1.形態特征
常綠小(xiao)喬木(mu),高約(yue)3~3.5米。枝條粗壯(zhuang)斜生,幼枝被(bei)濃密柔(rou)毛(mao),并有(you)微小(xiao)針刺。葉互生;葉柄(bing)的(de)葉翼(yi)倒(dao)心臟形(xing);有(you)毛(mao),主(zhu)脈(mo)及葉翼(yi)邊(bian)(bian)緣(yuan)(yuan)尤多;葉片長橢圓形(xing),長8~13厘米,寬3~6厘米,先端渾(hun)圓或(huo)(huo)微凹入,基(ji)部圓鈍,邊(bian)(bian)緣(yuan)(yuan)淺(qian)波(bo)狀(zhuang),兩面主(zhu)脈(mo)上均(jun)有(you)柔(rou)毛(mao);葉質肥厚(hou)柔(rou)軟。花(hua)(hua)(hua)極(ji)香(xiang),單生或(huo)(huo)腋(ye)生花(hua)(hua)(hua)序;萼4淺(qian)裂(lie);花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣白色(se),矩圓形(xing);雄(xiong)蕊20~25;子房圓形(xing),花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)柱(zhu)狀(zhuang),柱(zhu)頭極(ji)大(da)。果(guo)(guo)實圓形(xing)或(huo)(huo)略(lve)扁(bian),一(yi)般高10~15厘米,寬11~13厘米,檸檬黃色(se),油(you)室大(da)而明(ming)顯,幼果(guo)(guo)密被(bei)白色(se)絨毛(mao);果(guo)(guo)頂(ding)圓鈍,頂(ding)端內凹,果(guo)(guo)蒂四周略(lve)有(you)棱起;果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)不易剝離,厚(hou)約(yue)2厘米;瓤(rang)囊16瓣,中(zhong)心柱(zhu)充實,果(guo)(guo)肉淺(qian)黃色(se),汁胞長大(da)似(si)紡錘形(xing),味(wei)被(bei)酸。種(zhong)子80粒以上,扁(bian)圓形(xing),合點淺(qian)紫(zi)色(se)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)3月。果(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)8~9月。
2.植物形態
常綠喬木,高5~10m。小(xiao)板扁,幼枝、新葉(xie)被(bei)短(duan)柔毛。單(dan)生復(fu)葉(xie)互生,長(chang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、卵狀橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或闊卵形(xing)(xing),長(chang)6.5~16.5cm,寬4.5~8cm,邊緣(yuan)淺波狀,葉(xie)翅(chi)倒心形(xing)(xing)。花(hua)(hua)單(dan)生或為總(zong)狀花(hua)(hua)序,腋生;花(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)白色;雄蕊25~45;子房長(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)。柑果梨形(xing)(xing)、倒卵形(xing)(xing)或圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),直徑10~15cm,檸(ning)檬黃色,油(you)室大;瓤(rang)囊10~18瓣(ban)。花(hua)(hua)期4~5月(yue)(yue),果熟期9~11月(yue)(yue)。
3.藥用功效
【化(hua)痰止咳、風(feng)寒咳嗽】橘紅(hong)首要功效,無論寒咳或干(gan)咳,服用(yong)橘紅(hong)均可(ke)見效,咳嗽分為熱(re)咳和寒咳兩(liang)種(zhong):熱(re)咳,是(shi)由(you)肺熱(re)造成的反復咳嗽,例(li)如過量食(shi)(shi)用(yong)上火食(shi)(shi)品(pin),如煎炸、燒烤類等食(shi)(shi)品(pin),表現為喉嚨干(gan)癢、干(gan)咳少痰或痰色黃(huang)質黏稠;寒咳,多(duo)由(you)受寒引(yin)起,表現為咽癢咳頻,痰液稀薄如泡沫(mo)狀。
【久咳、氣管炎、哮喘】中老年人長年久咳或哮喘服(fu)用(yong)(yong)橘紅為首選(xuan)。對久咳、哮喘者必(bi)須堅持服(fu)用(yong)(yong)并(bing)逐漸適(shi)應方(fang)可起效(xiao)。一般建議使(shi)用(yong)(yong)2-3個月以(yi)上。
【食積傷酒(jiu)(jiu)、化(hua)(hua)普理氣(qi)】抽煙喝酒(jiu)(jiu)人士之佳品,煙酒(jiu)(jiu)對肺(fei)胃肝(gan)及喉嚨損傷最大(da),同時(shi)居住在城市汽車及工業廢氣(qi)居多,長久吸入過量(liang)后容易導致習慣性呼吸道感染發炎(yan)。常服用化(hua)(hua)橘紅便能減輕酒(jiu)(jiu)精(jing)及廢氣(qi)對這(zhe)些人體器官(guan)的損害。
