感應電動機又稱“異步電動機（asynchronousmotor）”，即轉(zhuan)子(zi)置于旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場中，在旋轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場的作用下(xia)，獲得一個轉(zhuan)動力矩，因(yin)而轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動。
轉(zhuan)子是可轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)導體(ti)，通常多呈鼠(shu)籠狀。定子是電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)中(zhong)不轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)部分，主(zhu)要任務(wu)是產生(sheng)一個旋轉(zhuan)磁場。旋轉(zhuan)磁場并(bing)不是用機(ji)(ji)械(xie)方法來實現。而(er)是以交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)通于數(shu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵中(zhong)，使其(qi)磁極性(xing)質循環改變，故相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當于一個旋轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)磁場。這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)并(bing)不像直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷或集電(dian)(dian)(dian)環，依據所用交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)種類有單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)和三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)，單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)用在如洗衣機(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)風扇等；三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)則(ze)作為工廠的(de)(de)動(dong)力設備。
尼古(gu)拉(la)·特(te)斯拉(la)（Nikola Tesla，1856年7月10日~1943年1月7日），塞(sai)爾維(wei)亞(ya)裔美籍發(fa)(fa)明家、機(ji)械工(gong)程(cheng)師、電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)工(gong)程(cheng)師。他被認為(wei)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力商業(ye)化的(de)(de)(de)重要推(tui)動者之一，并因主持(chi)設(she)計(ji)了(le)現代交流電(dian)(dian)系統而最為(wei)人知。在(zai)邁克爾·法(fa)拉(la)第發(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，特(te)斯拉(la)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)領域有著多(duo)(duo)項革命(ming)性的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)明。1887年發(fa)(fa)明感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)，他的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)項相關專(zhuan)利以及(ji)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)學的(de)(de)(de)理(li)論研究工(gong)作是(shi)現代的(de)(de)(de)無線通信和無線電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)基石。
通(tong)過定子(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場（其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)為同步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)n1）與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)的(de)(de)相對運動(dong)(dong)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)切(qie)割磁感(gan)線產(chan)生(sheng)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢，從(cong)而(er)使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)中產(chan)生(sheng)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)流。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)中的(de)(de)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)流與磁場作用，產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)磁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，使(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)。由于(yu)當轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)逐漸(jian)接(jie)近同步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)時，感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)流逐漸(jian)減小(xiao)，所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩也相應(ying)減小(xiao)，當異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)工(gong)作在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)狀態時，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)小(xiao)于(yu)同步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)。為了(le)描述(shu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)n與同步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)n1之間的(de)(de)差別(bie)，引(yin)入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)差率（slip）。
單相異步(bu)電機的基本結構
