he)(he)是(shi)季(ji)(ji)節(jie)性河(he)(he)流,在恢(hui)河(he)(he)斷流的(de)季(ji)(ji)節(jie),匈奴騎(qi)兵就沿河(he)(he)谷揮師(shi)南進(jin),直(zhi)抵關(guan)下(xia),當時(shi)恢(hui)河(he)(he)河(he)(he)谷可(ke)容“十(shi)騎(qi)并進(jin)”,所以(yi)大多數時(shi)候,寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)成為(wei)(wei)游牧民(min)(min)族和(he)農耕民(min)(min)族交戰的(de)主(zhu)要戰場。歷史上因鮮卑(bei)、突(tu)厥、契丹、蒙古等游牧民(min)(min)族南下(xia)掠擄,經(jing)常(chang)選擇寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)為(wei)(wei)突(tu)破口(kou),所以(yi)在很(hen)多歷史時(shi)期(qi),這里的(de)戰爭(zheng)幾乎連年(nian)不斷。在寧(ning)武(wu)關(guan)千(qian)百年(nian)來(lai)的(de)戰爭(zheng)紀錄(lu)中(zhong),最(zui)后一場大仗發生(sheng)在明末(mo)崇禎年(nian)間。
當(dang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)同蒲鐵路線上(shang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)上(shang)的(de)(de)列車像一條巨龍一樣(yang),由(you)煤(mei)鄉軒崗西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)崇山(shan)峻嶺中穿越而過(guo)之后,眼前,一座現代化的(de)(de)小城便(bian)出(chu)現在鐵路線西(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)河(he)谷(gu)中,這(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)是古代的(de)(de)晉北(bei)(bei)(bei)重鎮——寧(ning)武關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)所在地(di)。寧(ning)武關(guan)(guan)故(gu)址就(jiu)(jiu)是今山(shan)西(xi)(xi)省寧(ning)武縣城,當(dang)呂(lv)梁山(shan)脈北(bei)(bei)(bei)支(zhi)蘆芽(ya)山(shan)和云中山(shan)交(jiao)會(hui)的(de)(de)谷(gu)口。谷(gu)口寬廣,敞向(xiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)面(mian)的(de)(de)朔縣盆地(di)。三面(mian)環山(shan),北(bei)(bei)(bei)倚內(nei)(nei)長城,深(shen)居(ju)于四(si)面(mian)屏蔽的(de)(de)腹地(di),形(xing)勢(shi)穩固,易守難攻。這(zhe)里處于大(da)(da)(da)同、朔縣聯合(he)盆地(di)的(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)緣,地(di)形(xing)高亢。山(shan)西(xi)(xi)省內(nei)(nei)兩條大(da)(da)(da)河(he)桑干河(he)和汾河(he)即(ji)源于此(ci)(ci),分(fen)流南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)。東西(xi)(xi)兩面(mian)又有滹(hu)沱河(he)、黃(huang)河(he)的(de)(de)支(zhi)流由(you)此(ci)(ci)流出(chu)。因(yin)此(ci)(ci),這(zhe)里雖是山(shan)區(qu),卻具(ju)路通四(si)方之利,交(jiao)通方便(bian)。由(you)此(ci)(ci)北(bei)(bei)(bei)上(shang)可到大(da)(da)(da)同,南(nan)(nan)下可達太原(yuan)。
寧武關,在(zai)今寧武縣城區。始建于(yu)明代(dai)中(zhong)期,為萬里長(chang)城上的(de)重(zhong)要關隘,地勢險要,因(yin)其地處“三關”中(zhong)路,素有“北屏大(da)同,南扼太原,西應偏關,東(dong)援(yuan)雁門”的(de)戰略作用。
明(ming)代在(zai)中國(guo)(guo)歷史(shi)上(shang)是一個(ge)很難用一句(ju)話概括的朝代。從(cong)推翻元(yuan)朝開(kai)(kai)始,明(ming)朝就(jiu)不斷(duan)與(yu)北(bei)方少數民族征戰(zhan)。先(xian)是蒙(meng)古(gu),最后(hou)亡于(yu)清。朱(zhu)元(yuan)璋建國(guo)(guo)之初(chu),深知(zhi)國(guo)(guo)力(li)衰弱(ruo),而(er)(er)又沒能將“大(da)元(yuan)”殘余勢(shi)力(li)掃(sao)清。于(yu)是派遣朱(zhu)棣駐北(bei),從(cong)戰(zhan)略上(shang)來(lai)說就(jiu)是遏制蒙(meng)古(gu)入侵。而(er)(er)燕(yan)王征南之后(hou),可能源于(yu)奪了侄子(zi)帝位而(er)(er)愧(kui)對祖先(xian),于(yu)是遷都北(bei)京。然(ran)而(er)(er)這個(ge)遷都的舉動,卻將大(da)明(ming)王朝的中心近距離地展(zhan)現(xian)在(zai)蒙(meng)古(gu)面前。于(yu)是朱(zhu)棣在(zai)永樂十年以后(hou)開(kai)(kai)始北(bei)征。五次(ci)北(bei)征之后(hou),除(chu)前兩(liang)次(ci)有所斬獲外(wai),其余多(duo)為勞民傷(shang)財(cai),使得剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)恢復的經濟又背上(shang)了沉重的包袱,為后(hou)世子(zi)孫留下了長(chang)久(jiu)不息的戰(zhan)爭隱患。
明(ming)(ming)憲宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朱(zhu)(zhu)見(jian)深是(shi)(shi)朱(zhu)(zhu)棣之后(hou)明(ming)(ming)代不(bu)多幾個有(you)些作為的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇帝之一(yi)。在他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝代建(jian)立(li)寧武關(guan)其實是(shi)(shi)有(you)特殊含義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。明(ming)(ming)憲宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)父(fu)親(qin)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)創造被(bei)生擒“奇(qi)跡”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魯莽皇帝明(ming)(ming)英(ying)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)。在明(ming)(ming)英(ying)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)時,當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蒙古(gu)(gu)在漠北的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勢力已經一(yi)分為二(er),瓦剌(la)與韃靼,瓦剌(la)強(qiang)大了(le)起來,并不(bu)斷騷擾(rao)明(ming)(ming)朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北邊。太監王振(zhen)鼓動英(ying)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)對(dui)瓦剌(la)御駕親(qin)征,但是(shi)(shi)準(zhun)備不(bu)足,糧餉接濟不(bu)足,前線屢屢失敗(bai)。形(xing)勢不(bu)好(hao),英(ying)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)撤軍,在懷來城外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土木堡被(bei)包(bao)圍。全軍覆沒,英(ying)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)被(bei)俘。為了(le)避免(mian)被(bei)瓦剌(la)威脅,在大臣于謙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倡議下立(li)英(ying)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)弟弟朱(zhu)(zhu)祁鈺(yu)為帝,年號(hao)景(jing)泰。隨后(hou)朱(zhu)(zhu)見(jian)深太子位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)被(bei)廢。“奪(duo)門之變”后(hou),他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太子之位(wei)(wei)也失而復得。然而這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經歷,使他精神壓(ya)力非常大,朱(zhu)(zhu)見(jian)深繼(ji)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第二(er)年改(gai)年號(hao)為“成化(hua)”,而在成化(hua)三年就(jiu)建(jian)立(li)寧武關(guan),希(xi)望明(ming)(ming)王朝不(bu)要重(zhong)蹈覆轍,防患于未然。在此之后(hou),寧武關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防御功(gong)能被(bei)發揮到淋漓盡致,有(you)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擋住了(le)蒙古(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)入侵(qin)。
明正德八(ba)年(1513)蒙古騎兵(bing)從大同(tong)南下,進攻寧武(wu)關(guan),企圖(tu)由此進入晉(jin)中。守關(guan)官兵(bing)奮起抵抗,打敗蒙古兵(bing),保(bao)衛了晉(jin)中的(de)安(an)全。寧武(wu)關(guan)的(de)創設、加(jia)(jia)固以及沿關(guan)防(fang)戍的(de)修(xiu)筑,將(jiang)偏頭、雁門、寧武(wu)三關(guan)連為一線,有效地加(jia)(jia)強了明朝北部邊防(fang),在相(xiang)當時期內,保(bao)障了三晉(jin)人民的(de)安(an)全。
