一、潛水泵的工作原理

潛(qian)水泵(beng)有好幾種，電機里的(de)線包有油浸式和水浸式還有是(shi)干式。

使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)前(qian)必(bi)須(xu)(xu)先(xian)看說明書，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能搞錯，長期不(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，必(bi)須(xu)(xu)在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)前(qian)還得把葉(xie)輪弄轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)然會因為長期不(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)卡死而(er)燒包。開泵前(qian)，吸入(ru)管(guan)和泵內(nei)必(bi)須(xu)(xu)充滿液(ye)體(ti)(ti)。開泵后，葉(xie)輪高(gao)速(su)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，其中(zhong)的(de)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)隨著葉(xie)片(pian)一起旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，在離心力的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下(xia)，飛離葉(xie)輪向外射(she)出(chu)，射(she)出(chu)的(de)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)在泵殼(ke)擴散室(shi)內(nei)速(su)度(du)逐漸(jian)變慢，壓(ya)(ya)力逐漸(jian)增加，然后從泵出(chu)口(kou)，排出(chu)管(guan)流出(chu)。此時，在葉(xie)片(pian)中(zhong)心處由(you)于液(ye)體(ti)(ti)被甩向周(zhou)圍而(er)形成既(ji)沒有空(kong)氣又(you)沒有液(ye)體(ti)(ti)的(de)真空(kong)低壓(ya)(ya)區，液(ye)池中(zhong)的(de)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)在池面大氣壓(ya)(ya)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下(xia)，經吸入(ru)管(guan)流入(ru)泵內(nei)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)就是這樣連(lian)續不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)地(di)從液(ye)池中(zhong)被抽(chou)吸上來又(you)連(lian)續不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)地(di)從排出(chu)管(guan)流出(chu)。

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二、潛水泵的主要分類

井用潛水泵

清水(shui)潛水(shui)泵(beng)為多級泵(beng)，主要用于從粘土層的機井、土井或水(shui)庫等處提水(shui)，適合(he)于工(gong)廠、礦山或農田(tian)灌溉。1928年(nian)，美國(guo)布隆·杰克遜（Byron Jakson）公(gong)司首次(ci)研(yan)制出潛水(shui)電(dian)泵(beng)。隨后的30年(nian)代，德(de)國(guo)、英(ying)國(guo)、美國(guo)、日本等國(guo)家(jia)開始生產“深井潛水(shui)泵(beng)”。

作業面潛水泵

作(zuo)(zuo)業面(mian)(mian)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)屬于(yu)小型(xing)(xing)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)（單級泵(beng)(beng)），由于(yu)安裝容(rong)易、使用方(fang)(fang)便，在很多場所被廣(guang)泛(fan)使用。1948年(nian)，瑞典飛力（Sterbery-Flygt）首次研(yan)制出“作(zuo)(zuo)業面(mian)(mian)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)”。60年(nian)代，美國、英國、德(de)國、日本、蘇聯等(deng)(deng)國家也開(kai)始大(da)(da)批量生產。中國1958年(nian)開(kai)始生產“作(zuo)(zuo)業面(mian)(mian)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)”，60年(nian)代發展(zhan)為“QY型(xing)(xing)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)（充油式(shi)(shi)）”，70年(nian)代發展(zhan)了(le)“QS型(xing)(xing)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)（充水(shui)式(shi)(shi)）”，80年(nian)代又(you)發展(zhan)了(le)“QX和(he)(he)DQX型(xing)(xing)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)（干式(shi)(shi)）”。 80年(nian)代后期“作(zuo)(zuo)業面(mian)(mian)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)”得到(dao)了(le)飛速的發展(zhan)，并且逐(zhu)步大(da)(da)型(xing)(xing)化(hua)、多元(yuan)化(hua)。大(da)(da)中型(xing)(xing)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)因(yin)為具有簡化(hua)泵(beng)(beng)結構和(he)(he)節省泵(beng)(beng)站(zhan)建設(she)投(tou)資等(deng)(deng)突出優點，在市政、工礦等(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)得到(dao)廣(guang)泛(fan)的應(ying)用。

