銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)最早(zao)使(shi)用的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)。早(zao)在史前(qian)時代，人(ren)(ren)們就開始采(cai)掘露天銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)，并用獲取的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制造武(wu)器(qi)、式(shi)具和其他器(qi)皿，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)使(shi)用對早(zao)期人(ren)(ren)類(lei)文明的(de)進步影響深遠。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)一(yi)種存在于地殼(ke)和海(hai)洋中(zhong)的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)在地殼(ke)中(zhong)的(de)含(han)量(liang)約為0.01%，在個別(bie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床中(zhong)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)含(han)量(liang)可以達到(dao)3%～5%。自然(ran)界中(zhong)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，多數以化合物(wu)即銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)存在。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)與其他礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)聚合成(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)，開采(cai)出來的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)，經過選礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)而成(cheng)(cheng)為含(han)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)品(pin)位較高的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)精礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)。是(shi)唯一(yi)的(de)能大量(liang)天然(ran)產出的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)，也存在于各種礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)（例如黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、輝銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、斑(ban)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、赤銅(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和孔雀石(shi)）中(zhong)，能以單質(zhi)金(jin)屬(shu)狀態及(ji)黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和其他合金(jin)的(de)形態用于工(gong)業(ye)、工(gong)程(cheng)技術(shu)和工(gong)藝上(shang)。

銅是與人類關系(xi)非常密切的有色金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，被(bei)廣泛地(di)(di)應(ying)用(yong)于電(dian)氣、輕工(gong)、機械制造、建筑工(gong)業、國(guo)防工(gong)業等領域，在(zai)中國(guo)有色金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料的消費(fei)中僅(jin)次于鋁(lv)。銅是一(yi)種紅色金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，同(tong)時也是一(yi)種綠色金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)。說它是綠色金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，主要是因為它熔(rong)點較(jiao)低，容易再(zai)熔(rong)化、再(zai)冶煉，因而回(hui)收利用(yong)相當地(di)(di)便宜。古代(dai)主要用(yong)于器(qi)皿、藝術品及武器(qi)鑄造，比較(jiao)有名的器(qi)皿及藝術品如司母戊鼎、四羊方尊。

銅密度的(de)定義：銅的(de)質(zhi)量與銅體積的(de)比(bi)值就叫(jiao)作銅密度。

銅密度(du)符號(hao)和單位：通常用(yong)“ρ”（讀(du)做rōu）表示，單位為g/cm3，正(zheng)確讀(du)法是克(ke)每立(li)方厘(li)米。還有(you)一種不常用(yong)的(de)單位是kg/dm3，讀(du)作(zuo)千克(ke)每立(li)方分米。它們之間的換算關系：lg/cm3=1kg/dm3=103kg/m3。

銅密度的公(gong)式：

1.銅密度的公式：ρ=m/V，ρ=dm/dV(ρ表(biao)示(shi)密度、m表(biao)示(shi)質(zhi)量、V表(biao)示(shi)體積)

2.銅密度(du)公式變形(xing)：V=m/ρ，m=ρV，m=∫ρ(V)dV。

3.質量m可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)天平測(ce)量，液體(ti)和形(xing)狀不規則的固體(ti)的體(ti)積v可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)量筒或量杯測(ce)量。

4.物質的(de)密度是一(yi)定的(de)，它不(bu)(bu)隨體(ti)積和質量的(de)變化而(er)變化，不(bu)(bu)同牌號的(de)銅密度也是不(bu)(bu)隨體(ti)積變化而(er)變化的(de)。

純銅密(mi)度、黃(huang)銅密(mi)度、青銅密(mi)度、白銅密(mi)度：

1.純銅，無氧銅的密(mi)度是(shi)8.9(g/cm3)，磷(lin)脫(tuo)氧銅的密(mi)度是(shi)8.89(g/cm3)。

2.加工黃(huang)銅(tong)的(de)(de)密(mi)(mi)度是8.5-8.8(g/cm3)，鑄造(zao)黃(huang)銅(tong)的(de)(de)密(mi)(mi)度是7.7-8.55(g/cm3)。

