電(dian)療是什么 電(dian)療的療法與作用(yong)

簡介

electrotherapy （參考另一個(ge)說法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)：electro-convulsive therapyorelectroconvulsive therapy, 即(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)痙攣療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，簡(jian)稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)或 ECT)利用(yong)(yong)不(bu)同(tong)類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁場治療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)疾病(bing)的(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。物(wu)理治療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中最常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)之一。主(zhu)要(yao)有直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)藥(yao)物(wu)離(li)子(zi)導(dao)入療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、中頻(pin)脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、高頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa) 。不(bu)同(tong)類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 流(liu)對人體(ti)主(zhu)要(yao)生理作用(yong)(yong)不(bu)同(tong)。直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是方向恒定的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，可改(gai)變體(ti)內離(li)子(zi)分布，調(diao)整(zheng)機體(ti)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)來作藥(yao)物(wu)離(li)子(zi)導(dao)入；低(di)(di)(di)、中頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)刺(ci)激(ji)神經肌(ji)肉收縮，降低(di)(di)(di)痛(tong)閾(yu)，緩解粘連，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)神經肌(ji)肉疾病(bing)，如損(sun)傷、炎(yan)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)等(deng)；高頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)其(qi)對人體(ti)的(de)熱效(xiao)應和(he)(he)熱外效(xiao)促進循環(huan)，消退炎(yan)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)和(he)(he)水腫，刺(ci)激(ji)組織再生，止(zhi)痛(tong)，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)治療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)損(sun)傷、炎(yan)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)疼痛(tong)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)候群(qun)，大功(gong)率高頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可用(yong)(yong)于(yu)加溫治癌(ai)；靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主(zhu)要(yao)作用(yong)(yong)是調(diao)節中樞神經和(he)(he)植物(wu)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)神經官(guan)能(neng)(neng)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、高血壓早期、更年期癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)候群(qun)。

治療原理

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)一類，利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能作用于人體以防治疾病的(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。常用的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能有直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三類。臨床上(shang)應用的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有：直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)（包括(kuo)(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水(shui)浴療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離子(zi)導入療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)），低頻(pin)脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)（包括(kuo)(kuo)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)興(xing)奮療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)睡眠療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、超(chao)強電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刺激療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、經皮電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刺激療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、間動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)等(deng)），中頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)（包括(kuo)(kuo)等(deng)幅中頻(pin)正(zheng)弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、調制中頻(pin)正(zheng)弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、干擾(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)等(deng)),高頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)（包括(kuo)(kuo)長波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、中波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、短波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、超(chao)短波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、微波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)及(ji)毫(hao)米波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)）和靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。

人(ren)體(ti)內除含(han)大(da)量水分，還有很(hen)多能導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)非導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)介質(zhi)，因此人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)機體(ti)實際上是一(yi)(yi)個既有電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻又有電(dian)(dian)(dian)容性(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜導(dao)體(ti)，這是電(dian)(dian)(dian)療的(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)基礎。電(dian)(dian)(dian)能作用(yong)(yong)于人(ren)體(ti)引(yin)起體(ti)內的(de)(de)(de)理化反(fan)應(ying)，并(bing)通(tong)過神經(jing)(jing)－體(ti)液(ye)作用(yong)(yong)，影響(xiang)組(zu)織(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)器官的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能，達到消除病因、調(diao)節功(gong)(gong)(gong)能、提高代謝、增強免(mian)疫、促進(jin)病損組(zu)織(zhi)修復(fu)和(he)(he)(he)再生的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。機體(ti)對(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)同性(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)反(fan)應(ying)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)，治(zhi)療機理亦異(yi)。低頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可改變(bian)(bian)神經(jing)(jing)和(he)(he)(he)肌肉(rou)細胞的(de)(de)(de)膜電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，使(shi)之興奮而(er)產生收(shou)縮；低頻(pin)調(diao)制的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可使(shi)感覺神經(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)粗纖維興奮，抑制細纖維沖(chong)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)傳入，因此鎮(zhen)痛作用(yong)(yong)較強；高頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)對(dui)(dui)機體(ti)組(zu)織(zhi)產生熱效應(ying)和(he)(he)(he)非熱效應(ying)，從(cong)而(er)達到治(zhi)療目的(de)(de)(de)。同種電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方法和(he)(he)(he)劑量大(da)小(xiao)不(bu)(bu)同時，引(yin)起人(ren)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)應(ying)也有差(cha)異(yi)。此外人(ren)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同器官和(he)(he)(he)組(zu)織(zhi)、不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能狀態和(he)(he)(he)病理改變(bian)(bian)，對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)應(ying)也不(bu)(bu)盡相同。低、中(zhong)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)還可用(yong)(yong)以(yi)判斷神經(jing)(jing)肌肉(rou)的(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能，用(yong)(yong)以(yi)診斷周(zhou)圍神經(jing)(jing)病損程(cheng)度。故在康復(fu)醫學中(zhong)低、中(zhong)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)作重要的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)療和(he)(he)(he)功(gong)(gong)(gong)能評定的(de)(de)(de)手段。