單(dan)相(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)就(jiu)是只需單(dan)相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)異步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)由定子(zi)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)、軸(zhou)承(cheng)、機(ji)殼、端蓋等(deng)構成(cheng)(cheng)。定子(zi)由機(ji)座和帶繞(rao)組的(de)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)組成(cheng)(cheng)。鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)由硅鋼片沖槽(cao)(cao)疊(die)壓(ya)而成(cheng)(cheng)，槽(cao)(cao)內嵌裝兩(liang)套空間互隔90°電(dian)(dian)角度的(de)主繞(rao)組（也稱運(yun)行繞(rao)組）和輔繞(rao)組（也稱起動(dong)(dong)繞(rao)組成(cheng)(cheng)副繞(rao)組）。主繞(rao)組接交流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，輔繞(rao)組串接離心(xin)(xin)開關S或起動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)、運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)等(deng)之(zhi)后，再接入電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)為(wei)籠(long)型(xing)(xing)鑄(zhu)鋁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，它(ta)是將(jiang)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)疊(die)壓(ya)后用鋁鑄(zhu)入鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)的(de)槽(cao)(cao)中，并一起鑄(zhu)出(chu)端環，使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)導(dao)條短路(lu)成(cheng)(cheng)鼠(shu)籠(long)型(xing)(xing)。
單(dan)相異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又分(fen)為單(dan)相電(dian)阻起動(dong)(dong)(dong)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，單(dan)相電(dian)容起動(dong)(dong)(dong)異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、單(dan)相電(dian)容運轉異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和(he)單(dan)相雙值電(dian)容異(yi)步(bu)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)。
三相異步電(dian)機的基本結構
三(san)相異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)由(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，軸承(cheng)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)，三(san)相繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)座，端(duan)(duan)蓋組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)由(you)0.35~0.5毫米(mi)(mi)厚表面(mian)(mian)具有(you)(you)(you)絕緣層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硅鋼(gang)(gang)片(pian)沖(chong)(chong)制、疊壓而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)圓沖(chong)(chong)有(you)(you)(you)均勻(yun)分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)槽(cao)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)以嵌放定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。三(san)相繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)三(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge)在(zai)空(kong)(kong)間互(hu)隔120°電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)角度(du)、隊稱排(pai)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)完(wan)全(quan)相同(tong)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)連接(jie)而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，這些繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)(ge)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)按一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)規律分別(bie)嵌放在(zai)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)各(ge)槽(cao)內(nei)。其作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是通(tong)入(ru)三(san)相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，產(chan)生旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)場(chang)。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)座通(tong)常為鑄(zhu)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)件(jian)，大型(xing)(xing)(xing)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)座一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)板焊(han)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，微型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)座采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鑄(zhu)鋁件(jian)，其作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是固(gu)定(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)與(yu)前后(hou)(hou)端(duan)(duan)蓋以支(zhi)撐轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，并起(qi)防護、散(san)(san)熱(re)等作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。封閉式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)座外(wai)面(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)(you)散(san)(san)熱(re)筋以增加散(san)(san)熱(re)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)，防護式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)座兩端(duan)(duan)端(duan)(duan)蓋開(kai)有(you)(you)(you)通(tong)風孔，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣可直接(jie)對(dui)流，以利于(yu)散(san)(san)熱(re)。端(duan)(duan)蓋主(zhu)要(yao)起(qi)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，支(zhi)撐和防護作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)和繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)材料與(yu)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣，由(you)0.5毫米(mi)(mi)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硅鋼(gang)(gang)片(pian)沖(chong)(chong)制、疊壓而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，硅鋼(gang)(gang)片(pian)外(wai)圓沖(chong)(chong)有(you)(you)(you)均勻(yun)分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來安置轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。