當時關(guan)防的(de)(de)設置(zhi),不僅有(you)警(jing)邊(bian)御敵(di)的(de)(de)意圖(tu),同時也有(you)防止和鎮(zhen)壓(ya)國(guo)內反(fan)抗的(de)(de)意圖(tu)。由(you)于前(qian)幾任皇帝(di)的(de)(de)橫征暴斂,以及對于蒙(meng)古的(de)(de)多次用兵,到了崇禎皇帝(di)期間,國(guo)庫空虛。而此(ci)(ci)時蒙(meng)古勢力逐(zhu)漸弱小(xiao),滿洲勢力大(da)增。為(wei)取(qu)得(de)戰(zhan)爭勝利,崇禎皇帝(di)加征兵餉。朝廷征一(yi)分,官員征十分。在朝野(ye)腐敗的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下,激起了民變(bian),李自成從陜北起義。在對大(da)明朝的(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭中,寧武一(yi)戰(zhan)非常(chang)慘(can)烈。寧武破則(ze)北京(jing)危險。因此(ci)(ci)在此(ci)(ci)戰(zhan)上,雙方都拼(pin)盡全力。明末(mo)這(zhe)里曾發生過一(yi)場極其重要(yao)的(de)(de)大(da)戰(zhan)。但攻關(guan)的(de)(de)卻不是來自北方的(de)(de)入(ru)侵,而是來自后方的(de)(de)攻擊。
當(dang)明(ming)末農民(min)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)暴席卷陜、晉大(da)(da)(da)地時,寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)又成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)抵御李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)農民(min)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)堡壘。公元1644年初(chu),李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在西安稱王后(hou),隨(sui)即率大(da)(da)(da)軍(jun)(jun)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)渡黃河(he)(he),取道山西進行(xing)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)伐。起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)一(yi)路(lu)勢如(ru)破竹,很快便攻(gong)占(zhan)了(le)太原(yuan)。當(dang)向北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)攻(gong)克(ke)雁(yan)門(men)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)準備(bei)攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)大(da)(da)(da)同(tong)(tong)時,發現(xian)明(ming)軍(jun)(jun)在寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)聚集了(le)大(da)(da)(da)批軍(jun)(jun)隊,有(you)側擊(ji)(ji)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)企圖(tu)。當(dang)時李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由于(yu)曾經(jing)在羅城(cheng)(cheng)吃(chi)過周遇(yu)吉(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)敗(bai)仗,認(ren)為(wei)(wei)他是一(yi)塊硬(ying)骨頭,是有(you)些害(hai)怕的(de)(de)(de)。所以(yi)(yi)準備(bei)放(fang)棄攻(gong)打寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),繞城(cheng)(cheng)而(er)走,直(zhi)取大(da)(da)(da)同(tong)(tong),盡快攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)皇城(cheng)(cheng),然(ran)后(hou)再攻(gong)擊(ji)(ji)無援的(de)(de)(de)寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。后(hou)來在軍(jun)(jun)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)勸說(shuo)下(xia)(xia)(xia),以(yi)(yi)及寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)在三(san)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)相互策應的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要位置,李自(zi)(zi)又返身南下(xia)(xia)(xia),奮戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)七(qi)晝夜(ye)以(yi)(yi)慘(can)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)價擊(ji)(ji)敗(bai)鎮守(shou)雁(yan)門(men)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)三(san)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)總兵周遇(yu)吉(ji)(ji),為(wei)(wei)奪(duo)取北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)掃清(qing)了(le)障礙。如(ru)今在寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)恢河(he)(he)東岸,仍有(you)周遇(yu)吉(ji)(ji)之(zhi)墓,為(wei)(wei)磚石所筑。這(zhe)一(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)整整打了(le)七(qi)個晝夜(ye),起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)經(jing)血戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)最終破城(cheng)(cheng)全殲了(le)守(shou)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)明(ming)軍(jun)(jun),但打的(de)(de)(de)卻十分艱苦。這(zhe)一(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)也(ye)充分見(jian)證(zheng)了(le)寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)險(xian)要和堅固。也(ye)正(zheng)是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)一(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),堅定(ding)了(le)崇禎誓不(bu)(bu)(bu)南遷的(de)(de)(de)決心。他認(ren)為(wei)(wei)憑(ping)借層層險(xian)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)足可阻擋起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)攻(gong)勢,可從容等待各路(lu)勤王之(zhi)師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)到(dao)來。但他怎么也(ye)想(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao),自(zi)(zi)寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)大(da)(da)(da)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)后(hou),大(da)(da)(da)同(tong)(tong)、宣化、居庸關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)三(san)處守(shou)軍(jun)(jun),以(yi)(yi)及調去的(de)(de)(de)援軍(jun)(jun),竟(jing)然(ran)全部不(bu)(bu)(bu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)而(er)降。層層險(xian)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)要塞全成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)擺設,致使起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)軍(jun)(jun)一(yi)路(lu)長驅直(zhi)入,迅(xun)速包圍(wei)了(le)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)。在那場勢如(ru)破竹的(de)(de)(de)農民(min)起(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)(yi)中(zhong),農民(min)軍(jun)(jun)在寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)竟(jing)然(ran)苦戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)七(qi)晝夜(ye),付出了(le)慘(can)重(zhong)代(dai)價,以(yi)(yi)至于(yu)到(dao)處開倉放(fang)糧的(de)(de)(de)李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)怒之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)火燒(shao)寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),說(shuo)明(ming)了(le)寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)堅固與險(xian)要,如(ru)此慘(can)烈的(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭也(ye)說(shuo)明(ming)了(le)寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)在軍(jun)(jun)事地理位置上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要作用(yong),寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)也(ye)因(yin)此聞名(ming)天下(xia)(xia)(xia)。寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)見(jian)證(zheng)明(ming)王朝的(de)(de)(de)衰敗(bai),其實(shi)某(mou)種程度上(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)也(ye)說(shuo)明(ming):真正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)口(kou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)在外形,而(er)更在人心。