種類

直流電療法

直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方向恒(heng)定(ding)，強度(du)不隨(sui)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間變(bian)化。理療用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一(yi)般在(zai) 50～80V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強度(du)0.05～0.1mA/cm2。當(dang)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)時(shi)(shi)(shi),體(ti)(ti)(ti)液(ye)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)發生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解作用(yong)(yong)，產生(sheng)正、負(fu)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)，正、負(fu)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)各向其(qi)極(ji)(ji)(ji)性相反的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)移(yi)動。與(yu)此同時(shi)(shi)(shi)膠體(ti)(ti)(ti)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)(de)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)膠粒(li)(分散(san)質(zhi))向一(yi)極(ji)(ji)(ji)移(yi)動稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)泳(yong)；水(shui)(shui)分子(zi)（分散(san)媒）向另一(yi)極(ji)(ji)(ji)移(yi)動稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)。處(chu)(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)作用(yong)(yong)下(xia)的(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)內部將發生(sheng)下(xia)述變(bian)化：由于(yu)(yu)Ca2 ，Mg2 等兩價(jia)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)向負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)移(yi)動的(de)(de)速(su)度(du)比K ，Na 等1價(jia)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)慢，因而(er)前者(zhe)在(zai)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)附近的(de)(de)相對(dui)濃度(du)較大(da)。Ca2 ，Mg2 等兩價(jia)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)有降低組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)興奮的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)，對(dui)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)下(xia)的(de)(de)機體(ti)(ti)(ti)鎮靜作用(yong)(yong)。CL-在(zai)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)附近濃度(du)較大(da),與(yu)H 化合成(cheng)(cheng)HCl,使該處(chu)(chu)(chu)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)液(ye)呈酸(suan)性。人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)細胞(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)構成(cheng)(cheng)蛋白(bai)質(zhi)都荷(he)負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)作用(yong)(yong)下(xia)負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)消失(shi)，相互間排斥(chi)力(li)減弱，距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)減小而(er)密集，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)作用(yong)(yong)使局部組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)含(han)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)下(xia)降，故膜(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)通透(tou)(tou)性降低。處(chu)(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)作用(yong)(yong)下(xia)的(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)內部將發生(sheng)如下(xia)變(bian)化：K ，Na 等1價(jia)離(li)(li)(li)子(zi)濃度(du)相對(dui)較大(da)，增強該處(chu)(chu)(chu)機體(ti)(ti)(ti)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)興奮狀態。Na 移(yi)至負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)下(xia)與(yu)OH-化合成(cheng)(cheng)NaOH,使組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)液(ye)呈堿性。細胞(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)蛋白(bai)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)增強,排斥(chi)力(li)提高，細胞(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)增大(da)而(er)分散(san)，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)因組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)內含(han)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)增加，故細胞(bao)(bao)膜(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)通透(tou)(tou)性提高。

