冬蟲夏草是什么 冬蟲夏草的概念與特征

什么是冬蟲夏草

冬蟲夏草圖片

冬(dong)蟲夏草是(shi)一種(zhong)真菌(jun)(jun)，是(shi)一種(zhong)特(te)殊的蟲和(he)真菌(jun)(jun)共生(sheng)的生(sheng)物(wu)體。是(shi)冬(dong)蟲夏草真菌(jun)(jun)的菌(jun)(jun)絲體通過(guo)各種(zhong)方式感(gan)染蝙蝠(fu)蛾（鱗翅目蝙蝠(fu)蛾科蝙蝠(fu)蛾屬(shu)昆蟲）的幼蟲，以其體內的有機(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)作為(wei)(wei)營養能(neng)量來(lai)源進(jin)行寄(ji)生(sheng)生(sheng)活，經過(guo)不斷生(sheng)長發育和(he)分化后，最終菌(jun)(jun)絲體扭結并形成(cheng)子座伸(shen)出寄(ji)主外殼，從而形成(cheng)的一種(zhong)特(te)殊的蟲菌(jun)(jun)共生(sheng)的生(sheng)物(wu)體。入藥部位為(wei)(wei)菌(jun)(jun)核和(he)子座的復合體。

相關歷史

冬(dong)蟲夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)圖冊(3張)冬(dong)蟲夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)是高級(ji)滋補名(ming)貴中(zhong)藥材，冬(dong)蟲夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)民(min)間應(ying)用(yong)歷史較(jiao)早(zao)。始載于吳儀洛（1757年(nian)）《本草(cao)從新》，記有(you)：“冬(dong)蟲夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)四川嘉定府所產最佳，云南(nan)、貴州所產者(zhe)次(ci)之(zhi)。冬(dong)在土(tu)中(zhong)，身(shen)活如老蠶，有(you)毛能動，至夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)則毛出(chu)之(zhi)，連身(shen)俱化為草(cao)”。又曰：“冬(dong)蟲夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)有(you)保肺益腎，止血化痰(tan)，已咳(ke)嗽……如同民(min)間重視的補品燕窩一樣”。以(yi)后，本草(cao)均有(you)收錄。冬(dong)蟲夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)作為藥材輸出(chu)國外很早(zao)，明代中(zhong)葉（1723年(nian)），法國人巴拉南(nan)來(lai)華采購冬(dong)蟲夏(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)草(cao)帶(dai)往巴黎，后由英(ying)國人帶(dai)往倫(lun)敦。

詳細介紹

冬蟲夏草圖片

【出處】《本草從新》

【化學成份】含水分(fen)10.84%，脂肪8.4%，粗(cu)蛋白(bai)25.32%，粗(cu)纖(xian)維(wei)18.53%，碳水化物28.90%，灰分(fen)4.10%。脂肪含飽(bao)和脂肪酸13.00%，不(bu)飽(bao)和脂肪酸82.2%。此外(wai)，還含蟲草酸約7%，是奎寧(ning)酸的(de)異構物。又(you)含冬蟲夏草素，是一(yi)種(zhong)淡黃色結(jie)晶粉末，在試管內能抑制鏈(lian)球菌(jun)、鼻疽(ju)桿菌(jun)、炭疽(ju)桿菌(jun)、豬出血性(xing)敗血癥桿菌(jun)及(ji)葡萄狀球菌(jun)的(de)生(sheng)長。另含維(wei)生(sheng)素B120.29微克/100克。

【功能主治】

補(bu)虛損，益精氣，止(zhi)咳(ke)化痰。治痰飲喘嗽，虛喘，癆嗽，咯血(xue)，自汗(han)盜(dao)汗(han)，陽痿遺精，腰膝酸痛(tong)，病后久(jiu)虛不復。