潛污泵

潛(qian)污(wu)泵(beng)主要用于輸送(song)工業廢水(shui)(shui)和城市生(sheng)(sheng)活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)，其最大優點是可排(pai)紙漿、長纖維(wei)之(zhi)類(lei)雜質(zhi)。（因此也稱“無堵塞排(pai)污(wu)潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)” ）。廣泛應用于城市污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理廠、雨水(shui)(shui)池、泵(beng)站(zhan)、防洪排(pai)灌等(deng)處。1956年，瑞(rui)典(dian)飛力（Sterbery-Flygt）首次(ci)研制出“潛(qian)污(wu)泵(beng)”，使(shi)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)站(zhan)的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)大約(yue)減(jian)少一(yi)半。中國(guo)在80年代后(hou)期從德(de)國(guo)引進并(bing)生(sheng)(sheng)產“潛(qian)污(wu)泵(beng)”，主要有WQ、QW、AS系列(lie)產品。（據統計，“潛(qian)污(wu)泵(beng)”1995年左右，國(guo)內年產量約(yue)5萬臺(tai)。）

排沙潛水泵

中(zhong)國首臺(tai)“排(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)”是(shi)(shi)由上王(wang)慶武(wu)教授(shou)在(zai)1989年(nian)研制出KGQ12-50型排(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)，經(jing)(jing)過多年(nian)的(de)發展，現生(sheng)產的(de)產品已(yi)經(jing)(jing)是(shi)(shi)第四代排(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)——礦(kuang)用立泵(beng)(beng)。排(pai)沙(sha)(sha)(sha)潛(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)是(shi)(shi)專為(wei)水(shui)中(zhong)富含泥沙(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)排(pai)水(shui)環(huan)境設計(ji)的(de)，是(shi)(shi)填補國際空白的(de)新產品。具(ju)有揚(yang)程高、耐磨損等特點，適合于(yu)礦(kuang)山、 工(gong)程掘進、搶險救災、環(huan)保除沙(sha)(sha)(sha)等水(shui)中(zhong)含有大量泥沙(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)環(huan)境下排(pai)水(shui)。在(zai)富含泥沙(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)環(huan)境下排(pai)水(shui)，壽命是(shi)(shi)潛(qian)污泵(beng)(beng)和(he)清水(shui)潛(qian)水(shui)泵(beng)(beng)的(de)5～10倍。

礦用立泵

礦(kuang)用(yong)立泵(beng)，第(di)四(si)代新排沙(sha)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)，是立泵(beng)和潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的整合產(chan)品(pin)，既可以當(dang)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)，也可以當(dang)立泵(beng)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)，繼承了潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)和立泵(beng)的優點，已經超出了潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的概念，是名副(fu)其(qi)實的“兩棲泵(beng)”。按照(zhao)潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)的發展(zhan)，礦(kuang)用(yong)立泵(beng)屬于潛(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng)“出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)登陸上(shang)岸”的進化產(chan)品(pin)。

三、潛水泵的注意事項及維護

注意事項

1、安裝(zhuang)漏電保護器

漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護器也(ye)叫保(bao)命(ming)器，它的(de)作用(yong)從(cong)“保(bao)命(ming)器”這三個字就可(ke)以理(li)解。因為(wei)潛(qian)水泵(beng)在水下工作，容易漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)造成電(dian)(dian)能損失甚至引(yin)發觸電(dian)(dian)事故。如果裝有漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護器，只要潛(qian)水泵(beng)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)值(zhi)超(chao)過漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護器的(de)動作電(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)（一般不超(chao)過30毫(hao)安(an)），漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護器就會(hui)切(qie)斷(duan)潛(qian)水泵(beng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)源，避免漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)浪費電(dian)(dian)能，確(que)保(bao)安(an)全。

