馬寶(bao)(1628-1699年(nian)),字城璧,號佩瑗,排行老三(san),亦稱三(san)寶(bao),明末陜(shan)西平涼府隆德轉(zhuan)角嘴人(ren)(今寧夏固原市(shi)隆德縣沙(sha)塘鎮(zhen)馬家(jia)河(he)村),1628年(nian)孟夏出生(sheng),出生(sheng)時母逝(shi),被父棄于山野,三(san)日(ri)后其嫂去看,禽獸不食(shi),且(qie)還活著,帶回(hui)家(jia)撫養,異(yi)人(ren),食(shi)量大,年(nian)少(shao)力抵成人(ren)。魁梧赤眼(yan),擅使鞣鞭槍,足(zu)智多謀,英勇善戰。排行老三(san),又因唐初(chu),有驍騎將(jiang)馬三(san)寶(bao),人(ren)羨其勇,亦以三(san)寶(bao)呼之。生(sheng)有五子,次子自援(yuan),恂(xun)恂(xun)儒雅(ya),諳韻學《等韻》,有詩(shi)集(ji)行世。
祟楨(zhen)十六(liu)年(nian)(1643年(nian)),李自(zi)成部(bu)(bu)破隆德,馬寶投李自(zi)成部(bu)(bu)隊。李自(zi)成入(ru)北京時(shi)(1644年(nian)),馬寶已(yi)因(yin)戰功擢升老(lao)營(ying)副營(ying)總(zong)。
1645年(nian)(nian),李自成歿后(hou),寶擁護明桂王朱由(you)榔(1647年(nian)(nian)稱永(yong)歷帝)南明朝,封安定(ding)伯(bo)。
順治七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1650)二月(yue)(yue)(yue),平南(nan)王尚可(ke)喜圍攻(gong)廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)。五月(yue)(yue)(yue),永(yong)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)帝(di)遣(qian)寶襲清遠,以救廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou),被可(ke)喜使(shi)將(jiang)擊(ji)敗(bai)。八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十月(yue)(yue)(yue),永(yong)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)帝(di)自南(nan)寧退(tui)安隆,寶率明軍轉戰(zhan)廣(guang)西山谷間(jian)。九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)五月(yue)(yue)(yue),永(yong)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)帝(di)遣(qian)李定國攻(gong)兩廣(guang),連(lian)陷(xian)桂林、柳州(zhou)(zhou),寶率兵與定國聚。十月(yue)(yue)(yue),寶率廣(guang)西明軍東取陽(yang)山、連(lian)州(zhou)(zhou),占領廣(guang)東西北部(bu)(bu)。十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)四(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue),攻(gong)肇(zhao)慶兵敗(bai),隨可(ke)望(wang)走(zou)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)。十三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),定國奉永(yong)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)帝(di)入(ru)云南(nan)。十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),可(ke)望(wang)據貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)叛,永(yong)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)帝(di)遣(qian)定國討之,可(ke)望(wang)使(shi)寶間(jian)道襲云南(nan),欲掩執永(yong)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)帝(di)。然(ran)可(ke)望(wang)拔扈,部(bu)(bu)下不(bu)執其令。寶得知沐(mu)天波(bo)守云南(nan),停(ting)兵不(bu)進,暗示定國襲擊(ji)可(ke)望(wang),可(ke)望(wang)敗(bai)逃(tao)。寶歸(gui)云南(nan),十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十月(yue)(yue)(yue)永(yong)歷(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)帝(di)封寶淮國公(gong)。
十(shi)(shi)六年,南明朝兵(bing)(bing)敗,永(yong)歷帝自騰越奔南甸,寶走鶴(he)慶,又至(zhi)麗(li)江、蘭坪州,十(shi)(shi)月在劍(jian)川無奈(nai)剃發(fa)降清。三桂見寶獷猛,厚結(jie)之。十(shi)(shi)七(qi)年,三桂奏請(qing)(qing)以降兵(bing)(bing)為(wei)十(shi)(shi)營(ying)(ying),營(ying)(ying)千二百人,以投(tou)誠官(guan)分統之。并擬寶等為(wei)總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)官(guan),清廷部議(yi)如所請(qing)(qing),封(feng)寶為(wei)右都督充中營(ying)(ying)總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)官(guan)。
十(shi)八(ba)年,三桂遣寶(bao)剿馬(ma)乃(nai)土司龍兆吉,斬(zhan)之。康熙(xi)五年,寶(bao)調曲靖武營(ying)總兵官。
康熙十(shi)二年十(shi)一(yi)月,三桂復明,改國(guo)號(hao)為(wei)周元(yuan)年,鑄印曰“天下都招討兵馬大元(yuan)帥之印”,封寶(bao)國(guo)公,銜為(wei)鐵騎總管(guan)將軍。
寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)自云南(nan)率(lv)軍(jun)先驅(qu)陷(xian)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)提(ti)督李(li)本深于貴(gui)(gui)陽(yang)(yang)率(lv)部歸(gui)迎。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)至(zhi)(zhi)鎮(zhen)遠(yuan),巡(xun)撫曹申吉、總兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)王永(yong)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)皆降。十(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)年(nian),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)至(zhi)(zhi)湖(hu)南(nan),用奇兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)攻陷(xian)沅州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、辰州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),俘(fu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)總兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)官(guan)崔世(shi)(shi)祿;清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)巡(xun)撫盧震棄(qi)長沙(sha)(sha),逃往岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。荊襄的清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)廷兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)將(jiang),皆不(bu)敢渡(du)江赴援(yuan)。吳應麟援(yuan)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)繼至(zhi)(zhi),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)先后攻下常德、岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、澧州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、衡(heng)陽(yang)(yang)等四州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)一(yi)府(fu).四川(chuan)巡(xun)撫盧森,長沙(sha)(sha)副(fu)將(jiang)黃正卿,岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)參將(jiang)李(li)國棟投(tou)降。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)占(zhan)領(ling)了(le)川(chuan)湘一(yi)帶(dai),聲勢日盛。三(san)(san)桂赴常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)督師,令寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)嚴(yan)守岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),扼洞(dong)庭湖(hu)口,布重(zhong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)于澧州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、石(shi)首(shou)、花容、松滋(zi)之間(jian).為(wei)犄角之勢。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)續襲(xi)江西。十(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)正月,康熙令岳樂(le)進(jin)逼長沙(sha)(sha),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)據(ju)岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),出(chu)沒湖(hu)湘間(jian),道路(lu)為(wei)梗(geng)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)五年(nian)三(san)(san)月,清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)攻長沙(sha)(sha),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)令所屬彝(yi)陵、南(nan)漳諸將(jiang)領(ling)分擾清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)營(ying)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)月,清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)圍長沙(sha)(sha),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)自岳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)馳援(yuan),長沙(sha)(sha)圍解。十(shi)(shi)(shi)六年(nian)九(jiu)月,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)大軍(jun)萬余攻克韶州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),渡(du)河至(zhi)(zhi)蓮花山,薄(bo)羅(luo)江,被清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)內外夾擊(ji),失利(li)奔帽峰山。