分(fen)布于中國云南中部、西部至西北部和四川(chuan)西部。生(sheng)(sheng)長于山地(di)1500-2000米的山地(di)常綠(lv)闊葉(xie)林(lin)中。喜濕(shi)潤和土壤肥沃的山坡。為深根性樹種,生(sheng)(sheng)長良好(hao)。適宜(yi)在(zai)年平(ping)均溫度13-21℃,≥10℃活(huo)動積溫4500-7000℃,年降水量(liang)900-1600毫(hao)米,年平(ping)均相(xiang)對濕(shi)度大于70%的地(di)區生(sheng)(sheng)長。
喬木,高達30米,胸徑達80厘(li)米。枝(zhi)條(tiao)圓柱形(xing)(xing),具縱(zong)向(xiang)條(tiao)紋(wen),幼時(shi)(shi)綠色,老時(shi)(shi)褐色,無毛(mao)。葉(xie)互生,疏離,倒卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)或倒卵(luan)狀橢圓形(xing)(xing),間或橢圓形(xing)(xing),長(5)7-9(12)厘(li)米,寬(2)3.5-4(5)厘(li)米,先(xian)端(duan)短(duan)漸尖(jian),尖(jian)頭鈍,基部(bu)楔形(xing)(xing),兩(liang)側有時(shi)(shi)不對稱(cheng),革(ge)質,上(shang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)綠色或黃綠色,光亮,下面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)淡(dan)綠色或粉綠色,兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)均無毛(mao),邊緣軟骨質而背(bei)卷,中脈(mo)(mo)上(shang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)下部(bu)略凹陷,但上(shang)部(bu)近于平(ping)坦,下面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)明(ming)顯凸(tu)(tu)起(qi),側脈(mo)(mo)每邊7-9條(tiao),有時(shi)(shi)分又,弧(hu)曲,兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)凸(tu)(tu)起(qi),橫脈(mo)(mo)及小(xiao)脈(mo)(mo)網(wang)狀,兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)明(ming)顯構成蜂(feng)巢(chao)狀窩穴;葉(xie)柄(bing)長1-1.75厘(li)米,腹面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)具槽(cao),背(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)圓形(xing)(xing),無毛(mao)。
花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)(xu)由1-3花(hua)(hua)的(de)聚傘(san)花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)(xu)組成(cheng),有(you)時(shi)圓錐(zhui)花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)(xu)上部(bu)或全(quan)部(bu)的(de)聚傘(san)花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)(xu)僅具(ju)(ju)1花(hua)(hua),后者花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)(xu)呈(cheng)假(jia)總(zong)(zong)狀(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)(xu),花(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)(xu)長(chang)(chang)(2)3.5-7(9)厘米(mi),多數,生(sheng)于短枝下部(bu),總(zong)(zong)梗長(chang)(chang)(1)1.5-3(3.5)厘米(mi),與各級序(xu)(xu)(xu)軸及花(hua)(hua)梗無毛;苞(bao)片(pian)及小(xiao)苞(bao)片(pian)早(zao)落,苞(bao)片(pian)寬卵形(xing)(xing)或近圓形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)5-8毫(hao)米(mi),外層苞(bao)片(pian)較小(xiao),外面(mian)密(mi)被(bei)銹色柔(rou)毛,內(nei)面(mian)近無毛,小(xiao)苞(bao)片(pian)線(xian)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)達4毫(hao)米(mi),寬僅0.3毫(hao)米(mi),外面(mian)被(bei)銹色柔(rou)毛。