3.加工(gong)青(qing)銅的(de)密(mi)度是(shi)7.5-8.9(g/cm3)，鑄(zhu)造青(qing)銅的(de)密(mi)度是(shi)7.45-9.54(g/cm3)。

4.白銅的密(mi)度(du)是(shi)8.4-8.9(g/cm3)。

純銅

純銅：中(zhong)國俗稱‘紫銅’，日本與臺灣俗稱‘紅銅’。

紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)即純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，又名紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)密度為8.96，熔點為1083℃。具有(you)很好的導(dao)電性(xing)和導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)，塑性(xing)極好，易(yi)于熱(re)壓和冷壓力加(jia)工，大(da)量用于制造電線、電纜、電刷、電火(huo)花(hua)專用電蝕銅(tong)(tong)(tong)等要求導(dao)電性(xing)良(liang)好的產品。

因呈紫紅色而(er)得名。它(ta)不一定(ding)是(shi)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)，有時還加入少(shao)量(liang)(liang)脫氧元素(su)或其(qi)他元素(su),以(yi)改善材質和性(xing)能,因此也歸入銅(tong)(tong)合(he)金。中國(guo)紫銅(tong)(tong)加工材按(an)成分(fen)可分(fen)為(wei)：普通紫銅(tong)(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無氧銅(tong)(tong)（TU1、TU2和高純(chun)、真空無氧銅(tong)(tong)）、脫氧銅(tong)(tong)（TUP、TUMn）、添加少(shao)量(liang)(liang)合(he)金元素(su)的特種銅(tong)(tong)（砷銅(tong)(tong)、碲銅(tong)(tong)、銀銅(tong)(tong)）四類(lei)。

黃銅

黃銅：銅鋅合金。

以鋅(xin)作主要添加(jia)(jia)元素的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金，具有(you)美觀(guan)的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色，統稱(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)二(er)元合金稱(cheng)普通黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或稱(cheng)簡單黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。三元以上的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)稱(cheng)特殊黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或稱(cheng)復雜黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含(han)鋅(xin)低於36％的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金由固(gu)溶(rong)體組成，具有(you)良(liang)好的(de)冷加(jia)(jia)工(gong)性能(neng)，如含(han)鋅(xin)30％的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常(chang)用來(lai)制(zhi)作彈殼(ke)，俗(su)稱(cheng)彈殼(ke)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或七三黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含(han)鋅(xin)在36～42％之間的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金由和固(gu)溶(rong)體組成，其中(zhong)最(zui)常(chang)用的(de)是(shi)含(han)鋅(xin)40％的(de)六四黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

白銅

白銅(tong)：銅(tong)、鈷、鎳(nie)合金。

以鎳為(wei)主要添(tian)加元(yuan)素的(de)銅(tong)(tong)合(he)金。銅(tong)(tong)鎳二元(yuan)合(he)金稱普通白銅(tong)(tong)；加有錳、鐵、鋅、鋁等(deng)元(yuan)素的(de)白銅(tong)(tong)合(he)金稱復雜白銅(tong)(tong)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)白銅(tong)(tong)分為(wei)結構白銅(tong)(tong)和電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)白銅(tong)(tong)兩(liang)大類(lei)。結構白銅(tong)(tong)的(de)特點是(shi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)和耐蝕性(xing)(xing)好，色澤美觀。這種(zhong)白銅(tong)(tong)廣泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)於(wu)制造(zao)精密(mi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)、化工(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)和船舶(bo)構件。電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)白銅(tong)(tong)一般有良好的(de)熱電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)。錳銅(tong)(tong)、康銅(tong)(tong)、考(kao)銅(tong)(tong)是(shi)含(han)錳量不(bu)同的(de)錳白銅(tong)(tong)，是(shi)制造(zao)精密(mi)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)儀器、變阻(zu)器、精密(mi)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、應變片、熱電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)等(deng)用(yong)(yong)的(de)材料。