通(tong)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)沖(chong)(chong)落后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硅鋼(gang)(gang)片(pian)內(nei)圓來沖(chong)(chong)制轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)直接(jie)壓裝在(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸上(shang)，大、中(zhong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)直徑在(zai)300~400毫米(mi)(mi)以上(shang)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)則借(jie)助與(yu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架壓在(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸上(shang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)分為鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)。 （1）鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)插入(ru)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)槽(cao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多根導條(tiao)(tiao)和兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)環(huan)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)端(duan)(duan)環(huan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。若去掉轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)心(xin)，整個(ge)(ge)(ge)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)形像一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)，故稱籠(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)籠(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鑄(zhu)鋁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，對(dui)于(yu)100KW以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)銅條(tiao)(tiao)和銅端(duan)(duan)環(huan)焊(han)接(jie)而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)分為：阻抗型(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、單鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、雙鼠(shu)(shu)(shu)籠(long)(long)(long)型(xing)(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、深槽(cao)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)幾種，起(qi)動(dong)(dong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩等特性各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)不同(tong)。 （2）繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)與(yu)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)相似(si)，也(ye)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)對(dui)稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)相繞(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)接(jie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)星形，三(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge)出(chu)線(xian)(xian)頭接(jie)到(dao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge)集流環(huan)上(shang)，再通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)與(yu)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路聯接(jie)。
1 異步電動(dong)(dong)機起動(dong)(dong)方式
1.1 軟起動
隨(sui)著(zhu)微(wei)型計算機控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技術的(de)(de)迅(xun)猛發展，在(zai)相關的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工程(cheng)領域(yu)中先后研制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成功(gong)(gong)了一批電(dian)子式軟起(qi)動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器，廣(guang)泛應用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)(de)起(qi)動(dong)過程(cheng)，降(jiang)壓啟動(dong)器隨(sui)之被替代。當前電(dian)子式的(de)(de)軟起(qi)動(dong)設施都(dou)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)是晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)的(de)(de)調壓電(dian)路，其(qi)電(dian)路構成如下所描述：晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)六只，兩兩反(fan)并聯(lian)(lian)后串聯(lian)(lian)至三(san)相電(dian)源上，待系統發送起(qi)動(dong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)后，微(wei)機控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)起(qi)動(dong)器系統立即進(jin)行數據計算，令晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)輸(shu)送觸發信(xin)(xin)號(hao)，使(shi)晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)的(de)(de)導通角得到控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，根據給定的(de)(de)輸(shu)出，調節輸(shu)出電(dian)壓，實(shi)現電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。該起(qi)動(dong)方式適合各種功(gong)(gong)率值的(de)(de)三(san)相交流異步電(dian)動(dong)機包括六根和三(san)根連接方式的(de)(de)起(qi)動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