十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)月,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)軍(jun)赴衡(heng)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)正月,又(you)由宜(yi)章入(ru)廣西,二(er)月,復(fu)至(zhi)(zhi)衡(heng)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),營(ying)江東岸為(wei)聲援(yuan)。六月初,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)攻下彬州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),率(lv)數(shu)萬人馬南(nan)下,又(you)攻衡(heng)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)大門永(yong)興,清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)都(dou)統伊里(li)布,副(fu)都(dou)統哈(ha)克山相繼戰死。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)占(zhan)領(ling)清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)河外營(ying)壘,清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)統領(ling)碩岱城中固守。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)三(san)(san)面(mian)環攻,晝夜不(bu)停。八月,永(yong)興將(jiang)攻下,三(san)(san)桂亡,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)焚兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)營(ying)撤軍(jun),吳諸將(jiang)立世(shi)(shi)璠,世(shi)(shi)璠拜寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)為(wei)少傅(fu)兼太子(zi)太傅(fu)、掛大將(jiang)軍(jun)印總統,專司閫外,銜為(wei)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)馬大元帥。
十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)五(wu)月,簡親王喇布給(gei)益(yi)陽知縣徐璫參議道(dao)銜,齎諭招撫,寶殺之。十(shi)(shi)月,上降敕諭寶曰:“爾等本(ben)系吳三桂(gui)(gui)藩下人。三桂(gui)(gui)反叛,爾等率黨抗拒大(da)兵(bing),或非(fei)本(ben)懷。爾若(ruo)能悔(hui)罪(zui)歸(gui)誠(cheng),前罪(zui)悉赦,仍論功(gong)敘錄。標下將士,概從(cong)寬(kuan)宥,酌量(liang)加恩(en)。爾其盡釋疑衷(zhong),勉(mian)圖后效”。寶抗拒如故(gu)。清兵(bing)復湖南、廣西(xi),寶退貴州,守遵(zun)義(yi)。十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)正月,清兵(bing)攻克(ke)四川保寧,王屏藩窮(qiong)蹙,自殺。三月,寶復襲(xi)四川,攻克(ke)瀘州、敘州。在四川時(shi),曾派人馱貨捎書至故(gu)里(li),感念嫂嫂恩(en)澤.兄長教(jiao)悔(hui),悔(hui)恨不諳時(shi)勢,恐招殃及己身(shen)。
二(er)十年(nian)二(er)月(yue),清將彰泰圍(wei)吳世璠于(yu)云南昆明,世璠危迫,趨(qu)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)自四(si)川(chuan)回(hui)援。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)棄敘州(zhou),退(tui)守遵義,五月(yue)癸丑(chou)朔,清提(ti)督(du)周卜世至(zhi),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)曰:“我以(yi)一旅頓鎮遠,則汝輩安得長驅至(zhi)此!特以(yi)天命已(yi)去,雖(sui)竊(qie)據(ju)(ju)一方(fang),亦復(fu)何益?故(gu)不為耳。”寶(bao)(bao)(bao)率部棄城走。六(liu)月(yue),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)再次(ci)于(yu)烏蒙山(shan)佯敗以(yi)誘清都督(du)希福攻擊,希福等至(zhi)烏木山(shan),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)據(ju)(ju)險(xian)相(xiang)持,敵強(qiang)我弱,未幾,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)越山(shan)遁(dun),僅以(yi)身(shen)免。(寶(bao)(bao)(bao)以(yi)偽(wei)身(shen)至(zhi)姚安,偽(wei)身(shen)與潰卒百人七月(yue)赴希福軍(jun)前降,九(jiu)月(yue)磔于(yu)市。)
1681年6月(yue)滇黔邊境烏木山之(zhi)(zhi)戰,標致反清復明(ming)徹底失(shi)敗,寶之(zhi)(zhi)次子(zi)(zi)自(zi)援氓村,三子(zi)(zi)應先遂(sui)跡滇南蒙自(zi);淮國公(gong)與長(chang)子(zi)(zi)、四子(zi)(zi)、季子(zi)(zi)自(zi)奇及家口(kou),在逃避清軍圍追阻截的過(guo)程(cheng)中,偶遇貨郎挑(tiao)壇子(zi)(zi)過(guo)路,與人換(huan)了著(zhu)裝,接(jie)過(guo)壇子(zi)(zi)挑(tiao)肩上(shang),得(de)以脫身,后(hou)知其人羊(yang)潛虎死,淮國公(gong)對家人曰(yue):“不知他人姓(xing)(xing)氏名(ming)誰,就(jiu)跟著(zhu)壇子(zi)(zi)姓(xing)(xing)吧”,一為紀念他人救命之(zhi)(zhi)恩,二為隱名(ming)埋姓(xing)(xing),就(jiu)改姓(xing)(xing)譚(tan)(取“壇”之(zhi)(zhi)音)了,
一代梟雄,從鄉(xiang)俚走來,轟轟烈(lie)(lie)烈(lie)(lie)半(ban)生,還歸(gui)鄉(xiang)俚,隱姓埋名,頤養(yang)天年(nian),無疾而終(zhong),享(xiang)年(nian)七十一歲,葬于(yu)岱港(gang)村的花紅樹包包。