一、什么是氣體放電燈

氣(qi)體(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)是指由(you)氣(qi)體(ti)、金屬(shu)(shu)蒸(zheng)氣(qi)或幾種氣(qi)體(ti)與金屬(shu)(shu)蒸(zheng)氣(qi)的(de)混合放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)而發光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，通過(guo)氣(qi)體(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)為(wei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)。氣(qi)體(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)種類很多(duo)(duo)，用(yong)的(de)較多(duo)(duo)的(de)是輝光(guang)(guang)(guang)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)和弧光(guang)(guang)(guang)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)：輝光(guang)(guang)(guang)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)一(yi)般用(yong)于(yu)霓(ni)虹(hong)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)和指示燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；弧光(guang)(guang)(guang)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)可有很強(qiang)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)輸出，照(zhao)明光(guang)(guang)(guang)源都采(cai)用(yong)弧光(guang)(guang)(guang)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)。熒光(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、高壓汞(gong)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)、鈉燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)和金屬(shu)(shu)鹵(lu)化物燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)是應(ying)用(yong)最多(duo)(duo)的(de)照(zhao)明用(yong)氣(qi)體(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。氣(qi)體(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)在工業(ye)、農業(ye)、醫(yi)療衛(wei)生和科學研究領(ling)域(yu)的(de)用(yong)途極為(wei)廣泛。

二、氣體放電燈有哪些種類

1、高強度氣體放電燈：由于管(guan)壁溫度而(er)建立(li)發光電弧，其發光管(guan)表(biao)面(mian)負載超過3W/cm2的放電燈(deng)(deng)。如(ru)高(gao)(gao)壓汞燈(deng)(deng)、高(gao)(gao)壓鈉燈(deng)(deng)、金屬鹵化物燈(deng)(deng)等。

2、低氣壓放電燈：熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)（低壓汞(gong)燈(deng)(deng)）、低壓鈉燈(deng)(deng)、無極(ji)燈(deng)(deng)。其(qi)中的熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)是(shi)應該(gai)最廣泛、用量最大的氣體放電光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)。它具有(you)結構簡單、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)效(xiao)高(gao)、發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柔和、壽命長等優點。熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)燈(deng)(deng)的發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)效(xiao)率是(shi)白熾(chi)燈(deng)(deng)的4-5倍(bei)，壽命是(shi)白熾(chi)燈(deng)(deng)的3-8倍(bei)，是(shi)高(gao)效(xiao)節能光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)。

氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)燈的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)主要有(you)以上(shang)兩種(zhong)，那(nei)么它們有(you)什么特點呢？

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三、氣體放電燈泡的特點是什么

1、具有(you)高效率，它們可以把25～30％的輸入電能(neng)轉換為光輸出。

2、壽(shou)命長。使用壽(shou)命長達1萬小時或2萬小時以上。

3、輻射(she)光譜具有可(ke)選(xuan)擇性。通過選(xuan)擇適當的(de)發(fa)光物(wu)質，可(ke)使(shi)輻射(she)光譜集(ji)中于所(suo)要求的(de)波長上，也可(ke)同時使(shi)用(yong)幾種(zhong)發(fa)光物(wu)質，以求獲得(de)最佳的(de)組合光譜。

4、光輸出維(wei)持特性好，在(zai)壽命終止時仍能提(ti)供60～80％的初(chu)始光輸出。

四、氣體放電燈鎮流器工作原理是什么

氣體放(fang)電(dian)燈的工作離(li)不(bu)開氣體放(fang)電(dian)燈輔助設備，因為它(ta)不(bu)能單獨接(jie)到電(dian)路(lu)中去，必須與觸發器(qi)、鎮(zhen)流器(qi)等輔助電(dian)器(qi)一(yi)起接(jie)入電(dian)路(lu)才能啟(qi)動和穩定工作。鎮(zhen)流器(qi)的工作原理(li)主要有以下幾種：

1、電阻鎮流

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)鎮流是依(yi)賴電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓正比于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)關系(xi)來調節燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)，在直流供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)氣(qi)體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中應用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)鎮流器，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)簡單、安裝容易。當(dang)兼顧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)效率和燈(deng)的(de)(de)工(gong)作穩定性時，有VLAMP=0.6Vn時，η=60%，可以看出鎮流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)(de)功耗很(hen)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)工(gong)作效率很(hen)低。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)有少量應用，如(ru)自鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)高壓汞(gong)燈(deng)(deng)利(li)用鎢絲作鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器件(jian)，許多高頻基(ji)準鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器也是用電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻制成。在(zai)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)使(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)器會影響燈(deng)(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)波形，燈(deng)(deng)的(de)發光效(xiao)率(lv)也會下降，電(dian)(dian)(dian)路穩定性變(bian)差，但(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)功率(lv)因數相(xiang)對(dui)較高。