直流(liu)電(dian)正、負極(ji)下組(zu)織內(nei)發生的(de)理化(hua)變化(hua)，有調(diao)整神經的(de)興奮(fen)性，改善局部水腫(zhong)或脫(tuo)水現象(xiang)，促(cu)進(jin)血液循環和(he)代謝功能的(de)作用。并可通過分節反(fan)射，改善內(nei)臟的(de)活動功能。臨床上常用直流(liu)電(dian)來鎮痛(tong)、止癢(yang)、軟化(hua)瘢痕、消腫(zhong)、促(cu)進(jin)組(zu)織再生，改善中樞(shu)和(he)周圍神經功能等。

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還(huan)能將(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物離(li)(li)子(zi)導(dao)(dao)入(ru)人(ren)體,達到治療(liao)(liao)目的(de),這稱直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)(li)子(zi)導(dao)(dao)入(ru)療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)。它是利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)同性相斥(chi)的(de)原理，將(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物離(li)(li)子(zi)或荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)微粒(li)經皮(pi)膚汗(han)腺(xian)導(dao)(dao)入(ru)人(ren)體。此法(fa)(fa)綜合利用(yong)(yong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物兩(liang)者的(de)治療(liao)(liao)作用(yong)(yong)，臨床上應用(yong)(yong)較多。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物導(dao)(dao)入(ru)量(liang)取決于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)大(da)小、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物濃度、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)面積(ji)(ji)和通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)。通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)過長，則局(ju)部組織(zhi)內離(li)(li)子(zi)堆積(ji)(ji)而產生(sheng)極(ji)化(hua)現象(xiang)，使導(dao)(dao)入(ru)量(liang)明顯(xian)減少，故臨床上一般通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)20～30分鐘。導(dao)(dao)入(ru)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物不但可對(dui)局(ju)部組織(zhi)起作用(yong)(yong)，還(huan)可通(tong)過體液循環把藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物送到遠隔器官起治療(liao)(liao)作用(yong)(yong)。離(li)(li)子(zi)導(dao)(dao)入(ru)除采用(yong)(yong)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外，還(huan)可利用(yong)(yong)單向(xiang)低頻(pin)脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)或半波正弦中頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。導(dao)(dao)入(ru)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物因病而異，急性化(hua)膿性炎癥(zheng)可用(yong)(yong)抗生(sheng)素(su)類，過敏性疾病用(yong)(yong)脫(tuo)敏藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物，風濕性病則用(yong)(yong)水楊酸類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物。

低頻脈沖電療法

采用(yong)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)在(zai)1kHz以(yi)下的低頻(pin)(pin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)流。這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)人體內可(ke)引(yin)起離子和(he)荷電(dian)(dian)微粒(li)的迅速移動，因而對感覺神經(jing)和(he)運(yun)動神經(jing)有明顯的刺激作用(yong)。低頻(pin)(pin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)流因波(bo)(bo)形(xing)不同，可(ke)分(fen)為方波(bo)(bo)、梯(ti)形(xing)波(bo)(bo)、指數(shu)曲線形(xing)波(bo)(bo)、三角波(bo)(bo)和(he)正弦波(bo)(bo)等。根據臨(lin)床治(zhi)療需(xu)要，可(ke)調整(zheng)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)周期(qi)，脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)寬(kuan)度和(he)升、降(jiang)波(bo)(bo)時間。有時以(yi)更(geng)低頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)的脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)波(bo)(bo)去調制(zhi)上述低頻(pin)(pin)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)，這種(zhong)波(bo)(bo)稱低頻(pin)(pin)調制(zhi)波(bo)(bo)。