2、電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓異常莫開(kai)機

農村(cun)由于(yu)(yu)低(di)壓(ya)供電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路比較長，線(xian)路的(de)末端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過低(di)是常(chang)有的(de)事。當(dang)(dang)相電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)于(yu)(yu)198伏，線(xian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)于(yu)(yu)342伏時(shi)，潛水泵電(dian)(dian)機轉(zhuan)速(su)下(xia)降，當(dang)(dang)達(da)不到額定轉(zhuan)速(su)的(de)70%時(shi)，啟動離心開(kai)關會閉合，造成啟動繞組(zu)長時(shi)間通電(dian)(dian)而(er)發熱甚至燒(shao)壞繞組(zu)和電(dian)(dian)容器。相反，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過高引起電(dian)(dian)機過熱而(er)燒(shao)壞繞組(zu)。因此，潛水泵在作業中，操作者必(bi)須隨時(shi)觀察電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值，若低(di)于(yu)(yu)額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)10%以下(xia)，高于(yu)(yu)額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)10%以上，應使(shi)電(dian)(dian)機停止運轉(zhuan)，找出原因并排除故障(zhang)。

3、避免頻繁開關

不(bu)要(yao)頻(pin)繁(fan)地開關(guan)潛(qian)水泵(beng)，這是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)停轉時會產生回流，若立即開機(ji)(ji)(ji)，會使(shi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)負載啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)，導致啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流過大而燒(shao)壞繞組。由(you)于啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)時電(dian)(dian)流很大，頻(pin)繁(fan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)也會燒(shao)壞潛(qian)水泵(beng)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)繞組。

4、莫讓(rang)潛(qian)水(shui)電泵長期超負(fu)荷工作

為(wei)避免潛水電(dian)(dian)泵長期超負荷(he)工作，不要抽含沙(sha)量大的(de)(de)水并隨時(shi)觀察電(dian)(dian)流值是否(fou)在(zai)銘牌上(shang)規(gui)定的(de)(de)數值，若(ruo)發現電(dian)(dian)流過大，應停機(ji)檢查(cha)。另外(wai)，電(dian)(dian)泵脫(tuo)水運(yun)行的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)不宜過長，以免使電(dian)(dian)機(ji)過熱而(er)燒毀。

5、電機的旋(xuan)轉方向(xiang)要正(zheng)確

應(ying)搞清電(dian)機(ji)的旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)方向，有許多類(lei)型的潛水(shui)泵正轉(zhuan)和(he)反轉(zhuan)時(shi)皆可出水(shui)，但反轉(zhuan)時(shi)出水(shui)量小、電(dian)流大，其反轉(zhuan)時(shi)間長了會損壞電(dian)機(ji)繞組。

6、電(dian)纜(lan)線(xian)安裝與潛(qian)水電(dian)泵的絕緣電(dian)阻要(yao)求(qiu)

安(an)裝潛水(shui)(shui)泵時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)纜線(xian)要架空，電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)不(bu)要太長。潛水(shui)(shui)泵下水(shui)(shui)或提出時(shi)(shi)切勿使電(dian)(dian)纜受力，以免引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線(xian)斷裂。潛水(shui)(shui)泵工(gong)作時(shi)(shi)不(bu)要沉入泥中，否則會導致電(dian)(dian)機散熱(re)不(bu)良而燒壞電(dian)(dian)機繞組(zu)。安(an)裝時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)機的絕緣電(dian)(dian)阻不(bu)應低于0.5兆歐。

7、勤查(cha)勤看發現(xian)問題及時修復

平時要經常(chang)檢查電機(ji)，如(ru)發現下(xia)蓋有裂紋、橡(xiang)膠(jiao)密(mi)封環損壞(huai)或(huo)失(shi)效等，應(ying)及時更(geng)換或(huo)修復，避免水滲(shen)入(ru)潛水泵。

機械維護

潛(qian)(qian)水泵(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)日常維(wei)護。每(mei)(mei)天(tian)檢(jian)查電(dian)源線有無(wu)破(po)損，絕對禁止漏電(dian)的(de)(de)潛(qian)(qian)水泵(beng)(beng)下(xia)水作業(ye)。每(mei)(mei)天(tian)檢(jian)查水泵(beng)(beng)體有無(wu)受(shou)損，保證電(dian)機在(zai)工作時(shi)不漏電(dian)。作業(ye)結束后(hou)，應及時(shi)清理附(fu)在(zai)水泵(beng)(beng)上的(de)(de)雜物，將水泵(beng)(beng)沖洗干凈。為保證潛(qian)(qian)水電(dian)泵(beng)(beng)正常運行，必(bi)須按照下(xia)列要(yao)求進行。潛(qian)(qian)水電(dian)泵(beng)(beng)在(zai)使(shi)用前，須用兆歐(ou)表檢(jian)查電(dian)機絕緣電(dian)阻，其(qi)值最低不能(neng)少于50MΩ。

