一、免維護蓄電池的原理

在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉化(hua)為(wei)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)化(hua)學(xue)能(neng)又轉化(hua)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，金屬鉛(qian)(qian)是負極，發生(sheng)氧(yang)化(hua)反(fan)應，被(bei)氧(yang)化(hua)為(wei)硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)；二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)是正(zheng)極，發生(sheng)還(huan)原(yuan)反(fan)應，被(bei)還(huan)原(yuan)為(wei)硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在用直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，兩(liang)極分別生(sheng)成(cheng)鉛(qian)(qian)和(he)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)。移去電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后，它又恢復到(dao)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前的(de)(de)狀態(tai)(tai)，組成(cheng)內(nei)部(bu)動(dong)態(tai)(tai)平衡的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。鉛(qian)(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是能(neng)反(fan)復充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，又叫做二(er)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

鉛酸蓄電(dian)池反應化學方程式(shi)如下：

放電→

PbO2+2H2SO4+Pb≒PbSO4+2H2O+PbSO4

←充電

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二、免維護蓄電池的結構

一(yi)般的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)由正(zheng)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)、隔板(ban)、殼(ke)體、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)和接線樁頭(tou)等組成(cheng)，其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)反應(ying)是(shi)依(yi)靠正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)活(huo)性(xing)物質(二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)和鉛(qian))和負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)活(huo)性(xing)物質(海(hai)綿(mian)狀純鉛(qian))在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(稀硫酸溶液(ye))的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下進行(xing)，其中極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)柵架，傳(chuan)統(tong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)銻(ti)合(he)金制造(zao)，免維護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣合(he)金制造(zao)，前者(zhe)(zhe)用(yong)(yong)銻(ti)，后(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)用(yong)(yong)鈣，這是(shi)兩者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)根本(ben)區別點。不同的(de)(de)材料就(jiu)會(hui)產生(sheng)不同的(de)(de)現象(xiang)：傳(chuan)統(tong)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在使用(yong)(yong)過(guo)程中會(hui)發生(sheng)減(jian)液(ye)現象(xiang)，這是(shi)因為柵架上(shang)的(de)(de)銻(ti)會(hui)污(wu)染負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)海(hai)綿(mian)狀純鉛(qian)，減(jian)弱了完(wan)全(quan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內的(de)(de)反電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢，造(zao)成(cheng)水的(de)(de)過(guo)度分解(jie)(jie)，大量(liang)氧氣和氫氣分別從正(zheng)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)逸出，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)減(jian)少。用(yong)(yong)鈣代(dai)替銻(ti)，就(jiu)可以改(gai)變完(wan)全(quan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)反電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢，減(jian)少過(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，液(ye)體氣化(hua)速度減(jian)低，從而減(jian)低了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)的(de)(de)損失。

三、如何保養免維護蓄電池

要求

1、檢(jian)查蓄電池(chi)在(zai)車(che)上是(shi)否固定好，外(wai)殼表面是(shi)否有磕碰傷(shang)。

2、蓄電池(chi)電纜是否(fou)連接可靠，排氣孔是否(fou)有灰(hui)塵。

3、通過蓄(xu)電池上的電眼檢查(cha)充電情(qing)況和質量狀態，綠色表(biao)示(shi)合格，黑色表(biao)示(shi)虧電，白色表(biao)示(shi)電池損壞需要更換。

補充充電

1、如果(guo)長(chang)時間不使用(yong)車輛或(huo)充電(dian)系統有故障(zhang)，當蓄電(dian)池負載電(dian)壓低(di)于(yu)10V，空載電(dian)壓低(di)于(yu)12．4V必須補充充電(dian)。

2、采(cai)風恒電限流充電方法，多只蓄電池充電必須采(cai)用(yong)串聯連接。

3、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)第一(yi)階段，以蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)的(de)1/10電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，其充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為6A。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至平(ping)均每只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達到16A后轉為第二階段充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

4、充電(dian)第二階段(duan)，以蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)容量x0．045的電(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)，如6－QW－60蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)，充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)為60x0．045=2．7A。充電(dian)至(zhi)平均每只電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓達(da)到16V后再繼續(xu)充3－5個小時。

5、充(chong)(chong)電時電解液溫度(du)(du)超過40度(du)(du)時，應采(cai)取停止充(chong)(chong)電，減(jian)少電流或物理降溫，當(dang)溫度(du)(du)達到45度(du)(du)時必須(xu)停止充(chong)(chong)電。

6、充電(dian)間(jian)保證良好通風，不許(xu)有明(ming)火和易燃(ran)物。

7、充足電標準，電眼(yan)為綠色。

充電

1、快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)電僅限于汽車不能啟(qi)動的應急措施，時(shi)間容許的條件下盡量采用普通充(chong)電機。