作用

臨(lin)床上低(di)頻脈沖電(dian)療法主要(yao)應用于下述(shu)兩方(fang)面：

①用(yong)以刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉，引起(qi)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉收縮，肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉收縮能促進動脈(mo)供血、靜脈(mo)和(he)淋(lin)巴回(hui)流，改善(shan)局部營(ying)養代謝，消退水(shui)腫，還(huan)可(ke)提高肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉張力，防止或延緩(huan)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉萎(wei)縮過(guo)程(cheng)；節律地刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)神(shen)經(jing)(jing)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉，可(ke)使(shi)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉節律性(xing)收縮，用(yong)以防止由于損傷或炎癥造成的肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)纖維和(he)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)膜間、肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)束之間的粘連，保持肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉彈性(xing)，防止攣(luan)縮。此外，電(dian)刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)還(huan)可(ke)促進病損神(shen)經(jing)(jing)纖維的再(zai)生。 低(di)頻(pin)(pin)脈(mo)沖電(dian)可(ke)用(yong)于強度/時間曲線測定，以判斷肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉失神(shen)經(jing)(jing)支配(pei)的程(cheng)度，并(bing)選(xuan)擇最(zui)佳治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)用(yong)脈(mo)沖參數，以提高治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)效果。低(di)頻(pin)(pin)脈(mo)沖電(dian)刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)療(liao)(liao)法(fa)還(huan)可(ke)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)上運動神(shen)經(jing)(jing)元(yuan)疾患(huan)所引起(qi)的痙(jing)攣(luan)性(xing)癱，此法(fa)是利用(yong)兩組低(di)頻(pin)(pin)脈(mo)沖電(dian)流，交(jiao)替刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)痙(jing)攣(luan)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)及其拮抗肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，利用(yong)交(jiao)互抑(yi)制的反應使(shi)痙(jing)攣(luan)緩(huan)解。

②用于止(zhi)痛：主要采(cai)用超刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)（用超出一(yi)般劑量的電(dian)(dian)流強(qiang)度的低頻(pin)(pin)脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)）和(he)經(jing)皮(pi)電(dian)(dian)刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)神(shen)經(jing)療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(TENS)。低頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖止(zhi)痛機理有兩種(zhong)可能。其一(yi)，是低頻(pin)(pin)脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)阻抑止(zhi)了(le)痛覺神(shen)經(jing)向中樞傳遞沖動，但具體(ti)阻抑在(zai)何部(bu)位(wei)意見不一(yi)；有人(ren)(ren)認(ren)為(wei)在(zai)感覺神(shen)經(jing)纖維，有人(ren)(ren)認(ren)為(wei)在(zai)脊(ji)髓后(hou)角細胞，也有認(ren)為(wei)在(zai)大腦皮(pi)質的感覺中樞。其二，是低頻(pin)(pin)脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)促進(jin)局部(bu)血(xue)液循環，消散局部(bu)的致痛物(wu)質，改善組織(zhi)代(dai)謝功能，因(yin)而起到止(zhi)痛效果(guo)。

治療效果

臨床(chuang)常用低頻脈沖電流治(zhi)療周圍神經疾病、各種肌肉萎縮、肢體血(xue)液及淋巴回流障礙、中樞神經功能(neng)失(shi)調、以及疼痛癥候群(qun)等。

中頻電療法

采用(yong)(yong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)1～100kHz的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)正(zheng)弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。臨(lin)床上(shang)常用(yong)(yong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)2～5kHz,常用(yong)(yong)方(fang)法(fa)有等(deng)幅(fu)(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)正(zheng)弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)、調(diao)幅(fu)(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)正(zheng)弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)和(he)干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)三種。調(diao)制波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)10～200Hz,可采用(yong)(yong)全(quan)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)或半波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)，連續(xu)調(diao)制或間斷調(diao)制，還可采用(yong)(yong)等(deng)幅(fu)(fu)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)和(he)調(diao)制波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)交(jiao)替出現，或頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)交(jiao)變的(de)調(diao)制波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。調(diao)制中(zhong)(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流兼有低、中(zhong)(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)特點，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)止(zhi)痛(tong)或促(cu)進血液循環(huan)，較低、中(zhong)(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單獨(du)應用(yong)(yong)作用(yong)(yong)明顯；用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)神經肌肉刺激(ji)時，由于(yu)(yu)皮膚(fu)刺痛(tong)小，病人可耐受較大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是利用(yong)(yong)兩組(zu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)相差(cha)0～100Hz的(de)等(deng)幅(fu)(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)正(zheng)弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流（臨(lin)床多用(yong)(yong)5±0.1kHz）,交(jiao)叉(cha)輸(shu)入人體同一部(bu)位。在(zai)交(jiao)叉(cha)部(bu)形(xing)成干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場，在(zai)體內按正(zheng)弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)差(cha)拍(pai)原(yuan)理產生0～100Hz的(de)低頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)調(diao)制中(zhong)(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。臨(lin)床上(shang)利用(yong)(yong) 3組(zu)等(deng)幅(fu)(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)正(zheng)弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，從三維空間交(jiao)叉(cha)輸(shu)入人體，形(xing)成立(li)體干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場，其效果優于(yu)(yu)一般干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場。經改(gai)進后，采用(yong)(yong)3組(zu)強(qiang)度交(jiao)替改(gai)變的(de)正(zheng)弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,使局(ju)部(bu)的(de)刺激(ji)作用(yong)(yong)更(geng)易(yi)為(wei)(wei)病人忍受，進一步提(ti)高治療(liao)(liao)(liao)效果，此方(fang)法(fa)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)動(dong)態立(li)體干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)。

