芒果视频

文物歷史

據雍(yong)正(zheng)十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)（1735年(nian)(nian)）督陶(tao)官唐(tang)(tang)(tang)英撰(zhuan)《陶(tao)成(cheng)(cheng)紀事》載：“洋(yang)彩(cai)器皿，新仿西(xi)洋(yang)琺瑯畫(hua)法(fa)，人物、山水、花卉(hui)、翎毛無不(bu)精細入神。”可見瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)胎洋(yang)彩(cai)在雍(yong)正(zheng)時已(yi)開始(shi)燒造(zao)。從清宮內務府造(zao)辦處《各(ge)(ge)作(zuo)成(cheng)(cheng)做活計清檔(dang)》來看，瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)胎洋(yang)彩(cai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器大都制(zhi)作(zuo)于乾(qian)隆六年(nian)(nian)（1741年(nian)(nian)）之后(hou)，系在當時由督陶(tao)官唐(tang)(tang)(tang)英督理的景(jing)德(de)鎮御(yu)窯(yao)(yao)廠內制(zhi)作(zuo)完成(cheng)(cheng)。這種洋(yang)彩(cai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器深受乾(qian)隆帝(di)的喜愛。乾(qian)隆十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)（1748年(nian)(nian)），年(nian)(nian)已(yi)六十(shi)六歲的唐(tang)(tang)(tang)英接到乾(qian)隆帝(di)的旨意，負責(ze)燒制(zhi)清乾(qian)隆各(ge)(ge)種釉(you)彩(cai)大瓶。為了達(da)到這一目的，唐(tang)(tang)(tang)英廣泛派遣(qian)得力(li)助手去哥窯(yao)(yao)、汝(ru)窯(yao)(yao)、鈞(jun)窯(yao)(yao)、定窯(yao)(yao)、龍泉窯(yao)(yao)、湘(xiang)湖窯(yao)(yao)等(deng)全(quan)國各(ge)(ge)大名窯(yao)(yao)搜羅配方(fang)或瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)片標本，或者(zhe)仔(zi)細研(yan)(yan)究古代文獻的相關記述，然后(hou)反(fan)復研(yan)(yan)制(zhi)、試(shi)驗，燒制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)。清乾(qian)隆各(ge)(ge)種釉(you)彩(cai)大瓶現藏于北京故(gu)宮博物院。

文物特征

清(qing)乾(qian)隆各種釉(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)大瓶(ping)高86.4厘(li)米(mi)，口(kou)徑27.4厘(li)米(mi)，足(zu)徑33厘(li)米(mi)。洗(xi)口(kou)瓶(ping)，長(chang)頸，長(chang)圓腹(fu)，圈足(zu)外(wai)撇(pie)，頸兩側(ce)各置一螭(chi)耳。器(qi)身(shen)自上(shang)而下(xia)裝(zhuang)飾的釉(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)(cai)(cai)達17層之多(duo)。所(suo)使(shi)用的釉(you)(you)(you)上(shang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)裝(zhuang)飾品(pin)種有(you)金(jin)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)、琺(fa)瑯(lang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)、粉彩(cai)(cai)(cai)等(deng)；釉(you)(you)(you)下(xia)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)裝(zhuang)飾品(pin)種有(you)青花(hua)；還有(you)釉(you)(you)(you)上(shang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)與釉(you)(you)(you)下(xia)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)相結合(he)的斗彩(cai)(cai)(cai)。所(suo)使(shi)用的釉(you)(you)(you)有(you)仿(fang)哥釉(you)(you)(you)、松石綠(lv)釉(you)(you)(you)、窯變釉(you)(you)(you)、粉青釉(you)(you)(you)、霽藍釉(you)(you)(you)、仿(fang)汝釉(you)(you)(you)、仿(fang)官釉(you)(you)(you)、醬釉(you)(you)(you)等(deng)。清(qing)乾(qian)隆各種釉(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)大瓶(ping)主題(ti)紋飾在瓶(ping)的腹(fu)部，為霽藍釉(you)(you)(you)描金(jin)開光粉彩(cai)(cai)(cai)吉(ji)祥圖(tu)案，共12個開光，其中(zhong)6幅為寫實圖(tu)畫(hua)，分(fen)別為“三陽(yang)開泰”、“吉(ji)慶有(you)余”、“丹鳳朝(chao)陽(yang)”、“太平有(you)象”、“仙山瓊閣”、“博古(gu)九鼎”。另6幅為錦地“卍”字(zi)、蝙(bian)蝠(fu)、如(ru)意(yi)、蟠螭(chi)、靈芝、花(hua)卉，分(fen)別寓意(yi)“萬”、“福(fu)”、“如(ru)意(yi)”、“辟(pi)邪”、“長(chang)壽”、“富(fu)貴”。瓶(ping)內及圈足(zu)內施松石綠(lv)釉(you)(you)(you)，外(wai)底(di)中(zhong)心署青花(hua)篆書“大清(qing)乾(qian)隆年制”六(liu)字(zi)三行款。

