一、蓄電池充電器原理

現在(zai)市場(chang)上比較(jiao)好的12V充(chong)(chong)電機(ji)一般都(dou)采用(yong)的是三段(duan)式智能充(chong)(chong)電模(mo)式，電路設計原理多(duo)常用(yong)開關恒(heng)(heng)流恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)電源的設計。什么是三段(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電?讓我們(men)先來(lai)了解一些12V充(chong)(chong)電機(ji)的概念。

1、浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)：充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)后的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，由于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)解液及極板(ban)中存在(zai)雜(za)質，會(hui)在(zai)極板(ban)上(shang)形成局部(bu)放電(dian)(dian)，因此為使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)飽(bao)滿(man)的(de)狀(zhuang)態下處于(yu)(yu)備用狀(zhuang)態，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)與12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)并(bing)聯，接于(yu)(yu)直流(liu)(liu)母(mu)線上(shang)，12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)除擔(dan)負(fu)經常的(de)直流(liu)(liu)負(fu)荷外，還給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)適當(dang)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，這種(zhong)方式叫做(zuo)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

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2、均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)充：均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)充就是均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)衡(heng)充電(dian)(dian)。所(suo)謂均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)衡(heng)充電(dian)(dian)，就是均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)衡(heng)電(dian)(dian)池特性的充電(dian)(dian)，是指在電(dian)(dian)池的使用過(guo)程中，因為電(dian)(dian)池的個體(ti)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)、溫度(du)差(cha)(cha)異(yi)等原因造成電(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)，為了(le)避免這(zhe)種不(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)趨勢的惡化，需(xu)要提高電(dian)(dian)池組的充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池進行活化充電(dian)(dian)。均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)充電(dian)(dian)壓一般為14.5V，均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)充時(shi)間不(bu)大于10小時(shi)。

一般是在下列情況下蓄電池需要均衡充電。

1、電(dian)停電(dian)后電(dian)池釋放的(de)能量超過總(zong)容量的(de)15%。

2、蓄電(dian)(dian)池長期處于浮充狀(zhuang)態(電(dian)(dian)網穩定，長期不停電(dian)(dian))。

3、電池組中，出(chu)現了落后電池，在浮充狀態下單體(ti)電壓低于2.2V，更換(huan)新電池后。

先充電的三個階段：

1、第一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)---恒流(liu)(liu)段(duan)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)較低(di)時，為了(le)避(bi)免充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)大(da)(da)損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，應該(gai)限制(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不能過(guo)大(da)(da)，又為了(le)縮短充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間，應使用允(yun)許的最大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以采用了(le)恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中，12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機始終以恒定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(一(yi)般為0.18---3C，C為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang))自(zi)動調整輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)會越充(chong)越高，直至升到2.45V每格。然后轉(zhuan)入下(xia)一(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)為主充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已經充(chong)入約85--90%的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)會超過(guo)析氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)2.35V/格，這(zhe)也就(jiu)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都會失水(shui)的原因。只(zhi)是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)質量(liang)和12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機質量(liang)的不同，失水(shui)的程度也會有較大(da)(da)的差異。

2、第(di)二階段---恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓段，當(dang)恒(heng)(heng)(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)結(jie)束(shu)后，12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機輸出電(dian)壓就不變了，保持(chi)這個恒(heng)(heng)(heng)定的(de)電(dian)壓對(dui)電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，在恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，電(dian)池電(dian)壓會(hui)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)高，電(dian)流(liu)會(hui)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)小(xiao)，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)下(xia)降到0.5C時，恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)結(jie)束(shu)，然后轉入(ru)下(xia)一階段充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，恒(heng)(heng)(heng)壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)階段就是(shi)對(dui)電(dian)池補充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，結(jie)束(shu)時電(dian)池已基本充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿。

恒壓階段(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)高，會(hui)造(zao)成過(guo)度(du)(du)失(shi)水(shui)和過(guo)度(du)(du)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)低會(hui)導(dao)致欠充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)池硫(liu)化。所以應嚴(yan)格控制其充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。有(you)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器在這個階段(duan)，加(jia)大了充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，同(tong)時(shi)加(jia)入(ru)了負脈沖放電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)，用以消(xiao)除電(dian)(dian)(dian)池極板表面(mian)的(de)濃(nong)差極化現象(xiang)，改(gai)善電(dian)(dian)(dian)池受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)和降低溫升，減輕了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)過(guo)度(du)(du)失(shi)水(shui)，從而進一(yi)步縮短充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，這就是負脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。