在(zai)(zai)現代(dai)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭中,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武(wu)也是戰(zhan)(zhan)略要地。抗日(ri)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭時(shi)期,寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武(wu)為(wei)晉西北(bei)抗日(ri)根(gen)據地的(de)(de)一部分(fen)。1938年,日(ri)偽軍(jun)(jun)一萬余人分(fen)四(si)路(lu)圍攻(gong)晉西北(bei)根(gen)據地,并(bing)占領了(le)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武(wu)等七縣城(cheng)。八路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)120師(shi)采取集中兵力(li)(li)各(ge)個擊(ji)(ji)(ji)破的(de)(de)策略,首先擊(ji)(ji)(ji)敗(bai)其它各(ge)地的(de)(de)敵(di)人,然后以主力(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武(wu)外(wai)圍活動(dong),切斷敵(di)軍(jun)(jun)歸路(lu),并(bing)以一部分(fen)緊逼寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武(wu)城(cheng)。這時(shi)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武(wu)之(zhi)敵(di)便在(zai)(zai)從陽(yang)方口南下敵(di)人的(de)(de)接應下,棄(qi)城(cheng)北(bei)竄(cuan),120師(shi)予(yu)以沉重(zhong)打(da)擊(ji)(ji)(ji),終于收(shou)復了(le)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武(wu)城(cheng)。在(zai)(zai)1940年的(de)(de)百團大戰(zhan)(zhan)中,八路(lu)軍(jun)(jun)120師(shi)曾以截斷同蒲路(lu)北(bei)段交通(tong)為(wei)目的(de)(de),以主力(li)(li)破擊(ji)(ji)(ji)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武(wu)——軒(xuan)崗段,在(zai)(zai)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武(wu)、忻州(zhou)展(zhan)開破擊(ji)(ji)(ji)戰(zhan)(zhan),有力(li)(li)地打(da)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)了(le)日(ri)本侵略軍(jun)(jun)。現今山西南北(bei)交通(tong)大動(dong)脈同蒲鐵路(lu)從寧(ning)(ning)(ning)武(wu)關穿過,又有公路(lu)通(tong)向四(si)方。這里仍為(wei)晉北(bei)的(de)(de)交通(tong)要地。
清(qing)朝(chao)建立以后,因(yin)為與蒙古的(de)(de)和(he)睦關系,寧(ning)武關的(de)(de)要沖、防(fang)御作用基(ji)本(ben)喪失,成了(le)祥和(he)的(de)(de)聚居之地(di),遂將關城(cheng)改為府城(cheng)。其防(fang)御設施(shi)和(he)內長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)也逐漸廢棄,成為了(le)還尚可辨認的(de)(de)遺跡。現存關城(cheng)舊址范圍(wei)分(fen)西關和(he)東關兩部分(fen),城(cheng)墻依山勢而建,十(shi)(shi)分(fen)壯(zhuang)觀。據史(shi)書記(ji)載,明弘治十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(1498)擴城(cheng)七里。萬歷三十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(1606)城(cheng)墻砌磚,周長(chang)(chang)3567米。城(cheng)中鼓(gu)樓為寧(ning)武關代表性建筑。周圍(wei)烽火臺峙(zhi)立,氣勢雄偉。寧(ning)武關城(cheng)筑于(yu)呂梁(liang)山脈北部支脈的(de)(de)山口,周長(chang)(chang)3.5公里余,襟山帶水,地(di)形險要,今(jin)已(yi)傾(qing)圮,兩側山上的(de)(de)內長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)遺跡尚存。今(jin)除存極少的(de)(de)零星夯土殘墻外,基(ji)本(ben)上全已(yi)被拆毀,只剩下位(wei)于(yu)城(cheng)中心的(de)(de)一(yi)座鼓(gu)樓在春風里笑傲紅塵,留下滄桑歷史(shi)的(de)(de)裊(niao)裊(niao)余音,至今(jin)尚保存良好(hao)。
寧(ning)武關鼓樓,位(wei)于今寧(ning)武縣城人(ren)民大街(jie),平面布(bu)局(ju)基本呈(cheng)正(zheng)方(fang)形,此樓下座為(wei)磚砌券拱十(shi)字穿心洞,樓為(wei)三層三檐木結構(gou)歇(xie)山(shan)頂式建筑,通高30余(yu)米,氣勢宏(hong)偉(wei),為(wei)省重點文物保護單位(wei)。鼓樓內的(de)文物陳列中,有(you)寧(ning)武縣古寺出土,當年修筑長城時用(yong)過的(de)大水缸和戍守長城的(de)將士們使用(yong)過的(de)各(ge)種兵器。
陽(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)是明(ming)長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)山西(xi)(xi)(xi)關隘。位于山西(xi)(xi)(xi)省寧武縣北(bei)約13公(gong)(gong)(gong)里.陽(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)鎮重要(yao)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)舊為九牛(niu)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)。長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)過(guo)恢(hui)河(he)(he)地(di)段,原(yuan)建有(you)(you)九孔(kong)石橋一座,與(yu)兩側長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)銜接,每個(ge)橋孔(kong)內又有(you)(you)一鐵(tie)牛(niu)鎮守(shou)。后鐵(tie)牛(niu)被水沖走,橋亦坍塌,更今(jin)名。陽(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)堡(bao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),東靠長(chang)方(fang)(fang)山,西(xi)(xi)(xi)傍恢(hui)河(he)(he),為明(ming)嘉靖(jing)十八年(1539)巡(xun)撫(fu)陳講所筑,萬歷四年(1576)增修。堡(bao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周1公(gong)(gong)(gong)里左右。有(you)(you)“山西(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮中(zhong)路(lu)第(di)一沖口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)”之稱。顧祖禹在《讀史方(fang)(fang)輿紀要(yao)》中(zhong)論述陽(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)堡(bao)戰略(lve)地(di)位時說:“大(da)同(tong)有(you)(you)事,以重兵駐此(ci),東可(ke)以衛(wei)雁門,西(xi)(xi)(xi)可(ke)以援偏關,北(bei)可(ke)以應云朔(shuo),蓋(gai)地(di)利得(de)也(ye)。’現(xian)陽(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)亦為晉(jin)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)、大(da)同(tong)、大(da)原(yuan)的交通樞紐。北(bei)有(you)(you)同(tong)蒲、寧苛兩條鐵(tie)路(lu),還有(you)(you)忻州至保(bao)德,崞陽(yang)(yang)至偏關,水泉、陽(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)至平魯等三條公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)干線通過(guo)。陽(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)今(jin)已殘毀,尚存城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)磚(zhuan)券拱(gong)門,用橫木支撐著,供行人來往(wang)。陽(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)西(xi)(xi)(xi)的長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)存夯土殘墻和土筑墩臺。陽(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)口(kou)(kou)(kou)(kou)東長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)尚存部分磚(zhuan)砌(qi)墻體,井(jing)有(you)(you)三座磚(zhuan)砌(qi)空心(xin)敵樓保(bao)存較好。
古長(chang)城(cheng):在樓子山上有古長(chang)城(cheng)遺跡,明正(zheng)德中(zhong),兵備(bei)張鳳羾(gong)立(li)石(shi)山下,曰“紫塞長(chang)城(cheng)”,或(huo)疑為六國趙時所筑之舊(jiu)。
古襄陽城:《太原志》云:“在靜(jing)樂縣北九十里,古寧(ning)化軍南。”遺址(zhi)微在。
林溪(xi)鎮城(cheng):在(zai)林溪(xi)山下,世傳隋煬帝避(bi)暑處(chu),金(jin)天會間,即其地改為圣(sheng)壽寺。
隋汾(fen)陽宮:在(zai)縣(xian)西南(nan)六十里,即(ji)林溪(xi)鎮城處。
古樓煩關(guan):在寧(ning)化(hua)南,靜樂界。
天池(chi)故(gu)城、元池(chi)故(gu)城:并李克用表置者。
汾陽(yang)故縣(xian)、六度故縣(xian):上并唐筑。
用武(wu)池:高齊(qi)于此大蒐,因名。《崞(guo)縣志(zhi)》稱:在寧武(wu)關。《魏(wei)志(zhi)》云:疑即天(tian)池是。
天池監牧、元池監牧、樓煩(fan)監牧:并(bing)唐時置,使(shi)牧馬處。自樓煩(fan)關以(yi)下(xia),今皆無跡。
橐蓮臺(tai):在縣(xian)東北(bei)二十五里。《二鎮三關志》云(yun):“今陽(yang)方口(kou)河西高山謂之‘橐蓮臺(tai)’,世傳宋(song)王(wang)侁望楊(yang)業(ye)兵(bing)處(chu)。”《朔州志》亦載之,唯《崞縣(xian)志》但記臺(tai)名,不言(yan)王(wang)侁事(shi)。考(kao)元魏滅赫連氏,遷其子孫(sun)散(san)處(chu)雁門、代,北(bei)依山谷以居(ju),故其地(di)有赫連臺(tai),所云(yun)橐蓮或(huo)是(shi)赫連之訛。