1.2 直接起動
此(ci)種起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)是電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)中最(zui)基礎最(zui)簡單的，首先借助用刀開關使電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)與電(dian)(dian)網進(jin)行連接，此(ci)時在額定電(dian)(dian)壓下電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)并運(yun)行起(qi)(qi)來(lai)，該(gai)方式(shi)特點為：投資(zi)少，設備簡單、數量少，雖然起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時間(jian)短，但起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時的轉矩較(jiao)(jiao)小，電(dian)(dian)流較(jiao)(jiao)大，比較(jiao)(jiao)適合應用在容量小的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)起(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。
1.3 降(jiang)壓起動(dong)
由于(yu)直接(jie)起動(dong)(dong)(dong)存在較大的(de)缺點(dian)，降壓起動(dong)(dong)(dong)隨之產生。這種(zhong)(zhong)起動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)適用的(de)起動(dong)(dong)(dong)環境為空載和(he)輕載這兩種(zhong)(zhong)情況，由于(yu)降壓起動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)是在同時實現了限(xian)制起動(dong)(dong)(dong)轉矩和(he)起動(dong)(dong)(dong)電流的(de)，因此起動(dong)(dong)(dong)工作結束后需要使工作的(de)電路(lu)恢復到額定狀態。
三相感(gan)應電動(dong)(dong)機電氣制動(dong)(dong)方(fang)式有：能耗(hao)制動(dong)(dong)、反接制動(dong)(dong)、再(zai)生制動(dong)(dong)三種。
(1)能耗(hao)制(zhi)動(dong)時(shi)切斷電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)三相交(jiao)流電(dian)源，將(jiang)直(zhi)流電(dian)送入定子繞組。在切斷交(jiao)流電(dian)源的(de)瞬(shun)間，由于(yu)慣性作(zuo)用，電(dian)動(dong)機仍按(an)原來方向轉動(dong)，這種方式(shi)的(de)特點是制(zhi)動(dong)平穩，但(dan)需直(zhi)流電(dian)源、大功(gong)率(lv)電(dian)動(dong)機，所需直(zhi)流設備成本大，低速時(shi)制(zhi)動(dong)力小。
(2)反接制動又分(fen)負載反接制動和電源反接制動兩種(zhong)。
1)負(fu)(fu)載反(fan)接制(zhi)動又稱負(fu)(fu)載倒拉反(fan)接制(zhi)動。此轉矩使(shi)重物(wu)以穩定的速度(du)緩慢(man)下(xia)降。這(zhe)種制(zhi)動的特點(dian)是：電(dian)源不用反(fan)接，不需要專用的制(zhi)動設備(bei)，而且還可(ke)以調節制(zhi)動速度(du)，但只適用于繞線(xian)型電(dian)動機(ji)，其(qi)轉子電(dian)路(lu)需串入大電(dian)阻，使(shi)轉差率大于1。
2)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)反接制動(dong)(dong)當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機需制動(dong)(dong)時，只要任意對調兩相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)，使旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場相(xiang)反就能很快制動(dong)(dong)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機轉(zhuan)速等于零時，立即切(qie)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。這種制動(dong)(dong)的特點是：停車(che)快，制動(dong)(dong)力較強(qiang)，無(wu)需制動(dong)(dong)設備。但(dan)制動(dong)(dong)時由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大，沖擊力也大，易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機過熱，或損傷傳動(dong)(dong)部分(fen)的零部件。
(3)再生制動(dong)又稱回饋制動(dong)，在(zai)(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)物(wu)的作用(yong)下(xia)(當起重(zhong)(zhong)機電動(dong)機下(xia)放重(zhong)(zhong)物(wu))，電動(dong)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)高于旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場的同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)。這時轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子導(dao)體產生感應電流，在(zai)(zai)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場的作用(yong)下(xia)產生反旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)方向轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，但電動(dong)機轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)高，需用(yong)變速(su)裝置減速(su)。
1、一般來說，小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)異步電機指的就(jiu)是感應運(yun)轉型(xing)(xing)異步電機。這(zhe)種電機不(bu)只在啟(qi)動時，在運(yun)轉時也使用(yong)輔助線圈和電容(rong)器。雖然啟(qi)動轉矩不(bu)是很大，但其結構簡單，信賴度(du)高，效率也高。
2、隨負荷的大小(xiao)，電機的額(e)定轉速(su)也會改(gai)變。
3、可以連(lian)續(xu)運(yun)轉。
4、使用(yong)于不需要速(su)度制動的應用(yong)場合。
5、用(yong)(yong)E種絕(jue)緣(yuan)等級，而UL型(xing)電機則用(yong)(yong)A種。
6、有感應運轉型單(dan)相異步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)三相異步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)兩種(zhong)。
7、單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)為感應(ying)運(yun)轉型異步電(dian)機(ji)，效率高，噪聲低。
8、單(dan)相異步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)運轉(zhuan)時(shi)，產生和(he)旋轉(zhuan)方向(xiang)相反的轉(zhuan)矩(ju)，因(yin)此(ci)不(bu)可能在短時(shi)間內改變(bian)方向(xiang)。應在電(dian)機(ji)完全(quan)停止以(yi)后(hou)，再轉(zhuan)換其旋轉(zhuan)方向(xiang)。
9、單相電機的電源有A（110V 60Hz）、B（22V 60Hz）、C（100V 50/60Hz）、D（200V 50/60Hz）、E（115V 60Hz）、X（200-240V50Hz）等(deng)。
10、三相電(dian)機(ji)時(shi)使用(yong)U（200V 50/60Hz）、T（220V 50/60Hz）、S（380-440V 50/60Hz）電(dian)源(yuan)的異(yi)步電(dian)機(ji)。
項目
事項
絕緣阻抗
在常(chang)溫金屬阻和電動機外(wai)殼之間的絕緣電阻超過100M?
