松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(Tricholoma Matsutake)因其生長在松(song)(song)(song)、櫟林(lin)地,菌(jun)(jun)蕾期(qi)狀如(ru)鹿茸(rong)而(er)得(de)此名(ming)(ming)。亦稱(cheng)松(song)(song)(song)蕈、杉蕈、合菌(jun)(jun)、臺菌(jun)(jun)、松(song)(song)(song)口蘑等,為(wei)(wei)國家二級(ji)重(zhong)點保護物種(zhong)。是一(yi)種(zhong)與松(song)(song)(song)樹、櫟樹及杉樹植物根共生的(de)菌(jun)(jun)根真菌(jun)(jun),對(dui)環(huan)境的(de)要求十(shi)分苛刻,通常生長在海拔(ba)2000—4000米之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)云南松(song)(song)(song)、高(gao)(gao)山松(song)(song)(song)、灰背櫟、黃(huang)背櫟、長穗(sui)高(gao)(gao)山櫟或松(song)(song)(song)、櫟混交林(lin)中(zhong),發(fa)生期(qi)為(wei)(wei)6—10月。松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong),富含(han)維生素B1和B2,含(han)多種(zhong)氨基(ji)酸和人(ren)(ren)(ren)體必需的(de)鋅、鎂等微量(liang)元素,粗脂(zhi)肪含(han)量(liang)低,具有(you)多種(zhong)生理功(gong)能(neng),并可增強人(ren)(ren)(ren)體免(mian)疫力、生精益氣、理氣化痰、延緩(huan)衰老、防癌(ai)治癌(ai)、防治糖尿病等,不僅有(you)較高(gao)(gao)的(de)營養(yang)價(jia)值,還有(you)重(zhong)要的(de)食療(liao)和保健功(gong)能(neng),是難得(de)的(de)珍貴食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)。歷史(shi)上(shang),在日(ri)(ri)本是貢品之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),是高(gao)(gao)級(ji)酒宴(yan)的(de)名(ming)(ming)菜之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),深受日(ri)(ri)本人(ren)(ren)(ren)喜愛,日(ri)(ri)本人(ren)(ren)(ren)以吃(chi)上(shang)松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)為(wei)(wei)榮。據報(bao)道,1945年日(ri)(ri)本廣島原子彈0后,松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)是唯一(yi)能(neng)夠保持生命力的(de)生物,這(zhe)使得(de)日(ri)(ri)本人(ren)(ren)(ren)更迷信于松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)。
松(song)(song)茸(rong),在(zai)世界不(bu)多(duo)的(de)(de)國(guo)家有生(sheng)長,但就其(qi)(qi)出現的(de)(de)頻率、種群分(fen)化程(cheng)度及分(fen)布(bu)范圍來看,滇川(chuan)藏橫斷(duan)山區腹地是松(song)(song)茸(rong)群的(de)(de)多(duo)樣化中(zhong)心(xin),被(bei)認(ren)為(wei)是松(song)(song)茸(rong)群的(de)(de)現代分(fen)布(bu)中(zhong)心(xin)。經研(yan)究表明,這一區域有可能(neng)是其(qi)(qi)它地區松(song)(song)茸(rong)的(de)(de)起源(yuan)中(zhong)心(xin),其(qi)(qi)數(shu)量之(zhi)(zhi)大,種類之(zhi)(zhi)多(duo),生(sheng)態之(zhi)(zhi)復雜是其(qi)(qi)它松(song)(song)茸(rong)產地所無法相比的(de)(de)。
迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)州(zhou),是許(xu)多植物的(de)起源、分(fen)化和(he)(he)現代分(fen)布中心(xin),是動植物的(de)薈萃之地。從(cong)社(she)會經(jing)濟(ji)發展和(he)(he)現有(you)人(ren)口情況(kuang)看,迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)人(ren)口稀少(平(ping)均(jun)每平(ping)方公里(li)有(you)13人(ren)),傳統(tong)文(wen)化中就有(you)人(ren)與自然和(he)(he)諧共處(chu)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)存理念。所以(yi),對自然環(huan)境(jing)破壞(huai)少,境(jing)內沒有(you)污(wu)染嚴重的(de)工(gong)礦企業(ye),原生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)存完好。