馬(ma)(ma)寶(bao)(1628-1699年(nian)),字城璧,號(hao)佩瑗,排行(xing)(xing)老三(san)(san),亦稱(cheng)三(san)(san)寶(bao),明末陜(shan)西平涼府隆德轉角嘴人(今(jin)寧夏(xia)固原市隆德縣沙塘鎮馬(ma)(ma)家河村(cun)),1628年(nian)孟(meng)夏(xia)出生(sheng)(sheng),出生(sheng)(sheng)時母逝,被父(fu)棄(qi)于(yu)山野,三(san)(san)日后其嫂(sao)去看,禽(qin)獸不(bu)食,且還活著,帶回家撫養,異人,食量大,年(nian)少力抵成人。魁梧赤眼,擅使鞣鞭槍,足(zu)智多謀,英勇善戰。排行(xing)(xing)老三(san)(san),又因(yin)唐初,有(you)驍騎將馬(ma)(ma)三(san)(san)寶(bao),人羨其勇,亦以三(san)(san)寶(bao)呼之。生(sheng)(sheng)有(you)五子(zi),次(ci)子(zi)自(zi)援,恂恂儒雅,諳(an)韻學《等(deng)韻》,有(you)詩(shi)集行(xing)(xing)世。
祟楨十(shi)六年(nian)(1643年(nian)),李自(zi)成(cheng)部破隆德,馬(ma)寶(bao)投李自(zi)成(cheng)部隊(dui)。李自(zi)成(cheng)入北(bei)京(jing)時(1644年(nian)),馬(ma)寶(bao)已因戰功擢升老營副(fu)營總。
1645年(nian)(nian),李自成歿后,寶擁護明桂王朱由榔(1647年(nian)(nian)稱永歷帝)南明朝,封安定伯。
順治七年(nian)(1650)二月,平南(nan)(nan)王尚可(ke)喜(xi)(xi)圍攻(gong)廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。五月,永歷(li)(li)(li)(li)帝遣寶(bao)(bao)襲(xi)清(qing)遠(yuan),以救廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),被(bei)可(ke)喜(xi)(xi)使將擊(ji)敗。八年(nian)十(shi)月,永歷(li)(li)(li)(li)帝自南(nan)(nan)寧退安隆,寶(bao)(bao)率(lv)明軍轉戰廣(guang)(guang)西山谷間。九年(nian)五月,永歷(li)(li)(li)(li)帝遣李定國攻(gong)兩廣(guang)(guang),連(lian)陷(xian)桂林、柳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),寶(bao)(bao)率(lv)兵與定國聚。十(shi)月,寶(bao)(bao)率(lv)廣(guang)(guang)西明軍東取陽山、連(lian)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),占領廣(guang)(guang)東西北部。十(shi)年(nian)四(si)月,攻(gong)肇慶兵敗,隨(sui)可(ke)望(wang)(wang)走貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。十(shi)三年(nian),定國奉永歷(li)(li)(li)(li)帝入(ru)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)。十(shi)四(si)年(nian),可(ke)望(wang)(wang)據貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)叛,永歷(li)(li)(li)(li)帝遣定國討之,可(ke)望(wang)(wang)使寶(bao)(bao)間道襲(xi)云(yun)南(nan)(nan),欲掩(yan)執(zhi)永歷(li)(li)(li)(li)帝。然可(ke)望(wang)(wang)拔(ba)扈,部下不執(zhi)其令。寶(bao)(bao)得知沐(mu)天波守云(yun)南(nan)(nan),停(ting)兵不進,暗示定國襲(xi)擊(ji)可(ke)望(wang)(wang),可(ke)望(wang)(wang)敗逃。寶(bao)(bao)歸云(yun)南(nan)(nan),十(shi)四(si)年(nian)十(shi)月永歷(li)(li)(li)(li)帝封(feng)寶(bao)(bao)淮國公。
十(shi)(shi)六年,南明朝兵(bing)(bing)(bing)敗,永歷帝自騰越(yue)奔南甸,寶(bao)走鶴慶(qing),又至麗(li)江(jiang)、蘭坪州,十(shi)(shi)月在劍川無奈剃發降(jiang)(jiang)清。三桂見寶(bao)獷(guang)猛,厚(hou)結(jie)之。十(shi)(shi)七年,三桂奏請以降(jiang)(jiang)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)為十(shi)(shi)營,營千二百人,以投誠官(guan)分統之。并(bing)擬寶(bao)等為總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)官(guan),清廷部議如所請,封寶(bao)為右都督(du)充中營總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)官(guan)。
十八年,三(san)桂遣寶剿馬(ma)乃土(tu)司龍(long)兆吉,斬(zhan)之(zhi)。康(kang)熙(xi)五年,寶調(diao)曲靖武營(ying)總兵官。
康(kang)熙十二年十一月,三桂復明,改(gai)國(guo)號為周元年,鑄印(yin)曰“天下都招討兵馬大元帥之印(yin)”,封寶國(guo)公,銜(xian)為鐵騎總管將軍(jun)。
寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)自(zi)云南率(lv)軍(jun)先(xian)驅陷貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)提督李本深(shen)于貴陽率(lv)部歸(gui)迎。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)至(zhi)(zhi)鎮遠,巡(xun)撫(fu)曹申吉(ji)、總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)王永(yong)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)皆(jie)降。十(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)至(zhi)(zhi)湖(hu)南,用奇兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)攻(gong)陷沅州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、辰州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),俘清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)官(guan)崔(cui)世(shi)(shi)祿;清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)巡(xun)撫(fu)盧震(zhen)棄長(chang)沙,逃往岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。荊(jing)襄的清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)廷兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)將,皆(jie)不敢渡江(jiang)赴(fu)援。吳應麟援兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)繼(ji)至(zhi)(zhi),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)先(xian)后攻(gong)下常(chang)德(de)、岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、澧(li)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、衡(heng)(heng)陽等(deng)四(si)(si)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)一府.四(si)(si)川(chuan)巡(xun)撫(fu)盧森,長(chang)沙副(fu)將黃正卿,岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)參將李國棟投降。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)占領(ling)了川(chuan)湘(xiang)一帶,聲勢日盛。三(san)(san)桂赴(fu)常(chang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)督師,令寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)嚴守岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),扼(e)洞庭湖(hu)口,布重兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)于澧(li)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、石首、花容(rong)、松滋(zi)之間(jian).為(wei)(wei)犄角之勢。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)續襲江(jiang)西。十(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)正月(yue)(yue),康(kang)熙令岳樂(le)進逼長(chang)沙,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)據岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),出沒湖(hu)湘(xiang)間(jian),道路為(wei)(wei)梗。十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue),清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)攻(gong)長(chang)沙,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)令所屬彝(yi)陵、南漳(zhang)諸將領(ling)分擾清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)營。十(shi)(shi)一月(yue)(yue),清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)圍(wei)長(chang)沙,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)自(zi)岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)馳援,長(chang)沙圍(wei)解。十(shi)(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)九月(yue)(yue),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)大軍(jun)萬余攻(gong)克韶州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),渡河至(zhi)(zhi)蓮(lian)花山,薄(bo)羅江(jiang),被清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)內外(wai)夾擊,失(shi)利奔帽峰山。十(shi)(shi)二月(yue)(yue),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)軍(jun)赴(fu)衡(heng)(heng)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。