宋摩崖題名:在樓子山(shan)崖,題云(yun):元佑缺年(nian)秋(qiu)七月己卯,文(wen)思(si)。副使知寧化軍(jun)事(shi)太原(yuan)王(wang)(wang)余、應定(ding)山(shan)與前朝奉郎(lang)通判(pan)軍(jun)事(shi)汝南趙審道(dao)同游樓子山(shan),飲于漏崖之(zhi)(zhi)足,以觀汾水之(zhi)(zhi)源。酒酣,公為(wei)(wei)(wei)安懿王(wang)(wang)泠瓏之(zhi)(zhi)琹(qin),以撫秋(qiu)思(si)之(zhi)(zhi)美,既闕(que),而奏雪(xue)中松之(zhi)(zhi)曲。是行(xing)也,部吏劉喜(xi)、王(wang)(wang)錫(xi)、魏(wei)廓、陸(lu)思(si)誠、鞏裕(yu)、李昌言、秋(qiu)球、榆次尉石(shi)伯(bo)倫預(yu)焉,洛陽(yang)鞏裕(yu)書。右依《魏(wei)志》書之(zhi)(zhi)“為(wei)(wei)(wei)安懿王(wang)(wang)泠”,五字疑筆跡稍(shao)泐,文(wen)有(you)訛隱,若“王(wang)(wang)”當為(wei)(wei)(wei)“玉(yu)”,“泠”當為(wei)(wei)(wei)“玲(ling)”,余三字則未(wei)詳也。
寧武府屬
在(zai)郡城中(zhong)(zhong)少(shao)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北七(qi)百戶(hu)街,負(fu)山臨逵,地勢高爽。雍(yong)正四年(nian)(1726年(nian)),知(zhi)府郎(lang)瀚建,即故寧武道署之(zhi)舊,改創為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)府。經歷謝廷恕董其(qi)事,署成規(gui)局,宏整門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)屏,東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)兩坊翼之(zhi),坊門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)高廣(guang),太守車(che)騎所出入也;循坊列柵,以(yi)禁(jin)行(xing)者(zhe)(zhe),柵周方寬闊,中(zhong)(zhong)容吏(li)士數(shu)百人(ren)。大門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)三(san)(san)(san)楹,正南面啟,入為(wei)(wei)儀門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),自(zi)儀門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)入,為(wei)(wei)大堂,堂前有抱廈堂,左(zuo)為(wei)(wei)兵餉庫,右為(wei)(wei)庫軍房(fang)(fang)(fang);堂下東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)吏(li)舍各(ge)(ge)六,東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)南官廳在(zai)焉(yan),西(xi)南則隸(li)卒夜值者(zhe)(zhe)居之(zhi)。儀門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)為(wei)(wei)土(tu)神(shen)祠(ci),西(xi)庫神(shen)廟。由(you)大堂而后為(wei)(wei)宅門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai),左(zuo)、右班(ban)房(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)一;門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)內,左(zuo)、右各(ge)(ge)有房(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),皆北向。其(qi)北為(wei)(wei)二堂,堂東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)屋(wu)各(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),堂下門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)啟;自(zi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)入為(wei)(wei)書室五間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),皆南向,后有屋(wu)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),北與書室對門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men);由(you)西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)入,書室二間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、客廳三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),客廳南對者(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)“琴鶴(he)軒(xuan)”,亦(yi)為(wei)(wei)射(she)廳,凡三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);射(she)廳之(zhi)西(xi)為(wei)(wei)馬廄(jiu),有井以(yi)飲馬,有祠(ci)屋(wu)為(wei)(wei)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)者(zhe)(zhe)四而庳,以(yi)祀馬祖。自(zi)二堂后入門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),為(wei)(wei)知(zhi)府內宅,住(zhu)房(fang)(fang)(fang)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)洞房(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)二,廂房(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)(san),門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)偏(pian)房(fang)(fang)(fang)各(ge)(ge)一,又(you)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)為(wei)(wei)廚(chu),最(zui)后房(fang)(fang)(fang)五間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),因山為(wei)(wei)趾,勢獨(du)高,見(jian)郭外(wai)(wai)諸峰;房(fang)(fang)(fang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)屋(wu)各(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),又(you)夾道中(zhong)(zhong)屋(wu)二間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)如之(zhi)。
清代(dai)寧武(wu)府(fu)(fu)(fu)疆域:在山(shan)西(xi)(xi)布(bu)政司西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)三百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li)。東(dong)西(xi)(xi)廣三百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)里(li)(li)(li)(li),南北(bei)(bei)袤二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li)。東(dong)至(zhi)朔平府(fu)(fu)(fu)朔州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七里(li)(li)(li)(li),又(you)東(dong)至(zhi)大(da)(da)同(tong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)應(ying)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li),山(shan)陰(yin)縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li);西(xi)(xi)至(zhi)太原府(fu)(fu)(fu)岢嵐州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)界(jie)(jie)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)里(li)(li)(li)(li),又(you)西(xi)(xi)至(zhi)保(bao)德(de)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li);南至(zhi)代(dai)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)崞(guo)縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)七里(li)(li)(li)(li);北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)水泉營邊墻界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)七十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li);西(xi)(xi)南至(zhi)忻州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)靜樂縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li);東(dong)北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)朔平府(fu)(fu)(fu)平魯(lu)縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)里(li)(li)(li)(li);至(zhi)老(lao)營堡邊二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li);至(zhi)朔平府(fu)(fu)(fu)治(zhi)三百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li);至(zhi)大(da)(da)同(tong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)治(zhi)三百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li);西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)至(zhi)保(bao)德(de)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)河曲(qu)縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)八十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li),至(zhi)老(lao)牛灣蒙古界(jie)(jie)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li)。自府(fu)(fu)(fu)治(zhi)由山(shan)西(xi)(xi)大(da)(da)同(tong)府(fu)(fu)(fu)經直隸宣化府(fu)(fu)(fu),入居庸(yong)關(guan)至(zhi)京(jing)師一(yi)千四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li);由代(dai)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)東(dong)至(zhi)易(yi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),入紫荊關(guan)至(zhi)京(jing)師九百(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)(li)(li)。