2、電容鎮流

電容器在低(di)頻交(jiao)流電路中(zhong)工作時，燈電壓波形近似為(wei)方波。由于電容器不能(neng)限制瞬(shun)時電流，所以(yi)會產(chan)生一(yi)個峰值很高的(de)燈電流，這使燈電流波形嚴重失真，對燈的(de)電極產(chan)生十分(fen)有害(hai)的(de)影響(xiang)，造(zao)成燈管壽(shou)命縮短，并使燈管發光閃動，因此電容鎮流方式(shi)在低(di)頻交(jiao)流電路中(zhong)很少應用。

3、電感鎮流

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)是利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)器的自感(gan)(gan)原理(li)工作的，即它通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)上的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)正比(bi)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的時間(jian)變化(hua)率(lv)來(lai)調(diao)節燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。由于燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)滯后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)一定位相（所以(yi)也稱為滯后型鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)器），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的功率(lv)因(yin)數(shu)較低，一般在(zai)0.5左右。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)對供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的變化(hua)較敏感(gan)(gan)，鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)效果不太穩(wen)(wen)定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)具有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路簡單(dan)、比(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)流(liu)(liu)損耗低、能改善燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)波(bo)形和工作穩(wen)(wen)定等優點，在(zai)各類氣體放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燈中得到(dao)廣泛應用。

在高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)氣體(ti)放(fang)電(dian)燈中，為了獲(huo)(huo)得較(jiao)高(gao)的點火電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，可(ke)以(yi)用漏磁變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器作(zuo)為電(dian)感型鎮流器應用。漏磁變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器屬于(yu)滯后型鎮流器，雖然體(ti)大笨重，噪聲也大，但它能獲(huo)(huo)得比(bi)電(dian)源電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)更高(gao)的開路(lu)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，用于(yu)燈管電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)于(yu)電(dian)源電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的氣體(ti)放(fang)電(dian)燈（例如霓虹燈、冷陰極燈、紫外(wai)線燈等）時(shi)，能明(ming)顯改善啟(qi)動性(xing)能。

4、電感、電容（LC）鎮流

LC鎮(zhen)流(liu)器有兩(liang)種形式，一(yi)種是由電(dian)(dian)感(gan)和電(dian)(dian)容(rong)串聯組(zu)成的(de)(de)鎮(zhen)流(liu)器，通常設計成容(rong)抗比感(gan)抗大，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)路總體上呈(cheng)容(rong)性(xing)。當(dang)容(rong)抗為感(gan)抗的(de)(de)2.76倍時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)恒流(liu)特性(xing)最穩定。這種鎮(zhen)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)超(chao)前電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)壓一(yi)定的(de)(de)相(xiang)位(wei)，屬于超(chao)前型鎮(zhen)流(liu)器。

LC超前型鎮流(liu)器功(gong)耗較(jiao)小，有(you)較(jiao)好的穩流(liu)特性，燈啟(qi)動(dong)時的短(duan)路特性也(ye)好，與滯(zhi)后型的電(dian)感(gan)鎮流(liu)器配合應用，可(ke)較(jiao)好地改(gai)善(shan)電(dian)路的功(gong)率(lv)因數。但因為燈電(dian)流(liu)過零時，電(dian)源電(dian)壓的峰值(zhi)與燈電(dian)壓的方(fang)向正好相(xiang)反(fan)，重復(fu)電(dian)離的電(dian)壓較(jiao)低，致使重復(fu)著火能力較(jiao)差。

5、電子鎮流

電(dian)子鎮(zhen)流(liu)器是由電(dian)子元件(jian)組合而成的新型(xing)鎮(zhen)流(liu)器，它實(shi)質上(shang)是一個電(dian)源變換器，將工(gong)頻交(jiao)流(liu)轉換為20～100kHz的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)壓，用以啟動并點亮熒光燈(deng)(deng)。采用高(gao)(gao)頻交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)子鎮(zhen)流(liu)器可以提高(gao)(gao)燈(deng)(deng)管的發(fa)光效率(lv)，避(bi)免工(gong)頻噪聲，減小鎮(zhen)流(liu)器的體積和重量(liang)，提高(gao)(gao)功率(lv)因數，并易于實(shi)現(xian)智能控制。原則上(shang)適用于各類氣(qi)體放電(dian)燈(deng)(deng)，但(dan)對(dui)熒光燈(deng)(deng)特別是緊湊型(xing)熒光燈(deng)(deng)的應用發(fa)展更為迅(xun)速。