絕緣內壓
在(zai)常溫金屬繞組和電動機箱之間的(de)電壓(ya)
溫度上升
以1500V、50/60Hz輸(shu)入1min時(shi)沒有任何問題。
絕緣等級
E種（120℃）
過熱保護裝置
開放（120±5℃）；復歸（77±5℃）
使用溫度
-10~50℃（UL CE規格電(dian)動(dong)機使(shi)用溫度為-10~40℃）
（1）電動(dong)機(ji)投入電源后(hou)不轉的原因檢查及修(xiu)理
電動機(ji)投(tou)入電源(yuan)后不轉(zhuan)，一(yi)般有下列原因：
1）控制設備的接線(xian)錯(cuo)誤；
2）過電流(liu)繼電器調(diao)整(zheng)的整(zheng)定值偏小；
3）電源未(wei)接通，如熔絲燒斷(duan)、開(kai)關有故障或(huo)觸頭接觸不良、引線斷(duan)路等；
4）電源至電動機(ji)之間的連接有故障；
5）電動機繞組(zu)有(you)故障(zhang)，如相(xiang)間短路、接地(di)、接錯(cuo)線(xian)、斷路等；
6）繞(rao)線式轉子異步電動(dong)機起動(dong)誤(wu)操作或起動(dong)電阻(zu)過小；
7）電動機軸(zhou)承有故障，被卡住；
8）定、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵芯相擦（掃(sao)膛），等于增(zeng)加過大(da)的(de)負載；
9）電(dian)動機負載過(guo)大(da)或機械轉動部分被卡住等。
2）電動機過熱檢查及修理
發現正(zheng)常運行的(de)電動機過熱(re)，一(yi)般有下列原因：
1）電源(yuan)電壓突然變高，并于(yu)電動機銘(ming)牌額定電壓不相符(fu)，或(huo)者(zhe)三(san)相電源(yuan)電壓嚴重不平衡；
2）電動機所拖(tuo)動的負載變動較(jiao)大，電機暫時(shi)處于過載狀(zhuang)態；
3）由(you)于(yu)軸(zhou)承產生故障或間隙磨(mo)損超限、轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)發生彎(wan)曲、鐵(tie)芯局部過熱(re)變形、轉(zhuan)子軸(zhou)向串(chuan)動等原因，使定(ding)、轉(zhuan)子鐵(tie)芯掃膛；
4）環境粉(fen)塵進入電(dian)動機內部粘附在(zai)絕緣表(biao)面上和堵塞冷(leng)卻(que)風道、冷(leng)卻(que)風管(guan)等，使電(dian)動機通風不良，冷(leng)卻(que)效果(guo)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低，造(zao)成電(dian)機過熱；
5）電(dian)動機冷卻裝置失效，調節風溫裝置有故障，造(zao)成電(dian)機過熱；
6）三(san)相電動機單相運行；
7）繞組有故障，如短路、斷路、接(jie)地、接(jie)錯等；
8）氣(qi)隙不均勻。
經(jing)重繞(rao)后(hou)的電動機發生(sheng)過熱，其原(yuan)因是：
1）接線錯誤；
2）線圈匝(za)數過多或過少；
3）線(xian)圈導線(xian)過(guo)細，線(xian)圈節距過(guo)小或過(guo)大；
4）電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)裝(zhuang)配質量不(bu)好，鐵芯未對齊，定轉子鐵芯軸(zhou)向有(you)差距引起軸(zhou)向磁拉力，氣隙裝(zhuang)配和調整不(bu)均勻(yun)。由于電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)絕緣水平不(bu)斷提高(gao)，允許溫(wen)(wen)升限(xian)度也提高(gao)，所(suo)以電(dian)機(ji)(ji)外殼溫(wen)(wen)升較(jiao)高(gao)可(ke)能屬正常。但要用酒精溫(wen)(wen)度計測試部門的(de)外殼溫(wen)(wen)升和軸(zhou)承溫(wen)(wen)升，并和電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)絕緣等級(ji)所(suo)允許的(de)溫(wen)(wen)升相對照(zhao)比(bi)較(jiao)后，確認電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)是(shi)過熱，那么可(ke)按(an)以下步(bu)驟進(jin)行檢(jian)查 [9] 。