特點

①中頻(pin)正弦(xian)電(dian)流不產生電(dian)解作用，不引(yin)起組織(zhi)的化學(xue)損傷；

②頻率高(gao)，組織阻抗小，可使(shi)用較大電(dian)流量；

③對感覺神(shen)經(jing)刺(ci)激較(jiao)小，病人易于接受。

主要治療作用

①鎮痛：以正(zheng)弦(xian)調制中頻電(dian)流最佳，對因急(ji)性軟組織損傷造成(cheng)的(de)疼痛效(xiao)果較好；

②刺(ci)激肌肉收縮(suo)：以(yi)動態(tai)立體(ti)干擾(rao)電場效果最佳，疼痛(tong)刺(ci)激小(xiao),作用(yong)深入(ru),病人易于接受；

③促(cu)進血液循(xun)環(huan),改善營養代(dai)謝；

④促進淋巴(ba)和靜脈回流;⑤軟化(hua)瘢痕，松解粘連。

治療效果

臨床上常用中頻(pin)電流(liu)治療軟(ruan)組織損傷、神(shen)經炎(yan)、痛經、肢(zhi)體循環障礙,周圍神(shen)經損傷引起(qi)的肌(ji)肉麻痹(bi),胃腸(chang)及膀(bang)胱平滑肌(ji)無力等(deng)。患急性(xing)化膿性(xing)炎(yan)癥者、孕婦、血栓性(xing)靜脈炎(yan)患者、安裝起(qi)搏(bo)器者禁用。

高頻電療法

采(cai)用頻率為100kHz以上(shang)的(de)高(gao)頻正(zheng)弦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，內(nei)生熱是高(gao)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對(dui)人體作用的(de)重要基礎。高(gao)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場在人體組(zu)(zu)織內(nei)產(chan)生熱的(de)機理與直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（或低頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）由歐姆耗損產(chan)生熱的(de)機理不一樣，人體組(zu)(zu)織在高(gao)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場作用下，組(zu)(zu)織內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質離子隨著高(gao)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場極性(xing)交變(bian)幾乎(hu)在原位振動，振動時克服阻力而生熱。組(zu)(zu)織內(nei)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)介質具有(you)等量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，以非極性(xing)分子和極性(xing)分子狀態(tai)存(cun)在。