①《本(ben)草從新(xin)》：保肺益腎，止血化痰，已(yi)勞(lao)嗽。

②《藥(yao)性(xing)考》：秘精益氣，專補命門。

③《柑園(yuan)小識》：以酒浸數枚啖之，治腰膝間痛楚，有益腎(shen)之功。

④《綱目拾(shi)遺》：潘友新云(yun)治膈癥，周兼(jian)士云(yun)治蠱脹(zhang)。

⑤《現代實用中藥》：適用于肺(fei)結核、老(lao)人(ren)衰弱(ruo)之慢性咳嗽氣喘(chuan)，吐血、盜(dao)汗、自(zi)汗；又用于貧血虛(xu)弱(ruo)，陽痿遺精，老(lao)人(ren)畏寒，涕多淚出等證。

⑥《云南中草藥》：補肺，壯(zhuang)腎(shen)陽。治(zhi)痰次(ci)喘咳。

【用法用量】內(nei)服：煎湯，1.5～3錢；或入丸、散。

【注意】《四川中藥志》：有表邪(xie)者(zhe)慎用。

冬蟲夏草的特征

冬蟲夏草圖片

藥理學(xue)現代研(yan)究(jiu)結(jie)果中，冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)含(han)(han)有(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)酸約7%，碳水化(hua)合(he)物28.9%，脂肪約8.4%，蛋白質約25%，脂肪中82.2%為(wei)不飽和脂肪酸，此(ci)外(wai)，尚(shang)含(han)(han)有(you)(you)維生(sheng)素B12、麥角脂醇、六碳糖醇、生(sheng)物堿等。冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)只產生(sheng)在以青藏(zang)高(gao)原為(wei)中心地域（青藏(zang)高(gao)原及(ji)其相鄰的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫斷山脈(mo)余脈(mo)特殊區(qu)域內(nei)）、海拔3500－5000米(mi)高(gao)寒濕潤(run)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)山灌叢(cong)和高(gao)山草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)上(shang)（集中分布于海拔4100-5000米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直高(gao)度內(nei)）。冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)究(jiu)竟是(shi)(shi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)還是(shi)(shi)草(cao)(cao)(cao)？青海大學(xue)牧(mu)科院副研(yan)究(jiu)員、多年從(cong)事冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)人工培育研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)王宏生(sheng)介紹說：冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)是(shi)(shi)一種叫做蝙(bian)蝠(fu)蛾的(de)(de)(de)(de)動物，將蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)卵產在地下，使其孵化(hua)成長得像蠶寶寶一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。另(ling)外(wai)，有(you)(you)一種孢(bao)(bao)子(zi)，會(hui)(hui)經過水而(er)滲(shen)透到地下，專門找蝙(bian)蝠(fu)蛾的(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寄生(sheng)，并吸收幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營養，而(er)快速繁(fan)殖，稱為(wei)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)真菌(jun)(jun)。當(dang)菌(jun)(jun)絲慢(man)(man)(man)慢(man)(man)(man)成長的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)也隨著慢(man)(man)(man)慢(man)(man)(man)長大，而(er)鉆出(chu)地面。直到菌(jun)(jun)絲繁(fan)殖至充滿蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)，幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)死(si)亡(wang)，此(ci)時(shi)正(zheng)好(hao)是(shi)(shi)冬(dong)天，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)所謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。而(er)當(dang)氣溫回升(sheng)后，菌(jun)(jun)絲體(ti)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)從(cong)冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭部慢(man)(man)(man)慢(man)(man)(man)萌(meng)發，長出(chu)像草(cao)(cao)(cao)一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)真菌(jun)(jun)子(zi)座(zuo)，稱為(wei)夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)。在真菌(jun)(jun)子(zi)座(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭部含(han)(han)有(you)(you)子(zi)囊(nang)，子(zi)囊(nang)內(nei)藏(zang)有(you)(you)孢(bao)(bao)子(zi)。當(dang)子(zi)囊(nang)成熟時(shi)，孢(bao)(bao)子(zi)會(hui)(hui)散出(chu)，再次(ci)尋找蝙(bian)蝠(fu)蛾的(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)作(zuo)為(wei)寄主，這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)循環。冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)夏(xia)草(cao)(cao)(cao)非(fei)動物非(fei)植物是(shi)(shi)種菌(jun)(jun)類。