乾隆年間(jian)寧(ning)武府(fu)屬四(si)縣人口(kou):
寧武(wu)府屬(shu)四縣,乾隆(long)十(shi)(shi)年分至十(shi)(shi)四年,審定戶(hu)口(kou)共:土(tu)著(zhu)民二萬二千五百七十(shi)(shi)戶(hu),男女共十(shi)(shi)二萬六(liu)千四百十(shi)(shi)六(liu)口(kou);大口(kou)六(liu)萬五千六(liu)百三十(shi)(shi)九,小口(kou)六(liu)萬七百七十(shi)(shi)七。
縣倚郭
筑(zhu)于成化(hua)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1466年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),初為(wei)(wei)關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),巡撫(fu)都御(yu)史李侃請即古(gu)寧(ning)(ning)化(hua)軍口置關(guan),設都指(zhi)揮(hui)領軍守(shou)備。乃(nai)以(yi)(yi)是(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)丁亥(1467年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))三月(yue)始事,明’年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1467年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))四(si)月(yue)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)訖,以(yi)(yi)總兵(bing)鎮(zhen)(zhen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),遂為(wei)(wei)鎮(zhen)(zhen)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)踞華蓋山(shan),因其(qi)(qi)高(gao)而俯其(qi)(qi)東(dong)(dong)、南(nan)、西(xi)三面(mian),周四(si)里許(xu),基(ji)五丈(zhang)(zhang),面(mian)廣(guang)半之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),高(gao)三丈(zhang)(zhang)有(you)奇,門其(qi)(qi)東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、南(nan)三面(mian)而閉其(qi)(qi)北(bei)。東(dong)(dong)門曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“仁勝”,西(xi)門曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“人和”,南(nan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“迎(ying)熏”,上(shang)(shang)建重樓(lou)(lou)。(宏)治十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1498年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),巡撫(fu)魏紳拓廣(guang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),周七(qi)里一(yi)(yi)百二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)步(bu),增埤(pi)五尺(chi),加開北(bei)門,亦建飛樓(lou)(lou)于上(shang)(shang),名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“鎮(zhen)(zhen)朔(shuo)”。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)狹于南(nan)北(bei),長于東(dong)(dong)西(xi),其(qi)(qi)形(xing)科橢,望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)若(ruo)敷巾幅然(ran),然(ran)皆土筑(zhu)。萬(歷)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1573年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),巡撫(fu)趙(zhao)某議包以(yi)(yi)石,益加增高(gao),連女墻四(si)丈(zhang)(zhang)二(er)(er)(er)尺(chi),然(ran)未果。行(xing)至三十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1606年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),寧(ning)(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)道郭(guo)光(guang)復始甃(zhou)(zhou)以(yi)(yi)磚,又(you)筑(zhu)東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)關(guan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),皆磚甃(zhou)(zhou),共長一(yi)(yi)千七(qi)十(shi)(shi)余丈(zhang)(zhang),高(gao)三丈(zhang)(zhang)五尺(chi)。西(xi)關(guan)門曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“永(yong)寧(ning)(ning)”,其(qi)(qi)南(nan)出者曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“阜財”;東(dong)(dong)關(guan)門曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“久(jiu)安(an)”,其(qi)(qi)南(nan)出者曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“解慍”,下(xia)有(you)塹。先是(shi)萬(歷)二(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1574年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),寧(ning)(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)守(shou)備某筑(zhu)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墩于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)山(shan)上(shang)(shang),方二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)八丈(zhang)(zhang),高(gao)二(er)(er)(er)丈(zhang)(zhang)為(wei)(wei)基(ji),基(ji)上(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)臺,臺上(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)樓(lou)(lou)三重,樓(lou)(lou)外列堞二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)四(si),登之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可眺百里;臺下(xia)周以(yi)(yi)磚墻,直一(yi)(yi)丈(zhang)(zhang),環廣(guang)四(si)十(shi)(shi)丈(zhang)(zhang),墻上(shang)(shang)列垛(duo)四(si)十(shi)(shi),屹然(ran)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)表(biao)里,巡撫(fu)魏允(yun)貞所(suo)使也,今樓(lou)(lou)垛(duo)以(yi)(yi)廢。國朝置府(fu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),因其(qi)(qi)舊寧(ning)(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)營在焉。乾隆六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1741年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),東(dong)(dong)關(guan)門樓(lou)(lou)圮,知府(fu)魏元(yuan)(yuan)樞(shu)重葺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)顏,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)“望華”,并修南(nan)、北(bei)二(er)(er)(er)角樓(lou)(lou)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)接鳳(feng)凰山(shan),寧(ning)(ning)武(wu)(wu)(wu)人又(you)呼(hu)為(wei)(wei)“鳳(feng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。
社稷(ji)壇(tan):在南關河外,雍(yong)正三年(1725年)建(jian)。壇(tan)廣二(er)(er)丈五尺,高二(er)(er)尺一寸,陛,東、南、西(xi)各三級,無封(feng)樹。
風云雷雨山(shan)川壇(tan)(tan):在(zai)北關山(shan)坳,雍正三年建。壇(tan)(tan)基、高、廣與社稷壇(tan)(tan)同,無(wu)封樹。
