形態特征
玉竹(zhu)條呈長圓(yuan)(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing),略(lve)扁,少(shao)(shao)有分枝,長8至(zhi)(zhi)20cm,直徑1.2至(zhi)(zhi)1.6cm,表面黃(huang)白色、金(jin)黃(huang)色或黃(huang)棕(zong)色,半透(tou)明(ming),具有縱皺及微(wei)隆起的環節,節上殘留白色圓(yuan)(yuan)點狀須根痕(hen),一端(duan)較(jiao)(jiao)疏,一端(duan)較(jiao)(jiao)密,莖痕(hen)處(chu)較(jiao)(jiao)細呈結節狀,質(zhi)略(lve)柔潤(run),斷面黃(huang)白色,微(wei)透(tou)明(ming),富(fu)糖性,味甜,香味濃,嚼(jiao)之(zhi)有粘性。玉竹(zhu)片肉質(zhi)白色,無外皮,或有少(shao)(shao)許(xu)外皮,片寬6mm至(zhi)(zhi)15mm。
主要價值
玉竹的(de)(de)干(gan)燥肉(rou)質呈根(gen)狀莖,為(wei)黃精屬多年生(sheng)草本植物,是大宗中藥(yao)材。玉竹,以根(gen)入藥(yao),性平味甘,具有(you)養陰清熱(re)、生(sheng)津止(zhi)咳等(deng)(deng)功效(xiao)。主(zhu)治(zhi)口(kou)燥咽干(gan)、干(gan)咳少痰、風(feng)濕咳嗽、發(fa)熱(re)血(xue)汗、心(xin)煩(fan)心(xin)悸、熱(re)病煩(fan)渴等(deng)(deng)癥(zheng)。并可治(zhi)療尿(niao)頻(pin)、遺精多汗、腰膝痛疼(teng)及(ji)糖(tang)尿(niao)病等(deng)(deng)癥(zheng)。科學研究證明,玉竹具有(you)降(jiang)血(xue)壓、降(jiang)血(xue)脂(zhi)、改善(shan)心(xin)肌缺血(xue)、緩解動脈粥樣硬(ying)化斑形成的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong),而且對中風(feng)病有(you)良好的(de)(de)預防和(he)治(zhi)療作(zuo)用(yong)。
生長環境
邵(shao)東市種(zhong)植(zhi)藥材(cai)歷史悠久,自公(gong)元14世紀明代(dai)開始,已在該縣廉橋(qiao)鎮、斫曹鄉、流(liu)澤鎮、雙鳳(feng)鄉等(deng)鄉鎮種(zhong)植(zhi)玉(yu)竹(zhu)。據(ju)《邵(shao)東市志(zhi)》記載,公(gong)元20世紀初,清(qing)末時(shi)期,該縣流(liu)澤、廉橋(qiao)、光陂、界嶺、雙鳳(feng)等(deng)鄉鎮種(zhong)植(zhi)玉(yu)竹(zhu)達數千畝,年產量占全省(sheng)四分(fen)之三。20世紀初,民國時(shi)期,廣(guang)東商(shang)人來境收購玉(yu)竹(zhu),轉運(yun)廣(guang)州出口港澳、東南亞、日(ri)、美、韓、加等(deng)地區和國家,此時(shi)邵(shao)東市的豬屎尾(wei)參(can)外貿出外商(shang)稱為“湘玉(yu)竹(zhu)”。
21世紀初,邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)(dong)市(shi)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)結構調整力度加(jia)(jia)大、步伐加(jia)(jia)快,該縣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材的(de)(de)種植(zhi)面積達(da)到(dao)12萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),種植(zhi)品(pin)種達(da)100余種,年(nian)產(chan)(chan)值近3億元(yuan),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)經材種植(zhi)分布全縣,各(ge)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、場所(suo),主要有(you)斫曹鄉、廉(lian)橋(qiao)(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、流澤鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、雙鳳(feng)鄉、界嶺鄉、黑田(tian)鋪鄉、周官橋(qiao)(qiao)鄉、黃陂橋(qiao)(qiao)鄉、流光嶺鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、團山(shan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、兩市(shi)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、仙(xian)槎橋(qiao)(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、水東(dong)(dong)江鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、魏(wei)家(jia)橋(qiao)(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)等,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)玉(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)種植(zhi)面積達(da)6萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),已成(cheng)為邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)(dong)市(shi)的(de)(de)拳頭(tou)產(chan)(chan)品(pin),從事玉(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)片(pian)加(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)個體(ti)戶達(da)千戶,玉(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)加(jia)(jia)工龍(long)頭(tou)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)不斷涌現。2002年(nian)又(you)在邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)(dong)市(shi)廉(lian)橋(qiao)(qiao)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)建了一家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)GMP中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)——湖(hu)南(nan)省松齡堂(tang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)飲(yin)片(pian)有(you)限公(gong)司,年(nian)加(jia)(jia)工玉(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)已出(chu)口(kou)(kou)(kou)創匯(hui)80萬(wan)(wan)美元(yuan)。同年(nian)在邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)(dong)流澤鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)建東(dong)(dong)陽(yang)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)加(jia)(jia)工廠(chang),屬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)GMP中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye),年(nian)加(jia)(jia)工玉(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)飲(yin)片(pian)3千噸(dun),年(nian)產(chan)(chan)值5000萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)。2002年(nian)底完成(cheng)產(chan)(chan)值2200萬(wan)(wan)元(yuan)。邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)(dong)每(mei)年(nian)加(jia)(jia)工玉(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)飲(yin)片(pian)5萬(wan)(wan)噸(dun),年(nian)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)(kou)創匯(hui)近1億美元(yuan),產(chan)(chan)品(pin)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)(kou)遠(yuan)銷東(dong)(dong)南(nan)亞、日、韓、美、加(jia)(jia)、澳等20多(duo)個國家(jia)和(he)地(di)(di)區(qu),深受(shou)消費者青(qing)睞(lai),產(chan)(chan)品(pin)供不應(ying)求。成(cheng)為邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)(dong)市(shi)優勢農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)。邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)(dong)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)豬屎(shi)尾(wei)參(can)(can)產(chan)(chan)量大、品(pin)質優,2007年(nian)產(chan)(chan)量占湖(hu)南(nan)省的(de)(de)3/4,出(chu)口(kou)(kou)(kou)量中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國第一,享譽海(hai)內外。邵(shao)(shao)東(dong)(dong)為豬屎(shi)尾(wei)參(can)(can)的(de)(de)原產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di),已得到(dao)國家(jia)質量技術監督局(ju)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)域產(chan)(chan)品(pin)保(bao)護辦(ban)的(de)(de)認可。