青銅

青銅：銅錫合(he)金

原指銅(tong)(tong)錫(xi)(xi)合(he)金(jin)，后除黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)、白銅(tong)(tong)以外的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)合(he)金(jin)均稱青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)，并常在青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)名字(zi)前(qian)冠以第一主(zhu)要添加元(yuan)(yuan)素的(de)(de)名。錫(xi)(xi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)鑄造性(xing)(xing)能、減摩性(xing)(xing)能好和機械性(xing)(xing)能好，適(shi)合(he)於(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)造軸承、蝸輪(lun)(lun)、齒(chi)輪(lun)(lun)等(deng)。鉛青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)是現代(dai)發動機和磨床廣泛使用的(de)(de)軸承材料。鋁青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)強(qiang)度高(gao)，耐(nai)磨性(xing)(xing)和耐(nai)蝕性(xing)(xing)好，用於(wu)鑄造高(gao)載荷(he)的(de)(de)齒(chi)輪(lun)(lun)、軸套、船用螺旋(xuan)槳等(deng)。鈹青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)和磷青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)彈性(xing)(xing)極限高(gao)，導電(dian)性(xing)(xing)好，適(shi)於(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)造精(jing)密(mi)彈簧和電(dian)接觸元(yuan)(yuan)件，鈹青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)還用來(lai)制(zhi)(zhi)造煤(mei)礦、油庫等(deng)使用的(de)(de)無火花工具。

銅的吸收

一般情(qing)況下，銅的攝(she)入量嬰幼兒期(qi)為(wei)0.4~1.0mg/日，成人為(wei)1.5~3.omg/日，吸(xi)收(shou)率30~40%。胃、十二指腸和(he)小腸上部是銅的主(zhu)要(yao)吸(xi)收(shou)部位，其腸吸(xi)收(shou)是主(zhu)動(dong)吸(xi)收(shou)過(guo)程。膜(mo)內(nei)外銅離子的轉運(yun)體(ti)為(wei)ATP酶，依(yi)靠(kao)天冬氨酸(suan)殘基磷酸(suan)化供(gong)能(neng)，能(neng)將主(zhu)動(dong)吸(xi)收(shou)的銅與門靜(jing)脈側枝循(xun)環中的白蛋白結合，運(yun)至肝(gan)臟(zang)進一步(bu)參(can)與代謝。

在人體的應用

銅(tong)是人(ren)體健(jian)康不(bu)可缺少的微量營養素，對(dui)于血液、中樞神(shen)經(jing)和免疫系統(tong)，頭發、皮膚和骨(gu)骼組織以及(ji)腦子和肝、心(xin)等內臟的發育(yu)和功能有重要影響。銅(tong)主要從日(ri)常飲食中攝入。世界衛生(sheng)組織建議，為了維(wei)持健(jian)康，成人(ren)每(mei)(mei)公斤體重每(mei)(mei)天應(ying)攝入0.03毫克銅(tong)。孕(yun)婦和嬰幼兒應(ying)加(jia)倍。缺銅(tong)會引起各種疾病，可以服用含(han)銅(tong)補(bu)劑(ji)和藥丸來加(jia)以補(bu)充。

銅(tong)在人(ren)體內含(han)量約(yue)100～150mg，血清(qing)銅(tong)正(zheng)常(chang)值(zhi)100～120μg/dl，是(shi)人(ren)體中(zhong)含(han)量位居第二的(de)必需微量元素(su)。含(han)銅(tong)的(de)酶(mei)有(you)酪(lao)氨酸酶(mei)、單胺氧化(hua)(hua)酶(mei)、超(chao)氧化(hua)(hua)酶(mei)、超(chao)氧化(hua)(hua)物歧(qi)化(hua)(hua)酶(mei)、血銅(tong)藍蛋白(bai)等。銅(tong)對(dui)血紅(hong)蛋白(bai)的(de)形成(cheng)起(qi)活化(hua)(hua)作(zuo)用，促進鐵(tie)的(de)吸收和(he)利用，在傳遞電子、彈性蛋白(bai)的(de)合成(cheng)、結締(di)組織的(de)代謝、嘌呤代謝、磷脂及神經組織形成(cheng)方面有(you)重要意義。