先農(nong)壇:在郡東(dong)門外,教(jiao)場東(dong)北。雍正五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(1727年(nian)(nian)),署寧武令、太原府西糧(liang)同(tong)知(zhi)董泗儒奉文建。壇制(zhi)與山(shan)川(chuan)、社稷同(tong)。大殿五(wu)間(jian)(jian),門樓一座,左(zuo)右角門二,農(nong)器庫二間(jian)(jian),官廳二間(jian)(jian),壇旁地四畝九(jiu)分以為(wei)田,季(ji)春(chun)亥日,郡、縣官九(jiu),推行事如制(zhi)。
八蠟廟:在府東關外(wai)。
厲(li)壇:在郡西(xi)關。
城隍(huang)廟:在府(fu)治西北,華蓋山(shan)之陽。
寧武府學
在(zai)府(fu)治西(xi)(xi)北城之(zhi)(zhi)陽,繚以周垣,外為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外樹(shu)以屏壁,夾以兩(liang)坊(fang)。自(zi)(zi)大(da)(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)入,為(wei)(wei)(wei)泮池(chi),池(chi)上有橋,橋南為(wei)(wei)(wei)欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),凡(fan)(fan)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。入欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)(wei)戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),入自(zi)(zi)戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)成殿(dian),殿(dian)五(wu)(wu)楹(ying)(ying),左右為(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩(liang)廡,廡各(ge)五(wu)(wu)楹(ying)(ying);其戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)傍東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)角門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)各(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。名宦祠(ci)在(zai)戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)左,鄉賢祠(ci)在(zai)戟(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)右,各(ge)凡(fan)(fan)三(san)(san)(san)楹(ying)(ying)。齋(zhai)(zhai)宿房在(zai)欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)內(nei)左,省牲所在(zai)欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)內(nei)右,各(ge)凡(fan)(fan)三(san)(san)(san)楹(ying)(ying)。明(ming)倫堂在(zai)大(da)(da)(da)成殿(dian)后,堂左右齋(zhai)(zhai)房各(ge)三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian);崇圣祠(ci)三(san)(san)(san)楹(ying)(ying),在(zai)明(ming)倫堂東(dong)(dong);其在(zai)崇圣祠(ci)南,欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)者,為(wei)(wei)(wei)魁星(xing)樓(lou)。學(xue)(xue)建于雍正五(wu)(wu)年(1757年)三(san)(san)(san)月(yue),唯尊(zun)經(jing)堂未及構云。寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)府(fu)儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)教授(shou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)人,訓導一(yi)(yi)(yi)人,署在(zai)文(wen)廟西(xi)(xi)偏。講(jiang)(jiang)堂三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)斗、班(ban)房各(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。教授(shou)宅(zhai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座,住房三(san)(san)(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)配房各(ge)一(yi)(yi)(yi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。訓導宅(zhai)如之(zhi)(zhi),其外為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)所貯書(shu)(shu):《十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)經(jing)注(zhu)疏》一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu),通(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)二(er)十(shi)本,為(wei)(wei)(wei)函(han)十(shi)二(er);《二(er)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)史》一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu),通(tong)五(wu)(wu)百(bai)本,為(wei)(wei)(wei)函(han)五(wu)(wu)十(shi);《明(ming)史》一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu),通(tong)百(bai)十(shi)二(er)本,為(wei)(wei)(wei)函(han)十(shi)二(er)。先(xian)是經(jing)史皆買于布政司(si),而使郡(jun)縣學(xue)(xue)領(ling)焉。獨寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)府(fu)學(xue)(xue),以無尊(zun)經(jing)閣,與禮部(bu)例不相比,且不得領(ling)。時永平魏侯元樞(shu)知郡(jun)事,乃與寧(ning)武(wu)(wu)令(ling)施作楫(ji)、神池(chi)令(ling)李識蒙、五(wu)(wu)寨令(ling)劉耀珪,共(gong)捐俸銀輸官以當書(shu)(shu)值,遂(sui)得領(ling)歸。郡(jun)學(xue)(xue)與舊所有:《周易(yi)折中(zhong)》、《書(shu)(shu)》、《詩(shi)》、《春秋三(san)(san)(san)經(jing)傳》;說若《朱子全書(shu)(shu)》、《康熙字(zi)典(dian)》、《康濟錄》、《急公自(zi)(zi)愛書(shu)(shu)》、《四(si)書(shu)(shu)講(jiang)(jiang)義》、《學(xue)(xue)政全書(shu)(shu)》等,凡(fan)(fan)十(shi)部(bu),使學(xue)(xue)廣文(wen)掌藏之(zhi)(zhi)。
寧(ning)化(hua)城(cheng):宋嘉祐六年(1061年),以(yi)河西(xi)西(xi)夏人往(wang)來隘口(kou),乃(nai)立寧(ning)化(hua)軍,因(yin)隋(sui)汾陽宮城(cheng)之(zhi)舊(jiu)址(zhi),廓而筑之(zhi),金(jin)、元因(yin)之(zhi)。明(ming)洪武(wu)二(er)年(1369年)設(she)寧(ning)化(hua)巡檢(jian)(jian)司,山西(xi)都指揮使常守道帥官(guan)軍來屯,將(jiang)舊(jiu)城(cheng)六里二(er)百七十(shi)步(bu)、南(nan)邊關廂裁(cai)去(qu),于城(cheng)東山坡(po)上,隨地形勢筑城(cheng)二(er)里一(yi)百九十(shi)七步(bu),未完調去(qu)。五年(1372年),延安侯唐宗勝、千(qian)(qian)戶唐成繼(ji)成其功,城(cheng)高三(san)丈一(yi)尺,壕深一(yi)丈,城(cheng)樓六座(zuo)。十(shi)一(yi)年(1378年),改(gai)巡檢(jian)(jian)為(wei)寧(ning)化(hua)守御千(qian)(qian)戶所(suo),隸山西(xi)都司。嘉靖中,改(gai)隸寧(ning)武(wu)。至萬(wan)(歷)十(shi)四年(1586年),甃(zhou)土(tu)城(cheng)以(yi)磚,當改(gai)寧(ning)化(hua)所(suo),時設(she)掌印千(qian)(qian)戶、巡捕、城(cheng)操(cao)吏目各一(yi)。中有(you)靜樂倉,今仍為(wei)寧(ning)化(hua)巡檢(jian)(jian)司。
本(ben)路(lu)(lu)(lu)參(can)將設于嘉(jia)靖二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)年,駐扎利(li)民,所轄寧(ning)武、盤道梁、神池、利(li)民、八(ba)角、寧(ning)化、長(chang)(chang)林、陽方八(ba)城堡(bao)(bao),凡(fan)屬守(shou)(shou)備五,防守(shou)(shou)二(er)(er)(er),千(qian)戶所者三(san),分管內邊(bian)東(dong)(dong)起廣武界(jie)神樹(shu)梁,西(xi)盡老(lao)營(ying)界(jie)地(di)椒峁,沿長(chang)(chang)二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)九里零(ling)四十(shi)丈,邊(bian)墩(dun)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)四座,火(huo)路(lu)(lu)(lu)墩(dun)一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)一(yi)座。邊(bian)之(zhi)內外續設小蓮花、夾柳樹(shu)、燕兒水、雕窩梁、玄岡口、朔(shuo)寧(ning)、狗兒澗(jian)、圪(土老(lao))罐、石湖嶺、西(xi)溝(gou)(gou)口、得(de)勝(sheng)、勒馬(ma)溝(gou)(gou)、蔣家峪、乾柴溝(gou)(gou)、野豬溝(gou)(gou)一(yi)十(shi)五堡(bao)(bao)以(yi)為(wei)犄角。兵馬(ma)除(chu)軍(jun)(jun)門(men)標下兩(liang)掖營(ying)散兵及標正二(er)(er)(er)營(ying)外,闔路(lu)(lu)(lu)見在官(guan)軍(jun)(jun)九千(qian)八(ba)百(bai)(bai)(bai)八(ba)十(shi)七(qi)(qi)員(yuan)名,馬(ma)騾三(san)千(qian)七(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)七(qi)(qi)十(shi)匹(pi)頭(tou),內援兵官(guan)軍(jun)(jun)二(er)(er)(er)千(qian)六(liu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)四十(shi)五員(yuan)名,馬(ma)騾二(er)(er)(er)千(qian)三(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)九匹(pi)頭(tou)。本(ben)路(lu)(lu)(lu)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)援雁、平、偏老(lao),北控三(san)云,南藩全晉,蓋山西(xi)鎮之(zhi)要害也。嘉(jia)隆間頻遭虜患,故于沖(chong)緊(jin)各處續添前(qian)項小堡(bao)(bao),分兵據守(shou)(shou)以(yi)扼虜沖(chong)。款(kuan)后烽(feng)火(huo)不(bu)警,干戈載戢,軍(jun)(jun)民幸(xing)帖枕席之(zhi)安。顧款(kuan)久則弛(chi),兵驕(jiao)則玩,乘此閃(shan)暇之(zhi)時,正當(dang)圖綢繆之(zhi)計,一(yi)切(qie)詰兵儲餉,未可以(yi)款(kuan)事而遽忽之(zhi)也。