2、快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)的3/10。

3、快速充電時(shi)間(jian)不(bu)超(chao)過(guo)2小(xiao)時(shi)。

診斷

1、關閉附加(jia)電(dian)器(qi)的情況下，測量(liang)各種發動機轉速下的蓄電(dian)池兩極(ji)柱間(jian)(jian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，應在13．8－14．5V之間(jian)(jian)，如低(di)于(yu)13．8V說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)充電(dian)系統輸出容量(liang)不夠，高于(yu)14．4V說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節器(qi)失控，需要(yao)檢查具體(ti)故障原因。

2、關閉所(suo)有用電(dian)器(qi)，拆開(kai)蓄電(dian)池電(dian)纜，在(zai)電(dian)纜夾與極柱間串(chuan)入電(dian)流(liu)表，測量漏(lou)電(dian)流(liu)。除去石英(ying)鐘、各(ge)(ge)控制單元(yuan)正常耗電(dian)，如漏(lou)電(dian)流(liu)過大(da)，可依次撥開(kai)各(ge)(ge)保險(xian)觀察漏(lou)電(dian)是(shi)否減小(xiao)。

3、如(ru)果電(dian)眼顏色為綠(lv)色，但存(cun)在起動機轉速較(jiao)低的情(qing)況，需要(yao)使用(yong)(yong)蓄(xu)電(dian)池檢測儀檢查蓄(xu)電(dian)池放電(dian)電(dian)壓。測量時電(dian)壓高于10V經充(chong)電(dian)可正常使用(yong)(yong)，電(dian)壓低于10V經充(chong)電(dian)后可能仍存(cun)在虧電(dian)現象，應更換新蓄(xu)電(dian)池。

使用

1、電池使用在自然通風良好，環境溫度最好在25±10℃的工作場所。

2、電池(chi)在(zai)這些條件下使用將十分安(an)全：導電連接良好(hao)，不嚴重過充(chong)，熱(re)源(yuan)不直接輻射(she)，保持(chi)自然通風。

注意

1、蓄電池應(ying)離開熱源和易產(chan)生火花的地方，其安全距(ju)離應(ying)大于(yu)0.5m。

2、蓄電池應避免陽光直(zhi)射，不能置于大量放射性、紅外線(xian)輻(fu)射、紫(zi)外線(xian)輻(fu)射、有(you)機(ji)溶劑氣(qi)體(ti)和腐蝕氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)環境中。

3、安裝(zhuang)地(di)面應有(you)足夠的承載能(neng)力(li)。

4、由于電池(chi)(chi)(chi)組件電壓較高，存在(zai)電擊危險，因(yin)此在(zai)裝卸(xie)導電連接條時應使用(yong)絕緣工具(ju)，安(an)裝或搬運電池(chi)(chi)(chi)時應戴絕緣手 套、圍裙和防護眼鏡。電池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)安(an)裝搬運過程中，只能使用(yong)非金(jin)屬(shu)吊帶，不能使用(yong)鋼絲繩等。

5、臟(zang)污的(de)(de)連接條或不緊(jin)(jin)密的(de)(de)連接均可(ke)引起(qi)電池打火(huo)，甚至(zhi)損壞(huai)電池組，因(yin)此安(an)裝時應仔細檢查并(bing)清除連接條上的(de)(de)臟(zang)污，擰緊(jin)(jin)連接條。

6、電(dian)池外殼，不(bu)能(neng)使用有(you)機溶(rong)劑清洗(xi)，不(bu)能(neng)使用二氧化碳(tan)滅(mie)火器(qi)撲滅(mie)電(dian)池火災，可用四氯(lv)化碳(tan)之類(lei)的(de)滅(mie)火器(qi)具。

7、蓄(xu)電(dian)池與充電(dian)器或負載(zai)連(lian)接時，電(dian)路(lu)開(kai)(kai)關應(ying)位于“斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)”位置(zhi)，并(bing)保證(zheng)連(lian)接正(zheng)確:蓄(xu)電(dian)池的正(zheng)極(ji)與充電(dian)器的正(zheng)極(ji)連(lian)接，負極(ji)與負極(ji)連(lian)接。

運輸儲存

1、由于有的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池重(zhong)量(liang)較重(zhong)，必(bi)需注意運(yun)輸工(gong)具(ju)的(de)(de)選用，嚴禁翻滾和(he)摔擲(zhi)有包(bao)裝箱的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池組。

2、搬(ban)運電池時不要觸(chu)動極柱(zhu)和安(an)全閥。

3、蓄電池(chi)為帶液(ye)荷電出廠，運輸中應防止電池(chi)短路。

4、電(dian)池在安裝(zhuang)前可在0～35℃的(de)環境(jing)下(xia)存(cun)放(fang)，但存(cun)放(fang)不能(neng)超(chao)過(guo)六個月(yue)，超(chao)過(guo)六個月(yue)儲存(cun)期的(de)電(dian)池應充電(dian)維(wei)護，存(cun)放(fang)地點應清(qing)潔、通(tong)風、干(gan)燥(zao)。