冬蟲夏草生長周期

冬蟲夏草(cao)生(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)寄主昆蟲—蝙蝠蛾的(de)(de)一生(sheng)需要(yao)經過蟲卵期(qi)（約(yue)(yue)(yue)45—72天(tian)）、幼蟲期(qi)（約(yue)(yue)(yue)680—940天(tian)）、蛹期(qi)（約(yue)(yue)(yue)42—58天(tian)）、蝙蝠蛾成蟲期(qi)（約(yue)(yue)(yue)3—12天(tian)），也就是說蟲草(cao)蝙蝠蛾一生(sheng)需要(yao)2至3年(nian)的(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)周(zhou)期(qi)。

冬蟲夏草生長環境

關于(yu)蟲(chong)草的(de)生(sheng)長，人類對其(qi)感(gan)到神秘莫測，前人曾有詩云：“冬蟲(chong)夏草名符實(shi)，變化生(sheng)成一氣通。一物竟能(neng)兼(jian)動植，世間物理信(xin)難窮。”其(qi)實(shi)，蟲(chong)草是一種(zhong)昆蟲(chong)與真菌的(de)結合體(ti)。蟲(chong)是蟲(chong)草蝙蝠(fu)蛾的(de)

幼蟲(chong)(chong)，菌(jun)是蟲(chong)(chong)草真菌(jun)，每當盛夏，海拔3800米以上的(de)雪(xue)(xue)山草甸上，冰雪(xue)(xue)消融，體(ti)小身花(hua)的(de)蝙(bian)蝠(fu)蛾(e)(e)便將(jiang)千千萬萬個蟲(chong)(chong)卵(luan)留在花(hua)葉(xie)上。繼而(er)蛾(e)(e)卵(luan)變成小蟲(chong)(chong)，鉆進潮(chao)濕疏松的(de)土壤里，吸收植物根(gen)莖(jing)的(de)營養，逐漸將(jiang)身體(ti)養得潔白肥胖。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)，球(qiu)形(xing)的(de)子(zi)囊(nang)孢子(zi)遇(yu)到蟲(chong)(chong)草蝙(bian)幅(fu)蛾(e)(e)幼蟲(chong)(chong)，便鉆進蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)內部，吸引其營養，萌發菌(jun)絲。當蟲(chong)(chong)草蝙(bian)蝠(fu)蛾(e)(e)的(de)幼蟲(chong)(chong)食到有(you)蟲(chong)(chong)草真菌(jun)的(de)葉(xie)子(zi)時(shi)(shi)也(ye)會(hui)成為蟲(chong)(chong)草。

受真菌感染的(de)(de)幼蟲(chong)(chong)，逐漸蠕動(dong)到距地表二至(zhi)三厘米的(de)(de)地方(fang)，頭上尾下(xia)而死。這就是(shi)(shi)“冬蟲(chong)(chong)”。幼蟲(chong)(chong)雖死，體內(nei)的(de)(de)真菌卻日漸生長(chang)，直至(zhi)充滿(man)整個蟲(chong)(chong)體。來年春末夏(xia)初，蟲(chong)(chong)子的(de)(de)頭部(bu)長(chang)出一(yi)根(gen)紫紅色的(de)(de)小草(cao)， 高(gao)約二至(zhi)五厘米，頂(ding)端有菠(bo)蘿狀的(de)(de)囊殼， 這就是(shi)(shi)“夏(xia)草(cao)”。蟲(chong)(chong)草(cao)這時發(fa)育(yu)得(de)最飽滿(man)，體內(nei)有效成(cheng)份最高(gao)，是(shi)(shi)采集的(de)(de)最好(hao)季節。青海，云(yun)南省迪慶、怒江州(zhou)是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)蟲(chong)(chong)草(cao)的(de)(de)主要產地之一(yi)。