特點

在(zai)高(gao)頻電場作用(yong)(yong)(yong)下，非極性分(fen)(fen)子(zi)極化(hua)形成極性分(fen)(fen)子(zi)，與(yu)原有(you)(you)的(de)(de)極性分(fen)(fen)子(zi)一起隨電場交變(bian)而急速轉動，在(zai)運(yun)動中克服周圍阻(zu)力而生熱(re)。熱(re)量大(da)小與(yu)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)所受(shou)(shou)電磁(ci)場強度有(you)(you)關(guan)。組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)受(shou)(shou)熱(re)后可以促進局(ju)部血(xue)液循環，改善(shan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)營養(yang)代(dai)謝，刺激組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)再生，消退炎癥，還可降低(di)周圍神經(jing)興(xing)奮而止痛(tong)，并(bing)可通過神經(jing)反射作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，調節中樞神經(jing)功(gong)能和(he)(he)免疫系統功(gong)能。除熱(re)效(xiao)應外，高(gao)頻電尚有(you)(you)非熱(re)效(xiao)果，但研(yan)究尚不夠深入。高(gao)頻電療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)有(you)(you)短波(bo)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)、超短波(bo)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)微(wei)波(bo)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)。一種(zhong)新的(de)(de)高(gao)頻電療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)──毫米波(bo)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)已開始用(yong)(yong)(yong)于臨床。毫米波(bo)的(de)(de)頻率與(yu)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)細(xi)胞的(de)(de)固有(you)(you)振(zhen)動頻率相近(jin)，通過諧振(zhen)將能量傳給(gei)人(ren)(ren)體(ti)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，達到治療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)目的(de)(de)，這(zhe)與(yu)上述方法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)機理不同。

應用

高(gao)頻電流臨(lin)床(chuang)應用(yong)很廣，多用(yong)于(yu)急、慢(man)性(xing)(xing)化(hua)膿(nong)性(xing)(xing)和(he)非化(hua)膿(nong)性(xing)(xing)炎(yan)(yan)癥(zheng)、軟組織損(sun)傷、神(shen)經痛(tong)、神(shen)經損(sun)傷、風濕和(he)類風濕性(xing)(xing)關節(jie)炎(yan)(yan)、關節(jie)周(zhou)圍(wei)炎(yan)(yan)、急性(xing)(xing)腎功能衰竭等。禁忌癥(zheng)主要有活(huo)動性(xing)(xing)肺(fei)結(jie)核、出血、心(xin)力(li)衰竭、惡病質(zhi)等。也可利(li)用(yong)短波和(he)微波的熱效(xiao)應治療(liao)惡性(xing)(xing)腫(zhong)瘤(liu)，瘤(liu)內血流量(liang)小于(yu)正(zheng)常組織易(yi)于(yu)大量(liang)積熱,故高(gao)頻電可使瘤(liu)內溫(wen)(wen)度高(gao)于(yu)周(zhou)圍(wei)組織,達42℃以上，這(zhe)對腫(zhong)瘤(liu)細胞有明顯(xian)的殺傷作用(yong)。這(zhe)種(zhong)療(liao)法(fa)稱射頻加溫(wen)(wen)治癌療(liao)法(fa)或微波加溫(wen)(wen)治癌療(liao)法(fa)。

靜電療法

利用(yong)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場對人體的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。常(chang)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子管式(shi)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，輸出(chu)兩極間(jian)的(de)(de)高壓可(ke)(ke)高達(da)50kV，為(wei)(wei)阻(zu)止短路危險，在(zai)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中串(chuan)聯高阻(zu)值保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，使短路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流在(zai)1mA以下。由(you)于靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場方向恒定(ding)(ding),體內離子或有極性分子定(ding)(ding)向移(yi)動(dong)，因而引起(qi)體內一系列(lie)變化(hua)。此外，火(huo)花放電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場可(ke)(ke)使氧(yang)變為(wei)(wei)臭氧(yang)(O3)，對人體感受器有一定(ding)(ding)刺激(ji)作(zuo)用(yong)，全身應(ying)用(yong)對人體的(de)(de)反應(ying)表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)：中樞神(shen)經(jing)(jing)興奮(fen)性降(jiang)低，植(zhi)物神(shen)經(jing)(jing)系統功能(neng)改善(shan)，故臨床(chuang)常(chang)用(yong)于神(shen)經(jing)(jing)癥、早期高血(xue)壓、更年(nian)期綜合(he)征、植(zhi)物神(shen)經(jing)(jing)功能(neng)紊亂。局部應(ying)用(yong)時，可(ke)(ke)改善(shan)組織的(de)(de)血(xue)液(ye)循環和(he)營養(yang)狀態，抑制感覺神(shen)經(jing)(jing)，常(chang)用(yong)于慢性潰(kui)瘍、皮膚瘙癢等(deng)。