1）首(shou)先檢查三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓是否平衡(heng)(heng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波動的程度是否大(da)于制造場廠的保證(zheng)值（±10[%]）。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)，產(chan)生三相(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)損(sun)耗增大(da)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)發熱(re)，所(suo)以(yi)要及時糾正。電(dian)(dian)(dian)源頻率變動對（±5[%]）電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)發熱(re)也有影響，但(dan)實際變化不(bu)(bu)(bu)大(da)，所(suo)以(yi)在分析時一般可不(bu)(bu)(bu)考(kao)慮(lv)。
2）檢查(cha)電機是否單相運轉，三相接觸(chu)器的(de)觸(chu)頭是否接觸(chu)好(hao)，開(kai)關的(de)熔絲是否有一相燒斷，接線有否（單相）斷開(kai)。故障檢查(cha)出后進(jin)行處理。
3）檢查三(san)相電流(liu)是否超(chao)過(guo)額定(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)。若(ruo)超(chao)過(guo)額定(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)時，要檢查其(qi)原因。處理(li)這(zhe)類故(gu)障(zhang)時，要查清造成掃膛的(de)原因：①轉軸(zhou)彎(wan)曲；②軸(zhou)承故(gu)障(zhang)。輕(qing)微的(de)鐵芯掃膛不(bu)影響電機正常運行，掃膛嚴(yan)重時，可用車(che)刀將轉子(zi)表面輕(qing)輕(qing)切削一(yi)層（一(yi)般車(che)削直徑為(wei)0.2mm左右為(wei)宜）。
4）粉塵敷滿絕(jue)緣影響電(dian)機(ji)散熱(re)，過濾網堵塞(sai)，通風(feng)道和(he)通風(feng)管堵塞(sai)等，都會引起電(dian)機(ji)過熱(re)。因此可采(cai)取吹(chui)風(feng)清掃措施(shi)了消除粉塵，必要時電(dian)機(ji)要解(jie)體(ti)進(jin)行清洗處理。
5）如認為繞組有故障時(shi)，可進(jin)行(xing)繞組短(duan)路(lu)和接地試(shi)驗檢查。根據進(jin)行(xing)經驗表明，電機繞組如有匝(za)間(jian)短(duan)路(lu)，電機則會振動，動轉時(shi)間(jian)不少(shao)就會時(shi)間(jian)不長就會冒(mao)煙。但是(shi)匝(za)間(jian)短(duan)路(lu)引起電機發熱(re)，并且持續長時(shi)期的(de)(de)機會，是(shi)很(hen)少(shao)的(de)(de)。
重繞大(da)修后的電機溫升超限，可能是(shi)絕緣處理(li)工藝不(bu)好，線圈數(shu)據(ju)不(bu)對，接線錯(cuo)誤以(yi)及(ji)裝配質量等問題引起。這時(shi)電機應(ying)解體對照原始(shi)記(ji)錄(lu)檢查，以(yi)及(ji)查明繞組(zu)數(shu)據(ju)的正確性。
歲(sui)月靜好(hao)
】編(bian)輯上傳提(ti)供，詞(ci)條屬(shu)于開放詞(ci)條，當前頁(ye)面(mian)所(suo)展(zhan)示的詞(ci)條介紹涉(she)及宣傳內(nei)容(rong)屬(shu)于注冊用戶個人編(bian)輯行為，與(yu)【感應電動機】的所(suo)屬(shu)企業(ye)/所(suo)有人/主體無關(guan)，網(wang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不完全(quan)保證內(nei)容(rong)信(xin)息的準確(que)性、真(zhen)實性，也(ye)不代表本站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)立(li)場，各項數據信(xin)息存在(zai)更新(xin)不及時的情況(kuang)，僅(jin)供參考(kao)，請(qing)以官(guan)方(fang)發(fa)布為準。如果頁(ye)面(mian)內(nei)容(rong)與(yu)實際情況(kuang)不符，可點擊“反饋”在(zai)線向網(wang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)提(ti)出(chu)修(xiu)改，網(wang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)將核實后進行更正。
