電壓表的使用方法 電壓表原理是什么 電壓表符(fu)號(hao)
電壓表的原理
電壓表指(zhi)固定安裝在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備面板上(shang)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來測(ce)(ce)量交(jiao)(jiao)、直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。 1)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)——伏特表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao) 符號(hao)(hao):-V- 2)大部分(fen)(fen)(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)都分(fen)(fen)(fen)為兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)量程(cheng)(cheng)。(0—3V)(0—15V) 3)正確(que)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong):機(ji)械調零(把指(zhi)針調到零刻度)并聯(lian)(lian)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)內阻很大,串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中會造成斷(duan)路(lu)。)正進負(fu)出(使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)從(cong)正極接入流(liu)進,從(cong)負(fu)極接入流(liu)出。)量程(cheng)(cheng)(被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)(bu)能超過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量程(cheng)(cheng),注(zhu)意:如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)能估計電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),先用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量程(cheng)(cheng)試觸,粗(cu)略測(ce)(ce)得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后,再用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)適合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量程(cheng)(cheng)。這樣(yang)可以防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)過大而打彎(wan)指(zhi)針。) 4)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)符號(hao)(hao)要在(zai)V下加一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)_,交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)符號(hao)(hao)要再V下加一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)波浪線(xian)“~” 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)有三個(ge)(ge)接線(xian)柱(zhu)(zhu),一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)負(fu)接線(xian)柱(zhu)(zhu),兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)正接線(xian)柱(zhu)(zhu) 例如(ru)學生用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)一(yi)(yi)般正接線(xian)柱(zhu)(zhu)有3V,15V兩(liang)(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge),測(ce)(ce)量時根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)大小(xiao)(xiao)選擇量程(cheng)(cheng)為“15V”時,刻度盤上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)(mei)個(ge)(ge)大格表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示5Ⅴ,每(mei)(mei)個(ge)(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)格表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示0.5V(即最(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)度值(zhi)是0.5Ⅴ);量程(cheng)(cheng)為“3Ⅴ”時,刻度盤上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)(mei)個(ge)(ge)大格表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示lV,每(mei)(mei)個(ge)(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)格表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示0.lV(即最(zui)小(xiao)(xiao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)度值(zhi)是0.lⅤ)。 我們可用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)來測(ce)(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)(xiao).電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)符號(hao)(hao)是(A). 交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)不(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)正負(fu)極,正確(que)選擇量程(cheng)(cheng),直(zhi)(zhi)接把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)并聯(lian)(lian)在(zai)被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)端。 交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)測(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有效值(zhi)。 串(chuan),并聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)特點 串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中,總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya))等于(yu)各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻兩(liang)(liang)(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)之(zhi)和(he)。 U=U1+U2 并聯(lian)(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中,各支路(lu)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相等,且等于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya))。 U=U1=U2
電壓表的原理是什么
在電壓表內,有(you)一(yi)個(ge)磁(ci)鐵(tie)和(he)一(yi)個(ge)導線線圈(quan),通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)后(hou),會(hui)使(shi)線圈(quan)產生(sheng)磁(ci)場,這樣線圈(quan)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)在磁(ci)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用下(xia)會(hui)旋(xuan)轉,這就(jiu)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)頭(tou)部分(fen)(fen)。 這個(ge)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)頭(tou)所能通過(guo)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)很小(xiao),兩(liang)端(duan)所能承受(shou)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也(ye)很小(xiao)(肯定遠小(xiao)于(yu)1V,可能只有(you)零點零幾(ji)伏(fu)(fu)甚至更小(xiao)),為了(le)(le)能測(ce)(ce)量我們實際電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),我們需(xu)(xu)要給這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)串聯一(yi)個(ge)比(bi)較大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻,做成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。這樣,即使(shi)兩(liang)端(duan)加上(shang)比(bi)較大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya),可是(shi)大(da)部分(fen)(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)都作(zuo)用在我們加的(de)(de)那個(ge)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻上(shang)了(le)(le),表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)頭(tou)上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)就(jiu)會(hui)很小(xiao)了(le)(le)。 可見,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)是(shi)一(yi)種內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很大(da)的(de)(de)儀(yi)器(qi),一(yi)般(ban)應該大(da)于(yu)幾(ji)千歐。 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)按(an)(an)(an)其工(gong)作(zuo)原理(li)和(he)讀(du)數(shu)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)為模擬式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)和(he)數(shu)字式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)兩(liang)大(da)類(lei)(lei)。 (1)模擬式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao) 模擬式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)又(you)叫(jiao)指(zhi)(zhi)針式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao),一(yi)般(ban)都采(cai)用磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)頭(tou)作(zuo)為被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)示器(qi)。測(ce)(ce)量直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi),可直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接或經放(fang)(fang)大(da)或經衰減(jian)后(hou)變成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)定量的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)驅(qu)動直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)頭(tou)的(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)針偏轉指(zhi)(zhi)示。測(ce)(ce)量交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi),必(bi)需(xu)(xu)經過(guo)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)-直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)變換器(qi)即檢(jian)波器(qi),將被測(ce)(ce)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)先(xian)轉換成(cheng)(cheng)與之成(cheng)(cheng)比(bi)例(li)的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou),再進(jin)行直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)量。模擬式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)按(an)(an)(an)不同得方式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)又(you)分(fen)(fen)為如下(xia)幾(ji)種類(lei)(lei)型: ①按(an)(an)(an)工(gong)作(zuo)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei):分(fen)(fen)為超低(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(1kHz以下(xia))、低(di)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(1MHz以下(xia))、視頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(30MHz以下(xia))、高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)或射頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(300MHz以下(xia))、超高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(300MHz以上(shang))電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。 ②按(an)(an)(an)測(ce)(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)量級分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei):分(fen)(fen)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(基(ji)本量程(cheng)(cheng)為V量級)和(he)毫伏(fu)(fu)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(基(ji)本量程(cheng)(cheng)為mV量級)。 ③按(an)(an)(an)檢(jian)波方式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei):分(fen)(fen)為均值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、有(you)效值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)和(he)峰值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)。 ④按(an)(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)組成(cheng)(cheng)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei):分(fen)(fen)為檢(jian)波-放(fang)(fang)大(da)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、放(fang)(fang)大(da)-檢(jian)波式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)、外差式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)