水浸電(dian)機應(ying)打(da)開(kai)(kai)灌(guan)(guan)水螺(luo)塞，灌(guan)(guan)滿潔(jie)凈的清(qing)水后再擰緊螺(luo)塞，不(bu)可(ke)將灌(guan)(guan)水螺(luo)塞擰掉后直接入(ru)井。使用(yong)前檢查(cha)電(dian)纜有無(wu)破(po)裂、折斷。如(ru)有損壞(huai)應(ying)及(ji)時調換，以防漏電(dian)。潛(qian)水電(dian)泵在下水前應(ying)向泵內(nei)注入(ru)清(qing)水，然后空轉(zhuan)1—2分鐘，并起(qi)動兩次，檢查(cha)起(qi)動和空轉(zhuan)是(shi)否(fou)正常，轉(zhuan)向是(shi)否(fou)符合要求。如(ru)果轉(zhuan)向相(xiang)反，將任意兩相(xiang)接線調換即可(ke)。檢查(cha)揚水管是(shi)否(fou)有裂紋，聯接是(shi)否(fou)牢固。潛(qian)水電(dian)泵下井及(ji)起(qi)吊(diao)時，絕不(bu)允許硬拉電(dian)纜，以免電(dian)纜損壞(huai)或接頭(tou)處斷開(kai)(kai)，造成不(bu)應(ying)有的事(shi)故。應(ying)當用(yong)鐵線或卡板下井及(ji)起(qi)吊(diao)。

電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)壓應控制在(zai)(zai)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓的±5%范圍內，這樣電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)才能正(zheng)常工(gong)作。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)低或(huo)過(guo)高(gao)，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)不(bu)可繼續使用，以免電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)長(chang)期在(zai)(zai)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)欠電(dian)(dian)壓下工(gong)作時損壞。潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)潛入(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中時應垂直吊放，不(bu)得斜放。入(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)深度(du)以在(zai)(zai)動水(shui)(shui)(shui)位下5米為宜。潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)不(bu)得輸送含砂量較高(gao)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)泥(ni)漿。潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)泵(beng)實際揚程(cheng)應在(zai)(zai)0.8—1.1倍額(e)定(ding)揚程(cheng)內使用，以提高(gao)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)效(xiao)率，節約能源(yuan)，同(tong)時避免電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)超載(zai)。

潛水(shui)(shui)泵電(dian)機(ji)接線必須(xu)接實，以免電(dian)機(ji)缺相運轉燒毀電(dian)機(ji)。電(dian)纜(lan)必須(xu)經常檢查有無(wu)龜裂，擦傷(shang)等情況，有則及(ji)(ji)時更換或修(xiu)(xiu)補(bu)。油浸(jin)電(dian)機(ji)如果發生(sheng)漏油現象，應及(ji)(ji)時到廠家或維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)點(dian)修(xiu)(xiu)理(li)，更換密(mi)封元件(jian)。水(shui)(shui)浸(jin)電(dian)機(ji)應經常清(qing)理(li)電(dian)機(ji)腔(qiang)內的砂粒，更換電(dian)機(ji)腔(qiang)內清(qing)水(shui)(shui)。潛水(shui)(shui)電(dian)泵運行半年后，應維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)檢查，更換損壞零(ling)件(jian)。潛水(shui)(shui)電(dian)泵用后，水(shui)(shui)浸(jin)電(dian)機(ji)應放(fang)凈電(dian)機(ji)內清(qing)水(shui)(shui)，將電(dian)泵清(qing)洗干凈，涂油防(fang)銹，并豎直放(fang)在(zai)干燥處保管。