副作用

電(dian)(dian)療(liao)和其(qi)他治(zhi)療(liao)方(fang)法一樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)抽搐治(zhi)療(liao)也有其(qi)特定的(de)副(fu)作用和并(bing)發癥(zheng)。現(xian)代改良電(dian)(dian)休克治(zhi)療(liao)常見的(de)并(bing)發癥(zheng)主要是(shi)頭痛、惡心、嘔吐和可(ke)逆性的(de)記(ji)(ji)憶減(jian)退(tui)。記(ji)(ji)憶減(jian)退(tui)出現(xian)的(de)比例較高(gao)，國外(wai)研究發現(xian)至少有1/3的(de)患者(zhe)表示在(zai)接受電(dian)(dian)療(liao)之后，出現(xian)了明顯的(de)記(ji)(ji)憶衰退(tui)。但是(shi)，一般認為電(dian)(dian)休克治(zhi)療(liao)對記(ji)(ji)憶的(de)影響是(shi)有限的(de)，并(bing)且通常只是(shi)暫時的(de)，臨床(chuang)上這些癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)一般在(zai)治(zhi)療(liao)后都會(hui)自行(xing)好轉(zhuan)而(er)無需處理。

現代電(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)除了上(shang)述(shu)副(fu)作(zuo)用以(yi)外，還有不(bu)少缺點。首先，電(dian)休(xiu)克(ke)(ke)治療(liao)(liao)(liao)實施起來較(jiao)為復雜(za)且(qie)有一定(ding)的危險性，需(xu)要(yao)全麻和(he)吸(xi)氧，基(ji)層醫(yi)院很(hen)難(nan)開展。其(qi)次，由于電(dian)休(xiu)克(ke)(ke)治療(liao)(liao)(liao)技術和(he)設備(bei)等要(yao)求高，所(suo)以(yi)治療(liao)(liao)(liao)費用也較(jiao)高。再有，電(dian)休(xiu)克(ke)(ke)治療(liao)(liao)(liao)和(he)藥物(wu)治療(liao)(liao)(liao)一樣不(bu)能一勞永逸，要(yao)維持治療(liao)(liao)(liao)，否則(ze)許多患者的病情就會復發。所(suo)以(yi)一般推薦在(zai)電(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)后(hou)的6個月里，以(yi)藥物(wu)治療(liao)(liao)(liao)或(huo)者非(fei)經常性的電(dian)療(liao)(liao)(liao)作(zuo)為后(hou)續維持治療(liao)(liao)(liao)。

防止電(dian)(dian)療(liao)副作用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)方法：電(dian)(dian)療(liao)前要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證睡眠質量，營(ying)養和(he)吸收水分(fen)(fen)充(chong)足(zu)，電(dian)(dian)療(liao)對人(ren)體會(hui)起到電(dian)(dian)化學作用(yong)(yong)，物理學上(shang)為電(dian)(dian)離作用(yong)(yong)，如果沒有充(chong)足(zu)的(de)(de)水分(fen)(fen)和(he)營(ying)養，在(zai)通過長(chang)時(shi)間，起碼在(zai)1個小時(shi)以上(shang)的(de)(de)微電(dian)(dian)流電(dian)(dian)療(liao)，會(hui)起到電(dian)(dian)療(liao)虛脫的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)，排除電(dian)(dian)療(liao)副作用(yong)(yong)，關鍵是在(zai)長(chang)時(shi)間電(dian)(dian)療(liao)中，要(yao)(yao)適(shi)當休息(xi)片刻，電(dian)(dian)療(liao)30分(fen)(fen)鐘后，要(yao)(yao)稍事休息(xi)和(he)補充(chong)水分(fen)(fen)，時(shi)間控(kong)制在(zai)2個小時(shi)內，做完電(dian)(dian)療(liao)要(yao)(yao)補充(chong)充(chong)足(zu)的(de)(de)營(ying)養，這樣下來，病(bing)癥(zheng)消除，人(ren)也不(bu)會(hui)虛脫，記憶力(li)不(bu)會(hui)受影響。