加(jia)上,近幾年(nian)又實施了“天(tian)然林保(bao)護工(gong)程”、“退耕還林還草工(gong)程”等,局(ju)部受損的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)得以(yi)修復,區域生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)進一步改善(shan),松茸產量亦呈現出逐年(nian)遞增的(de)態勢,使迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)香格(ge)里(li)拉(la)松茸成為(wei)真(zhen)正(zheng)的(de)綠色環(huan)境(jing)食品(pin),以(yi)其“菇體肥大、肉質細嫩、久香味濃、色澤好”而聞(wen)名中外(wai)。
迪(di)(di)慶香格里(li)拉松(song)茸,從1985年(nian)(nian)起開發,目前已成為迪(di)(di)慶州最主要的出口產品(pin)。年(nian)(nian)自然(ran)生長(chang)量在1000噸(dun)以上,采集量在500——900噸(dun)。此(ci)外,由于迪(di)(di)慶地處滇、川、藏結合(he)部(bu),毗鄰的藏區12個(ge)縣(xian)每年(nian)(nian)從迪(di)(di)慶中轉出境的松(song)茸近(jin)500噸(dun),,使迪(di)(di)慶松(song)茸年(nian)(nian)貿(mao)易量達到1000——1300噸(dun),占云(yun)南(nan)省鮮(xian)松(song)茸出口量的65%以上。所以,迪(di)(di)慶已成為云(yun)南(nan)乃至中國(guo)的“松(song)茸之鄉”。
迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)香(xiang)格里(li)(li)拉(la)松(song)(song)茸,目前的主要產(chan)品(pin)(pin)有(you)鮮(xian)松(song)(song)茸和制品(pin)(pin)兩(liang)大(da)(da)類(lei),制品(pin)(pin)又分為清水罐頭(tou)、冰凍松(song)(song)茸、鹽(yan)漬松(song)(song)茸等(deng)多種產(chan)品(pin)(pin),每種產(chan)品(pin)(pin)又有(you)不同(tong)的等(deng)級規格。在迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)經營(ying)(ying)(ying)鮮(xian)松(song)(song)茸的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業主要有(you)香(xiang)格里(li)(li)拉(la)圣寶食品(pin)(pin)進(jin)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)公(gong)司,經營(ying)(ying)(ying)制品(pin)(pin)的企(qi)(qi)(qi)業有(you)香(xiang)格里(li)(li)拉(la)野生食品(pin)(pin)進(jin)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)有(you)限(xian)責任(ren)(ren)公(gong)司、香(xiang)格里(li)(li)拉(la)智園(yuan)松(song)(song)茸加工廠、香(xiang)格里(li)(li)拉(la)縣祥和食品(pin)(pin)有(you)限(xian)責任(ren)(ren)公(gong)司、迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)州外貿公(gong)司等(deng)。2005年,我(wo)州企(qi)(qi)(qi)業自營(ying)(ying)(ying)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)鮮(xian)松(song)(song)茸69.8噸,制品(pin)(pin)135噸,出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)創(chuang)匯437萬美元(yuan)(yuan)。此外,向省內(nei)外客商供貨500余噸,產(chan)值近7000萬元(yuan)(yuan),兩(liang)項(xiang)產(chan)值1.08億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)民幣。松(song)(song)茸,是迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)州唯(wei)一(yi)的大(da)(da)宗(zong)出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)商品(pin)(pin),也是迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)各族農(nong)民脫貧(pin)致富(fu)的主要經濟來源。所以,進(jin)一(yi)步優(you)化松(song)(song)茸經營(ying)(ying)(ying)模式(shi)、拓展松(song)(song)茸消費(fei)市場,加大(da)(da)松(song)(song)茸出(chu)(chu)口(kou)(kou)力度,對迪(di)慶(qing)(qing)經濟社會發展的作用尤為重(zhong)大(da)(da)。