花(hua)(hua)淡(dan)綠色、黃(huang)綠色或黃(huang)玉白(bai)色,長(chang)(chang)4-5毫(hao)米(mi),花(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)4-10毫(hao)米(mi);花(hua)(hua)被(bei)外面(mian)無毛,內(nei)面(mian)被(bei)柔(rou)毛,筒(tong)倒錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)約(yue)1毫(hao)米(mi),花(hua)(hua)被(bei)裂片(pian)長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing),先端(duan)銳尖,外輪(lun)稍(shao)短,長(chang)(chang)3.5-4毫(hao)米(mi),內(nei)輪(lun)長(chang)(chang)4-4.5毫(hao)米(mi),寬不及2毫(hao)米(mi);花(hua)(hua)絲(si)基(ji)(ji)部(bu)被(bei)柔(rou)毛,第三輪(lun)雄蕊稍(shao)長(chang)(chang),花(hua)(hua)絲(si)基(ji)(ji)部(bu)有(you)成(cheng)對具(ju)(ju)柄(bing)的(de)圓狀(zhuang)腎形(xing)(xing)腺(xian)體(ti),柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)達花(hua)(hua)絲(si)之半,基(ji)(ji)部(bu)被(bei)柔(rou)毛;子(zi)房(fang)(fang)卵珠形(xing)(xing),無毛,長(chang)(chang)1.5毫(hao)米(mi),花(hua)(hua)柱絲(si)狀(zhuang),與子(zi)房(fang)(fang)近等長(chang)(chang),柱頭小(xiao),頭狀(zhuang)。
果橢圓形,長約1.4厘米,先端具小尖頭,熟時黑(hei)藍色(se),具白粉,無(wu)毛;宿存花(hua)被裂片(pian)不(bu)(bu)增大,反折;果梗(geng)不(bu)(bu)增粗,頂端粗約1.2毫米。花(hua)期4-5月,果期6-10月。
于冬季(ji)對定植地進行(xing)(xing)整地,及時清理(li)苗圃地雜草(cao),挖穴規格50厘米×50厘米×40厘米,株(zhu)行(xing)(xing)距根(gen)據培(pei)植的(de)苗木(mu)規格來確定,可以(yi)采用2米×1米的(de)株(zhu)行(xing)(xing)距,或(huo)2米×2米的(de)株(zhu)行(xing)(xing)距。經過幾個月的(de)晾曬后(hou),于移栽(zai)前進行(xing)(xing)回土(tu),回表土(tu)1/2,并施(shi)0.2千克復(fu)合(he)肥或(huo)農(nong)家肥,與土(tu)壤拌勻,然后(hou)再回滿土(tu),使穴中(zhong)央呈面包狀。
移(yi)栽前將小(xiao)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)葉片(pian)摘除,僅保(bao)留頂(ding)部幾(ji)片(pian)葉片(pian),并依次擺放于每1個種植(zhi)穴(xue)旁。定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)時,去除小(xiao)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)營養袋,注(zhu)意保(bao)持袋土(tu)完整,放入(ru)穴(xue)內扶正并填滿土(tu),栽植(zhi)深(shen)度以覆(fu)蓋住原先的(de)基質即可,踩實圍塘(tang),澆足定(ding)(ding)根水。由于在3月(yue)份左右定(ding)(ding)植(zhi),云(yun)南氣(qi)候較為(wei)干旱,要進行(xing)覆(fu)蓋地膜,以保(bao)溫保(bao)濕(shi),提高定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)的(de)滇潤(run)楠(nan)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)成活率。
定植后(hou)要定期檢查苗(miao)木(mu)生長情(qing)況(kuang),對(dui)空塘進行補(bu)植,每15天左右(you)(you)澆水(shui)1次,待5月份(fen)進入雨季時開始施(shi)(shi)肥,夏季以施(shi)(shi)氮肥為主(zhu),秋(qiu)季施(shi)(shi)鉀肥。第1年種植的(de)(de)滇(dian)潤(run)楠苗(miao),要注(zhu)意及(ji)時去除基(ji)部萌生的(de)(de)小芽,以及(ji)去除多余(yu)的(de)(de)側(ce)枝(zhi),保留(liu)一(yi)個(ge)明顯生長旺(wang)盛的(de)(de)頂(ding)枝(zhi)。之后(hou)幾年注(zhu)意修剪側(ce)枝(zhi)及(ji)病(bing)蟲害防治,并根據(ju)生長情(qing)況(kuang)控制施(shi)(shi)肥量,在(zai)苗(miao)木(mu)主(zhu)干高2米左右(you)(you)時,可進行摘心,定向(xiang)培(pei)育(yu)樹(shu)形。苗(miao)木(mu)達到出圃要求時,則需要提(ti)前(qian)進行斷根,培(pei)育(yu)成(cheng)熟苗(miao),提(ti)高大苗(miao)移栽后(hou)的(de)(de)成(cheng)活率。
滇潤楠花期(qi)4-5月(yue)(yue),果期(qi)6-10月(yue)(yue),在(zai)(zai)昆明主要集中在(zai)(zai)8月(yue)(yue)成熟(shu),當漿(jiang)(jiang)果呈紫色時(shi)(shi),會有零星的漿(jiang)(jiang)果從樹上(shang)掉落,此(ci)時(shi)(shi)可以進行采收。對采集的漿(jiang)(jiang)果,應及時(shi)(shi)揉去(qu)果皮(pi),并用自來水(shui)清(qing)洗干凈后,自然陰干水(shui)氣(qi),去(qu)除(chu)雜(za)質,放(fang)置在(zai)(zai)陰涼干燥的地(di)方(fang)密閉儲存,待第2年春天時(shi)(shi)進行點播。
為(wei)了(le)提高定植后(hou)滇潤(run)楠(nan)的(de)(de)成(cheng)活率(lv),一般以采用營(ying)養(yang)袋育苗為(wei)佳。基質(zhi)可以選用黃(huang)土(tu)或紅心與(yu)農(nong)家肥混(hun)合,一般按2:1的(de)(de)比例充分(fen)混(hun)勻后(hou),用多菌靈、甲(jia)醛(quan)等進(jin)行(xing)土(tu)壤(rang)消毒(du),并用塑料膜覆蓋20天(tian)左(zuo)右,待(dai)基質(zhi)發(fa)酵后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)裝,營(ying)養(yang)袋規格(ge)可采用8厘(li)米×10厘(li)米。基質(zhi)分(fen)裝完后(hou),按1米寬的(de)(de)苗床進(jin)行(xing)擺(bai)放(fang),長(chang)度根(gen)據苗圃地大(da)小而定,以便于管理為(wei)目的(de)(de)。