有的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)的(de)(de)平(ping)滑直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)改為脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。這種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器就(jiu)叫(jiao)脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器利用(yong)具有間隔的(de)(de)短時(shi)間高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，既改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)池受電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力，又(you)有除硫的(de)(de)效果。

3、第三(san)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)--浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)段(duan)，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)叫涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)實際(ji)上也(ye)是恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較(jiao)低、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)小，屬保養性充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，允許較(jiao)長時間安全(quan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)這個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一般控制在(zai)13.6--13.8V左右，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)略大(da)，一般為0.01--0.03C左右。通過(guo)涓(juan)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量充(chong)(chong)到接近100%.過(guo)小的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不足(zu)以彌補電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，過(guo)大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)會導致過(guo)充(chong)(chong)和失水。小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)長時間的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，具有(you)消除(chu)負極板硫化的(de)作用。

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二、汽車蓄電池充電機怎么用

1、選用和汽車蓄(xu)電(dian)池匹配的充電(dian)器。

現在的家用轎車使用的蓄(xu)電池一般都是(shi)免維(wei)護鉛酸蓄(xu)電池，額定電壓12V，購(gou)買(mai)汽車電瓶充(chong)電器時(shi)要了解(jie)自己愛(ai)車的電池(chi)類(lei)型，以選(xuan)用合適的蓄(xu)電池(chi)充(chong)電器。同時(shi)，最好選(xuan)用10A以下的(de)充電(dian)器(qi)。充電(dian)電(dian)流小點，更有利于保護蓄電(dian)池。

2、建議取下蓄電池，在通風良好的房間進行充電。

家用(yong)轎車(che)(che)的蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)拆卸都很(hen)方便，車(che)(che)主完全可以(yi)自己動(dong)手操(cao)作。關閉全車(che)(che)所有(you)電(dian)器(qi)后(hou)，鎖上(shang)所有(you)的車(che)(che)窗、車(che)(che)門。打開引(yin)擎蓋，用(yong)小扳手松開蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)負極(ji)(ji)的螺絲，就可以(yi)從蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)負極(ji)(ji)樁頭上(shang)取(qu)下負極(ji)(ji)連(lian)線(xian)。用(yong)同(tong)樣的方法取(qu)下蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)正極(ji)(ji)連(lian)線(xian)。注意先取(qu)下負極(ji)(ji)連(lian)線(xian)，再取(qu)下正極(ji)(ji)連(lian)線(xian)。

將蓄(xu)電池充好電，安裝時，要先連接好正極(ji)，再連接負(fu)極(ji)。用(yong)小(xiao)扳手擰緊(jin)蓄(xu)電池樁(zhuang)頭緊(jin)固(gu)螺絲時，要適當用(yong)力，不可(ke)用(yong)力過大，否則可(ke)能(neng)會導致螺絲滑扣。

搬動蓄(xu)(xu)電池的時候要輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放，保持(chi)蓄(xu)(xu)電池正(zheng)負極樁頭朝上，不(bu)要將蓄(xu)(xu)電池倒置。

充(chong)電(dian)時要先將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的輸(shu)出對應連接在蓄電(dian)池正負極樁頭(tou)，再將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)220V插(cha)(cha)頭插(cha)(cha)入市電插(cha)(cha)座。

連(lian)接(jie)蓄電(dian)池(chi)時，一定要(yao)注意正(zheng)負極接(jie)線和電(dian)瓶樁頭的對應，正(zheng)極對正(zheng)極，負極對負極。對于(yu)沒有反接(jie)保護的充電(dian)器來說，接(jie)反的話會導(dao)致充電(dian)器和電(dian)瓶的損壞。

建(jian)議(yi)購買防反接的(de)汽車電瓶(ping)充(chong)電器，或者，無(wu)極(ji)型(xing)汽車電瓶(ping)充(chong)電器。

3、條件允(yun)許的話(hua)，也可以在車(che)上(shang)給蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，一定要斷開負極連線！

4、強烈建議：給汽(qi)車蓄電池充(chong)電選擇白(bai)天(tian)進(jin)行，車主(zhu)或者車主(zhu)委(wei)托專人，隔上30分鐘到(dao)一(yi)小時查看一(yi)次，觸(chu)摸(mo)蓄電池外(wai)殼、充電器(qi)是否過熱，充電過程(cheng)有(you)無異(yi)味。有(you)任何異(yi)常，應立即停止充電。

5、操作過程，要(yao)嚴(yan)禁煙(yan)火。