銅缺乏可引起如下疾病：

1.貧血

一般最常見的臨床表(biao)現為頭暈、乏力(li)、易倦、耳(er)鳴(ming)、眼(yan)花。皮膚黏膜及指甲等顏色蒼白，體力(li)活動后感覺(jue)氣促(cu)、心(xin)悸。嚴(yan)重貧血時(shi)(shi)，即使(shi)在休息時(shi)(shi)也出現氣短(duan)和(he)心(xin)悸，在心(xin)尖和(he)心(xin)底部(bu)可聽到柔(rou)和(he)的收縮期雜音。

2.骨骼改(gai)變

臨床(chuang)表現為骨(gu)質疏松，易發(fa)生骨(gu)折。

3.銅(tong)與冠(guan)心(xin)病

4.銅與白癜風病

5.女性不(bu)孕癥(zheng)

利用銅制品的相關屬性來生產銅制品

1、導(dao)線(xian)的(de)線(xian)心：用銅做導(dao)線(xian)即是導(dao)體，導(dao)體的(de)性質是具有導(dao)電性。

2、各種電器(qi)中(zhong)的(de)散熱器(qi)：散熱器(qi)的(de)作用是(shi)用來散熱的(de)，所以利用的(de)是(shi)銅的(de)導(dao)熱性。

3、各(ge)種(zhong)裝飾的銅箔(bo)：能(neng)制(zhi)成(cheng)各(ge)種(zhong)形(xing)狀銅箔(bo)，這是利用了銅的延(yan)展性。

銅及其合金加工材

板材(cai)(cai)、帶材(cai)(cai)、箔材(cai)(cai)、排(pai)材(cai)(cai)、管材(cai)(cai)、棒材(cai)(cai)、線材(cai)(cai)和型材(cai)(cai)

銅工藝品

銅(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)(pin)是(shi)一(yi)種手工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)，即通過手工(gong)(gong)將原料(liao)或半成品(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)而成的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)，是(shi)對一(yi)組價值(zhi)藝術品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)總(zong)稱。銅(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)(pin)來源與生活，卻又創造了(le)高于生活的(de)(de)價值(zhi)。

銅樂器

銅管樂器(qi)(qi)：是一種將氣流吹(chui)進吹(chui)嘴(zui)之后，造成(cheng)嘴(zui)唇振動的樂器(qi)(qi)。

青銅樂器：是夏商周三代音樂文化中最具代表性、最重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的歷史遺存。青銅樂器主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)銅鈴、鉦、鐃、鎛、編(bian)甬鐘、編(bian)鈕鐘等。

水洗(xi)、除塵、藥(yao)洗(xi)、涂層要得當。銅制品(pin)(pin)大部分都需要進行(xing)清潔處理，主要是除掉銅制品(pin)(pin)上的污垢(gou)，如土斑(ban)、銹斑(ban)、油垢(gou)、汗漬等，因為(wei)這些東西不但損害(hai)銅制品(pin)(pin)，還可能對身體不好。

1、除塵：笨重銅制品可利用吸塵器清除銅制品上的灰塵要用軟布、軟毛刷、軟毛撣子等。對體積較大、笨重且不規則的銅制品，可采用吸塵器等機械進行除塵；對有鏤空結構或縫隙的銅制品，在吸塵的同時也可以使用高壓氣泵，將吸塵器不易吸除的塵土吹落。

2、藥洗：倍半碳酸鈉洗去青銅病要經常觀察青銅制品的變化，一旦發現青銅病癥發生，要及時處理，可以使用倍半碳酸鈉（5%碳酸鈉+碳酸氫鈉）清洗；遇到一些銹腐嚴重的銅制品，以及混有其他雜物的銅制品，應請專業人員進行清洗。

3、涂層：涂層有機硅比涂石蠟好干凈的銅制品，傳統保存方法是涂上一層石蠟，但這樣容易堆積灰塵，就不美觀了。對此，可在銅制品上涂一層有機硅將其密封，這樣能更有效地防止有害氣體、灰塵。總的來說，存放和陳列古玩的房間要保持干凈，保持空氣清潔；同時注意遠離廁所、污水坑、鍋爐房、煤廠等易產生污染與灰塵的地方；最后室內最好用暖氣設備取暖，暖氣片要遠離銅制品收藏柜。