制作技巧

清乾(qian)隆各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)大(da)瓶運用了(le)色地琺瑯(lang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、松(song)石(shi)地粉彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、仿(fang)哥(ge)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、金(jin)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、青(qing)(qing)花、松(song)石(shi)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、窯變釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、斗(dou)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、冬(dong)青(qing)(qing)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)暗(an)刻、祭蘭(lan)描金(jin)、開光(guang)繪(hui)粉彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、仿(fang)官(guan)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、綠釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、珊瑚紅釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、仿(fang)汝釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、紫金(jin)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)等(deng)十幾(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)施釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)方法，集高(gao)低(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)于(yu)一(yi)身，其燒(shao)造(zao)工(gong)藝繁復(fu)至極。從燒(shao)造(zao)工(gong)藝上看(kan)，青(qing)(qing)花與仿(fang)官(guan)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、仿(fang)汝釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、仿(fang)哥(ge)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、窯變釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、粉青(qing)(qing)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、祭藍釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)等(deng)均(jun)屬于(yu)高(gao)溫(wen)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，需先(xian)高(gao)溫(wen)焙(bei)燒(shao)。而(er)洋彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)、金(jin)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)及松(song)石(shi)綠釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)等(deng)均(jun)屬于(yu)低(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，應后入低(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)炭爐焙(bei)燒(shao)。這件(jian)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)大(da)瓶集10多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)低(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)于(yu)一(yi)身，而(er)且各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)均(jun)發色純正(zheng)，如此復(fu)雜(za)的(de)工(gong)藝只有在全面掌(zhang)握各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)化學性能(neng)(neng)的(de)情(qing)況下才能(neng)(neng)順利完(wan)成。

文物價值

藝術價值

清乾隆各(ge)種(zhong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)大(da)瓶是(shi)古代(dai)官(guan)窯(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)器中裝(zhuang)飾層次最(zui)多(duo)、釉(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)用料(liao)最(zui)考(kao)究、設計復雜、制作(zuo)難(nan)度(du)極高(gao)的(de)(de)瓷(ci)(ci)器，包括琺瑯彩(cai)(cai)、洋彩(cai)(cai)、仿宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai)哥釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、松石綠(lv)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、仿宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai)鈞窯(yao)窯(yao)變釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、斗(dou)彩(cai)(cai)、粉青釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、霽(ji)藍釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、仿宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai)官(guan)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、粉彩(cai)(cai)、珊瑚紅(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、仿宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai)汝釉(you)(you)(you)(you)、醬(jiang)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)等燒(shao)制難(nan)度(du)較高(gao)的(de)(de)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)(cai)，制作(zuo)中不(bu)考(kao)慮批量生產，創作(zuo)重心在外形上，為少數權貴(gui)服務，推崇對傳統(tong)的(de)(de)繼承和發展。素有(you)“瓷(ci)(ci)母”之(zhi)美(mei)稱，集(ji)中體現了當時(shi)高(gao)超的(de)(de)制瓷(ci)(ci)技(ji)藝，傳世僅(jin)此一件，彌足(zu)珍貴(gui)。

社會價值

清乾隆各種釉(you)彩大(da)瓶的社(she)會意義大(da)于(yu)審美意義。其色(se)彩繁冗復雜、題材偏多，導(dao)致缺乏內涵，并且在(zai)藝術(shu)上缺乏較高的美學境(jing)界(jie)，沒有把藝術(shu)性和技術(shu)性相結合(he)(he)。但(dan)其社(she)會意義巨大(da)，在(zai)工藝技術(shu)綜合(he)(he)應用上時代特征明(ming)顯，展(zhan)現了(le)當時頂尖的制作(zuo)工藝和海納(na)百川的文化自信，提高了(le)中國制造在(zai)世界(jie)上的知名度(du)，在(zai)中國文化的發展(zhan)中起到了(le)非常重要(yao)的作(zuo)用，為中國瓷器(qi)文化和世界(jie)瓷器(qi)文化的繁榮與發展(zhan)作(zuo)出了(le)巨大(da)貢(gong)獻(xian)。

文物鑒賞

清乾隆(long)各(ge)種釉(you)彩大(da)瓶的(de)眾多裝(zhuang)飾中(zhong)，最引人(ren)注目的(de)是口部和腹(fu)部的(de)各(ge)種色(se)地(di)“洋彩錦(jin)上添花”裝(zhuang)飾。清乾隆(long)各(ge)種釉(you)彩大(da)瓶的(de)六福(fu)寫實畫和六福(fu)錦(jin)地(di)的(de)主(zhu)題反映了人(ren)們對生活(huo)的(de)美好(hao)向往。寫實畫構圖飽(bao)滿，人(ren)物形象細致(zhi)；錦(jin)地(di)紋(wen)飾民族特色(se)鮮明，自然(ran)主(zhu)義傾向較強(qiang)。其他部位的(de)紋(wen)飾如胭脂紫地(di)纏(chan)枝寶相花紋(wen)、乾隆(long)風(feng)格的(de)青花、貼塑、仿明代(dai)永宣風(feng)格的(de)青花、金彩回紋(wen)、金彩卷草紋(wen)等，裝(zhuang)飾動機源于自然(ran)。其制(zhi)作水平(ping)遠超(chao)前代(dai)，體現了中(zhong)國(guo)古代(dai)的(de)科學技術成果和對美的(de)追求。