先將(jiang)(jiang)滇潤(run)楠(nan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)用自(zi)來水浸(jin)泡,去除漂浮的壞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),并(bing)用0.3%的高(gao)錳酸鉀溶液(ye)消(xiao)毒(du)30分鐘,之后(hou)(hou)用始溫(wen)為45℃的水浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)12小時,使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)充(chong)分吸(xi)收水分。最后(hou)(hou)用粗河(he)沙拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),河(he)沙與種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)比例為2:1,將(jiang)(jiang)拌均的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)統一放入(ru)(ru)花盆中,并(bing)用塑料膜蓋緊,置(zhi)入(ru)(ru)大棚中進行催(cui)芽(ya),大棚內溫(wen)度為25-40℃之間。15天后(hou)(hou),部分種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)開始破殼,胚根(gen)露出,當80%左右種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)開裂后(hou)(hou),即可進行點(dian)(dian)播。經(jing)過催(cui)芽(ya)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)點(dian)(dian)播后(hou)(hou)能(neng)夠快速出土,并(bing)有助于根(gen)系(xi)的迅(xun)速延(yan)伸,從基質中吸(xi)收養分,保證小苗正常生長,提(ti)高(gao)小苗對高(gao)溫(wen)、干旱的抵抗能(neng)力。
為了保證苗木有(you)較長(chang)的(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)過程(cheng),一般采(cai)取(qu)春(chun)播,在(zai)每年的(de)(de)3月(yue)份左右(you)。種(zhong)子點(dian)(dian)播前2天,用(yong)水(shui)充分澆透基質(zhi),點(dian)(dian)播時,用(yong)手指刨(bao)開基質(zhi),點(dian)(dian)播深(shen)度2-3厘米,并覆蓋(gai)好,種(zhong)子點(dian)(dian)播完畢(bi)后澆透水(shui)1次。由(you)于云南的(de)(de)春(chun)季仍處(chu)于旱季,降(jiang)雨量(liang)極少,因此,需要對基質(zhi)表面進行覆蓋(gai),覆蓋(gai)物采(cai)用(yong)稻草或遮陽(yang)網等均可。以減(jian)少水(shui)分蒸發,防止土(tu)壤板(ban)結(jie),并提高基質(zhi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)度,給種(zhong)子出土(tu)創造一個(ge)良好的(de)(de)環境。
種(zhong)子(zi)點播后(hou),根據基質(zhi)的(de)水(shui)分情況(kuang),掌握澆(jiao)水(shui)次(ci)數和(he)澆(jiao)水(shui)量,以早晚(wan)澆(jiao)水(shui)為宜(yi)。15天(tian)左右小(xiao)苗(miao)出(chu)土(tu),當超過(guo)50%的(de)種(zhong)子(zi)出(chu)苗(miao)后(hou),及時揭去覆蓋物,避(bi)免(mian)苗(miao)木彎曲,并(bing)搭遮(zhe)陽網進行遮(zhe)光,避(bi)免(mian)小(xiao)苗(miao)灼(zhuo)傷。1個月(yue)(yue)后(hou)可用(yong)低濃度(du)的(de)農家肥(fei)或(huo)肥(fei)料進行追肥(fei),在9月(yue)(yue)份前(qian)以施氮肥(fei)為主,使(shi)苗(miao)木快(kuai)速生長(chang);9月(yue)(yue)份后(hou)可適當施1-2次(ci)鉀肥(fei),加(jia)速苗(miao)木的(de)木質(zhi)化程度(du),到第(di)2年(nian)春天(tian)移栽前(qian)對(dui)苗(miao)木進行干(gan)旱鍛煉,增(zeng)強苗(miao)木抗(kang)逆性。
滇潤楠四季常綠(lv)(lv),春葉(xie)(xie)紅艷,樹(shu)冠圓(yuan)整(zheng),是優(you)良的(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)(lv)化、防風(feng)樹(shu)種;材(cai)質優(you)良,可(ke)作建筑(zhu)、家具(ju)等用材(cai);葉(xie)(xie)、果(guo)(guo)可(ke)提取芳香(xiang)油(you),葉(xie)(xie)含油(you)率0.75%,果(guo)(guo)含油(you)率0.38%;樹(shu)皮和葉(xie)(xie)研粉(fen)可(ke)作薰(xun)香(xiang)及蚊香(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)調和劑、飲用水的(de)(de)(de)凈化劑。滇潤楠具(ju)有樹(shu)齡長、冠大蔭濃、樹(shu)型優(you)美、萌芽力強、耐修剪等特點,是很好的(de)(de)(de)園林綠(lv)(lv)化樹(shu)種,已列入昆明市(shi)園林綠(lv)(lv)化規劃中采用的(de)(de)(de)鄉土樹(shu)種及昆明市(shi)市(shi)民最喜愛的(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)(lv)化樹(shu)種之一。