【嘔吐呃逆、飲(yin)食(shi)積(ji)滯】經常飯局(ju)應酬等(deng)人(ren)士應常服用化橘(ju)紅,化橘(ju)紅對腸胃的(de)消滯有良好功(gong)效,飯后(hou)服用可令緩(huan)解胃中(zhong)消化壓力。
4.地理環境
化(hua)(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)具(ju)有的(de)品質(zhi)特色取決于化(hua)(hua)(hua)州市(shi)(shi)內特定的(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)條件(jian)和氣(qi)(qi)候環境(jing)。化(hua)(hua)(hua)州市(shi)(shi)位于廣東省西(xi)部,東經110°20'~110°45',北(bei)緯21°29'~22°13',全市(shi)(shi)面積2324.5平(ping)方(fang)公里,為近海(hai)低丘(qiu)陵山區,其中(zhong)(zhong)山地(di)(di)(di)占51%,丘(qiu)陵占39%,谷地(di)(di)(di)和平(ping)原(yuan)10%。該市(shi)(shi)東北(bei)有云開山脈作(zuo)屏障,西(xi)有天(tian)堂嶂以擋烈金之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi),南(nan)面相臨南(nan)海(hai),中(zhong)(zhong)有滔滔羅江貫穿(chuan)南(nan)北(bei),有效(xiao)地(di)(di)(di)調節著全市(shi)(shi)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)候。化(hua)(hua)(hua)州市(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)處亞熱帶,氣(qi)(qi)候溫和,熱量(liang)(liang)(liang)豐富,平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫21℃,全年光(guang)照達(da)2500小時(shi)以上(shang),雨量(liang)(liang)(liang)充沛,年均降(jiang)雨量(liang)(liang)(liang)1900毫米(mi),土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)肥(fei)沃,原(yuan)始植被(bei)屬(shu)(shu)自然生態群落亞熱帶山地(di)(di)(di)磚紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)(rang),發育于石(shi)(shi)、砂(sha)頁巖。化(hua)(hua)(hua)州市(shi)(shi)種植化(hua)(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)的(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)屬(shu)(shu)偏酸性赤紅(hong)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang),pH在5.5-6.5之(zhi)間, 土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)結構良好,有機質(zhi)≥2%,富含礞脫石(shi)(shi)、Mn、Mg、Fe、Ti等微量(liang)(liang)(liang)元素,山地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)淋(lin)溶(rong)作(zuo)用較為強烈,地(di)(di)(di)理(li)環境(jing)條件(jian)優越。在這樣的(de)環境(jing)條件(jian)下,加上(shang)悠久種植形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)科學栽培技術,使化(hua)(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)具(ju)有藥物(wu)有效(xiao)成(cheng)分高、止咳化(hua)(hua)(hua)痰等獨特的(de)功效(xiao)。對(dui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)的(de)品質(zhi)特色,前人也認為除了(le)它本身(shen)的(de)藥物(wu)成(cheng)分和得天(tian)獨厚的(de)氣(qi)(qi)候條件(jian)外,更(geng)主要是化(hua)(hua)(hua)州市(shi)(shi)部分地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)所致,故州志記(ji)載:“化(hua)(hua)(hua)州城(cheng)內寶山及署內有礞石(shi)(shi)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)” “礞石(shi)(shi)能化(hua)(hua)(hua)痰,橘(ju)紅(hong)得礞石(shi)(shi)之(zhi)氣(qi)(qi),故化(hua)(hua)(hua)痰力(li)更(geng)勝(sheng)。”因(yin)此,化(hua)(hua)(hua)橘(ju)紅(hong)的(de)品質(zhi),功效(xiao)都強于異地(di)(di)(di)產的(de)任何橘(ju)紅(hong)。