寧文堡
本城(cheng)舊筑小(xiao)土堡(bao)(bao)于(yu)(yu)今城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)西,是為(wei)寧(ning)文堡(bao)(bao)。景(jing)泰元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)筑寧(ning)武土城(cheng),成化間展修之(zhi)(zhi),隆慶四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)始議磚石包砌(qi)焉,周七(qi)里零二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)六步(bu),高(gao)連女(nv)墻四(si)(si)丈二(er)(er)(er)尺(chi)。萬歷(li)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)添筑西關土堡(bao)(bao)一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo),周四(si)(si)百(bai)(bai)(bai)六丈三(san)(san)(san)(san)尺(chi),二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又建東關土堡(bao)(bao)一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo),周五(wu)(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)八十(shi)六丈九(jiu)尺(chi),俱(ju)高(gao)三(san)(san)(san)(san)丈五(wu)(wu)尺(chi)。初設守(shou)備一(yi)員(yuan),弘治十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)添設守(shou)御千戶所,嘉(jia)靖(jing)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)移偏頭(tou)(tou)關,副總(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)改為(wei)總(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)鎮守(shou)于(yu)(yu)此,添正兵(bing)(bing),坐營(ying)標兵(bing)(bing),守(shou)備各一(yi)員(yuan),三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)設寧(ning)武兵(bing)(bing)備道及管糧通判,建學立倉,規制(zhi)大備,屹然稱雄鎮矣(yi)。見在(zai)官軍標,正營(ying)六千一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)四(si)(si)員(yuan)名(ming),馬騾五(wu)(wu)千九(jiu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)三(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)匹(pi)(pi)頭(tou)(tou),守(shou)備所領并寧(ning)武所二(er)(er)(er)千二(er)(er)(er)百(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)六員(yuan)名(ming),馬騾三(san)(san)(san)(san)百(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)匹(pi)(pi)頭(tou)(tou)。分管內(nei)邊沿長四(si)(si)十(shi)里零四(si)(si)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)丈,邊墩(dun)五(wu)(wu)十(shi)二(er)(er)(er)座(zuo)(zuo),火路墩(dun)二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)座(zuo)(zuo),與所轄朔(shuo)寧(ning),陽方(fang),狗兒三(san)(san)(san)(san)堡(bao)(bao)防守(shou)把總(zong)(zong)畫(hua)地(di)(di)守(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)。內(nei)陽方(fang)并西溝(gou)口,苦參窊等處(chu)皆(jie)虜馬經涉之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu),嘉(jia)靖(jing)十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)大舉二(er)(er)(er)次,皆(jie)由此入(ru)搶至(zhi)忻(xin)州,崞縣,地(di)(di)方(fang)大遭荼毒。故設總(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)據險扼吭(hang),統(tong)重兵(bing)(bing)以彈壓之(zhi)(zhi)。無(wu)事則居中調(diao)度,有虎豹在(zai)山之(zhi)(zhi)勢,遇警(jing)則隨在(zai)策應,無(wu)豺狼嗥野(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)虞(yu)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)關保障胥有賴焉,非止寧(ning)武一(yi)隅已也。惟是地(di)(di)當孤懸,兵(bing)(bing)鮮土著,總(zong)(zong)兵(bing)(bing)所統(tong)標、正各兵(bing)(bing)雖(sui)多驍(xiao)健(jian),然半系四(si)(si)方(fang)烏(wu)合之(zhi)(zhi)眾,驕悍素號難制(zhi),駕(jia)馭頗費調(diao)停。惟在(zai)大將平日威愛并濟,鼓舞(wu)有方(fang),使烏(wu)合之(zhi)(zhi)人心樂為(wei)我(wo)用,臨時調(diao)發應敵,以之(zhi)(zhi)克捷不難矣(yi)。至(zhi)一(yi)切兵(bing)(bing)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)計(ji),鎮道同心,謀必萬全云。
陽方堡
本(ben)堡(bao)(bao)于(yu)嘉靖于(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年土筑,萬歷四年磚包,周二里(li)零八十(shi)(shi)(shi)步(bu),高(gao)三(san)丈五尺.設防(fang)守一(yi)員分(fen)領守備營及改撥(bo)見(jian)在旗(qi)軍(jun)三(san)百(bai)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)九名,管邊一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)里(li)零一(yi)百(bai)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)步(bu),邊墩三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)座,內西水口(kou),苦參窊二處極沖(chong),通大虜.本(ben)堡(bao)(bao)雖離虜巢稍遠,實為三(san)關(guan)屏翰(han),寧武要沖(chong).議者謂虜犯大同,大將當提(ti)兵移駐于(yu)此(ci)(ci),一(yi)以擁(yong)護(hu)雁門(men)而虜不(bu)敢(gan)東(dong)視,一(yi)以策應偏,利而虜不(bu)敢(gan)西下,朔,云且(qie)藉(jie)以聲援(yuan)而虜不(bu)敢(gan)外住蹂躪矣(yi).蓋門(men)戶鞏固,則堂奧(ao)自安,此(ci)(ci)最得肯綮(qi)云.
寧化城
本城(cheng)洪武十二(er)年(nian)土筑,萬歷十年(nian)磚包(bao),周(zhou)三(san)(san)里零二(er)百一十二(er)步,高三(san)(san)丈三(san)(san)尺.設守御千戶所,掌印巡捕,城(cheng)操(cao)各(ge)一員,所領見在官軍(jun)七百四十員名,火路墩九(jiu)座.本城(cheng)地(di)近腹(fu)里,雖非沖(chong)劇,然支鍋石,小嶺兒虜騎可通,亦屬要害,嘉(jia)靖間曾(ceng)兩經(jing)入犯,地(di)方頗(po)遭花毒.必須防守嚴密,庶可保障無(wu)恐,甚勿(wu)以近腹(fu)而少忽之.
盤道梁堡
本堡新(xin)舊(jiu)磚(zhuan)城(cheng)二座,一(yi)土(tu)建于嘉(jia)靖(jing)三(san)十(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(nian),萬歷十(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)磚(zhuan)包(bao),今(jin)在(zai)邊(bian)外,二十(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)因地勢低洼,改移新(xin)城(cheng)于邊(bian)內(nei)(nei),周(zhou)一(yi)里零一(yi)百四(si)步,高(gao)三(san)丈(zhang)五(wu)尺(chi).初設(she)防守(shou)(shou),繼(ji)改操守(shou)(shou),二十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)始設(she)守(shou)(shou)備,先屬雁(yan)平,后改寧武,所領見在(zai)官軍七百三(san)員名,馬騾一(yi)百四(si)十(shi)(shi)匹頭.分管(guan)內(nei)(nei)邊(bian)沿長四(si)十(shi)(shi)八里零四(si)十(shi)(shi)丈(zhang),內(nei)(nei)磚(zhuan)石包(bao)砌三(san)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)里,靠山(shan)鏟削一(yi)十(shi)(shi)三(san)里零四(si)十(shi)(shi)丈(zhang),邊(bian)墩(dun)二十(shi)(shi)六座,火(huo)路墩(dun)二十(shi)(shi)四(si)座,與所轄小蓮花,惡化柳樹,燕兒水,雕窩(wo)梁(liang),玄岡口五(wu)堡防守(shou)(shou)畫地守(shou)(shou)之(zhi).本堡坐落(luo)山(shan)巔,汲水外溝,土(tu)脈(mo)砂松,墻(qiang)垣易圯.且邊(bian)長兵寡,分布為難(nan),極沖凡一(yi)十(shi)(shi)二處,嘉(jia)靖(jing)間大虜(lu)兩次內(nei)(nei)犯忻州等處,俱由(you)此出入.內(nei)(nei)火(huo)燒梁(liang)駱駝梁(liang),金家嘴舊(jiu)有邊(bian)壕,今(jin)宜挑浚,雕窩(wo)梁(liang)山(shan)徑可通虜(lu)馬,今(jin)宜阻塞.其燕兒水之(zhi)臥羊坡尤虜(lu)屯牧之(zhi)處,相(xiang)連漫坡,易于馳(chi)突.若修墻(qiang)臺,浚壕塹以(yi)遏其入,庶(shu)可免侵軼之(zhi)患,此在(zai)守(shou)(shou)土(tu)者所當加之(zhi)意耳.