十(shi)(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)正月(yue)(yue),又由宜(yi)章入廣西,二月(yue)(yue),復至(zhi)(zhi)衡(heng)(heng)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),營江(jiang)東岸為(wei)(wei)聲援。六(liu)月(yue)(yue)初,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)攻(gong)下彬(bin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),率(lv)數萬人馬(ma)南下,又攻(gong)衡(heng)(heng)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)大門永(yong)興,清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)都統(tong)(tong)伊里布,副(fu)都統(tong)(tong)哈(ha)克山相(xiang)繼(ji)戰死(si)。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)占領(ling)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)河外(wai)營壘,清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)統(tong)(tong)領(ling)碩岱城中固(gu)守。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)三(san)(san)面環攻(gong),晝(zhou)夜不停(ting)。八月(yue)(yue),永(yong)興將攻(gong)下,三(san)(san)桂亡,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)焚兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)營撤軍(jun),吳諸將立世(shi)(shi)璠,世(shi)(shi)璠拜寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)為(wei)(wei)少(shao)傅(fu)兼太子太傅(fu)、掛大將軍(jun)印總(zong)統(tong)(tong),專司閫外(wai),銜為(wei)(wei)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)馬(ma)大元(yuan)帥。
十(shi)(shi)八年五(wu)月(yue),簡親王喇(la)布(bu)給益陽(yang)知縣徐璫(dang)參議道銜,齎(ji)諭(yu)招撫(fu),寶(bao)殺之(zhi)。十(shi)(shi)月(yue),上降敕諭(yu)寶(bao)曰:“爾等(deng)本系(xi)吳(wu)三(san)桂(gui)藩(fan)下(xia)人。三(san)桂(gui)反叛,爾等(deng)率黨抗拒大兵,或(huo)非本懷。爾若能悔(hui)罪(zui)歸(gui)誠,前(qian)罪(zui)悉赦,仍論功敘(xu)(xu)錄。標下(xia)將(jiang)士(shi),概從寬宥,酌(zhuo)量加恩(en)。爾其(qi)盡(jin)釋疑衷,勉圖后效(xiao)”。寶(bao)抗拒如故。清兵復湖南、廣西,寶(bao)退貴州,守(shou)遵義。十(shi)(shi)九年正月(yue),清兵攻克四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)保寧,王屏藩(fan)窮蹙,自殺。三(san)月(yue),寶(bao)復襲四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan),攻克瀘州、敘(xu)(xu)州。在四(si)(si)(si)川(chuan)時,曾派人馱貨捎書至故里(li),感(gan)念嫂嫂恩(en)澤.兄長(chang)教悔(hui),悔(hui)恨不諳(an)時勢,恐招殃及己(ji)身。
二十年(nian)二月,清(qing)將彰(zhang)泰圍吳世璠于云南昆明,世璠危迫,趨寶(bao)自四川回援。寶(bao)棄(qi)(qi)敘州,退守(shou)遵義,五月癸丑朔,清(qing)提督周卜世至,寶(bao)曰:“我以一旅(lv)頓(dun)鎮(zhen)遠,則汝輩安(an)得長驅(qu)至此!特以天命已去,雖竊(qie)據(ju)一方,亦復何(he)益?故(gu)不為耳。”寶(bao)率部棄(qi)(qi)城走(zou)。六月,寶(bao)再次于烏(wu)蒙山佯敗以誘清(qing)都督希福(fu)(fu)攻擊,希福(fu)(fu)等至烏(wu)木山,寶(bao)據(ju)險相持,敵強(qiang)我弱(ruo),未(wei)幾,寶(bao)越(yue)山遁,僅以身(shen)免(mian)。(寶(bao)以偽身(shen)至姚安(an),偽身(shen)與(yu)潰卒(zu)百(bai)人七(qi)月赴希福(fu)(fu)軍(jun)前降,九月磔于市。)
1681年6月滇黔邊境(jing)烏木(mu)山之戰,標(biao)致反清復(fu)明(ming)徹底(di)失敗,寶(bao)之次(ci)子(zi)自援(yuan)氓村,三(san)子(zi)應先遂跡滇南蒙自;淮國(guo)公與長子(zi)、四子(zi)、季子(zi)自奇及家口(kou),在逃避清軍圍追(zhui)阻截的過(guo)程中(zhong),偶(ou)遇貨郎挑(tiao)壇子(zi)過(guo)路,與人(ren)換了(le)著(zhu)裝(zhuang),接(jie)過(guo)壇子(zi)挑(tiao)肩上,得以(yi)脫身,后(hou)知其人(ren)羊潛虎(hu)死,淮國(guo)公對(dui)家人(ren)曰:“不知他人(ren)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏名(ming)誰,就跟著(zhu)壇子(zi)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)吧”,一(yi)為紀(ji)念他人(ren)救命(ming)之恩,二為隱名(ming)埋姓(xing)(xing)(xing),就改(gai)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)譚(取“壇”之音)了(le),
一(yi)代梟雄,從(cong)鄉俚走來,轟轟烈烈半(ban)生,還歸(gui)鄉俚,隱姓埋名,頤養天年,無(wu)疾而終,享年七十一(yi)歲,葬(zang)于岱港村的花(hua)紅樹(shu)包包。