山西瀕塞要害(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關(guan)三:雁門(men)、偏(pian)頭(tou)及(ji)新置寧武是也。寧武,舊名(ming)“橐(tuo)蓮臺(tai)”《地志》謂:“即古(gu)寧武軍口”。今(jin)因以(yi)(yi)名(ming)關(guan),與(yu)雁門(men)、偏(pian)頭(tou)東西相顧,聯絡數百里,狀若鼎峙。北控云中(zhong),南(nan)障(zhang)太原,旁援朔、應、忻(xin)、崞、岢嵐(lan)、靜樂諸州縣。雖(sui)山勢磅礴(bo)綿亙而(er)(er)原隰平(ping)衍,有(you)(you)道(dao)可通(tong),非若彼二(er)關(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)峻險回阻也。往歲,北□輒徑此入我(wo)境內,當事(shi)武臣(chen)常請設(she)堡,屯卒以(yi)(yi)謹防(fang)御(yu),未果行。近,朝廷慮(lv)山西邊(bian)事(shi)頗殷,命(ming)太監(jian)鄭(zheng)同(tong)、僉(qian)都(dou)御(yu)史(shi)李(li)(li)侃、署(shu)都(dou)督僉(qian)事(shi)王(wang)信(xin),鎮撫其(qi)地,兼督諸關(guan)戎務。三公(gong)既(ji)至,一心協慮(lv),加意(yi)綏(sui)輯,兵民(min)以(yi)(yi)和。既(ji)而(er)(er)躬歷邊(bian)陲,厘剔(ti)廢馳,至今(jin)置關(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu),周覽形勝。僉(qian)曰:“此誠(cheng)缺障(zhang)也,及(ji)今(jin)弗圖保(bao),無囊時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)乎(hu)(hu)?”遂議建(jian)城(cheng)為(wei)關(guan),選將(jiang)提師與(yu)偏(pian)頭(tou)、雁門(men)等(deng)。又虞(yu)工役(yi)浩繁,不免勞(lao)(lao)民(min),并疏區畫(hua)方略以(yi)(yi)聞,制(zhi)曰:“可”。乃于(yu)(yu)(yu)成化丁(ding)亥(1467年(nian))三月始事(shi),伐石(shi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)山,采木于(yu)(yu)(yu)林,陶甓(pi)作冶(ye),而(er)(er)工徒則(ze)取兵民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)當調戍者。明‘年(nian)告成,周圍四(si)里許,基(ji)五(wu)丈(zhang)而(er)(er)廣半之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),高三丈(zhang)有(you)(you)奇(qi),環(huan)為(wei)聛聣,而(er)(er)門(men)其(qi)東、西、南(nan)三面,前翼甕城(cheng),城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內建(jian)守(shou)帥廳,事(shi)藩杲(gao)行署(shu),走傳有(you)(you)驛(yi),糧儲有(you)(you)倉(cang),積芻(chu)有(you)(you)場,棲(qi)卒有(you)(you)廬,戰守(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具畢備。歲調卒為(wei)二(er)番,兵丁(ding)總(zong)四(si)千人,騎千有(you)(you)奇(qi),各以(yi)(yi)指揮(hui)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)分隸部伍,而(er)(er)請專敕(chi)都(dou)指揮(hui)使(shi)同(tong)知田春(chun)領其(qi)事(shi)。三公(gong)往來(lai)蒞督,役(yi)方就緒,鄭(zheng)公(gong)被(bei)召還京師,王(wang)公(gong)移鎮于(yu)(yu)(yu)代,而(er)(er)終董其(qi)成者,惟李(li)(li)公(gong)。三關(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)既(ji)設(she)等(deng),則(ze)侯望益(yi)時,巡徼益(yi)密(mi),保(bao)障(zhang)益(yi)固。不惟將(jiang)卒得據以(yi)(yi)制(zhi)敵,而(er)(er)旁州比縣,昔嘗被(bei)患(huan)者亦恃以(yi)(yi)無恐(kong)矣。李(li)(li)公(gong)俾綬書其(qi)事(shi),以(yi)(yi)告來(lai)者。竊惟大易于(yu)(yu)(yu)萃,以(yi)(yi)戒不虞(yu),而(er)(er)重門(men)擊拆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi),有(you)(you)取于(yu)(yu)(yu)豫。蓋(gai)居安慮(lv)危,思患(huan)豫防(fang),以(yi)(yi)為(wei)銷萌御(yu)暴計者。雖(sui)在中(zhong)區甸服而(er)(er)城(cheng)墉關(guan)隘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)除修,猶不容以(yi)(yi)少(shao)緩,矧荒裔要害(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地乎(hu)(hu)?茍(gou)徒恤一時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勞(lao)(lao)而(er)(er)不圖,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)起廢補(bu)罅(xia)固于(yu)(yu)(yu)無窮,則(ze)雖(sui)良平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智,賁(bi)育之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勇,曷(he)足以(yi)(yi)勝將(jiang)來(lai)不測之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變哉?是役(yi)也,勞(lao)(lao)一時而(er)(er)利久遠,所(suo)謂以(yi)(yi)佚(yi)道(dao)使(shi)民(min)者也。凡(fan)有(you)(you)事(shi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)斯者,其(qi)尚求置關(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),以(yi)(yi)善(shan)體之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)哉!
《寧武關》,傳統戲曲曲目,事見(jian)《鐵冠圖》傳奇。
《寧武關》,京劇又(you)名《別(bie)母(mu)亂箭》、《一門忠烈》,該(gai)劇早(zao)年曾為余(yu)叔巖、言菊朋的(de)代(dai)表(biao)劇目,因世人對該(gai)劇主題及人物褒(bao)貶各異,故不常演以(yi)至今已失傳。
故事大意:明(ming)末,李(li)自成率部攻打寧武關,守將周遇吉(ji)固(gu)守,終(zhong)難抵擋。周遇吉(ji)突圍探母,欲保護老母及妻兒等逃離,周母誓與城池(chi)共存(cun),令(ling)其再(zai)戰(zhan)。李(li)自成兵逼城關,周母令(ling)媳、孫自殺,然后放火自焚。周遇吉(ji)力抗義軍(jun),被亂箭射傷,后自刎身亡。
此(ci)劇(ju)為京(jing)劇(ju)、昆曲(qu)(qu)文武(wu)(wu)老生傳統戲(xi)之一,全劇(ju)通唱曲(qu)(qu)牌,亦文亦武(wu)(wu),在別(bie)母、中(zhong)箭、殉(xun)城等場次中(zhong),有(you)繁難的身段表演(yan)及曲(qu)(qu)牌演(yan)唱。川劇(ju)、湘劇(ju)、桂劇(ju)、秦腔(qiang)、同州梆(bang)子(zi)、河北梆(bang)子(zi)均有(you)此(ci)劇(ju)目,徽劇(ju)名(ming)《別(bie)母亂箭》。