顯微鏡常見故障及維修

一、粗調失靈

故障現象是當轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)粗(cu)(cu)準焦螺(luo)旋時，鏡筒(tong)不(bu)能隨之升降。顯(xian)微(wei)鏡鏡簡的(de)(de)升降是靠齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)因條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)來實現的(de)(de)，而齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旋鈕的(de)(de)轉軸上(shang)(shang)(shang)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)鏡筒(tong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。當轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旋鈕時，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)使鏡筒(tong)升降。如(ru)果鏡筒(tong)不(bu)能隨之升降，說明齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)與齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)沒(mei)有(you)吻合。常見的(de)(de)故障原因是齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)(tao)隨粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)旋紐一起轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)，即齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)(tao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)二(er)個止(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)螺(luo)釘(ding)沒(mei)有(you)把齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)(tao)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)燕(yan)尾(wei)導軌(gui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。修(xiu)理方(fang)法是把齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)移(yi)到齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)(tao)缺(que)口中間，并(bing)讓(rang)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)缺(que)口面向(xiang)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，再用(yong)小螺(luo)絲刀將尾(wei)導軌(gui)端(duan)面上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)二(er)個止(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)螺(luo)釘(ding)旋緊。如(ru)果無(wu)效，說明齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損嚴重，則需(xu)取下鏡筒(tong)，旋出齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)、下的(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)螺(luo)釘(ding)，將齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)倒過來使用(yong)，因為(wei)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損主要發生在(zai)(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)部。或者根據齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)寬(kuan)度剪一條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)薄片(pian)，讓(rang)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)薄片(pian)鑲嵌在(zai)(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，并(bing)用(yong)固(gu)定(ding)螺(luo)釘(ding)把薄片(pian)和齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)鏡筒(tong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，插上(shang)(shang)(shang)鏡筒(tong)調(diao)試。如(ru)感到有(you)松緊情況，則可(ke)更換(huan)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)薄片(pian)的(de)(de)厚度，直至合適(shi)為(wei)止(zhi)(zhi)。或者按(an)原型號規格(ge)向(xiang)生產廠家購買新齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。

二、鏡筒自行下滑

故障(zhang)現象是(shi)當焦(jiao)距(ju)對準后(hou)，手松開準焦(jiao)螺旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)，鏡簡(jian)會(hui)自行下(xia)滑(hua)(hua)，導致焦(jiao)距(ju)不準。顯微(wei)鏡粗(cu)(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)構造中，齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸的(de)(de)松緊一般是(shi)用(yong)齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)與(yu)(yu)粗(cu)(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)間的(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦力的(de)(de)大(da)小來控制的(de)(de)，而齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦力是(shi)由與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸連接的(de)(de)兩(liang)個粗(cu)(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旅鈕(niu)(niu)通過(guo)兩(liang)個塑(su)料(liao)墊(dian)(dian)圈緊壓(ya)在齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)端(duan)(duan)面(mian)上而取(qu)得(de)的(de)(de)。糧(liang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)或與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)端(duan)(duan)面(mian)壓(ya)得(de)越緊，得(de)到的(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦力就越大(da)。鏡筒(tong)自行下(xia)滑(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)原因是(shi)由于墊(dian)(dian)圈使(shi)用(yong)日久，磨損變形，導致齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦力減少，齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)軸與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)桿(gan)(gan)套(tao)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦力產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)力矩(ju)克服不了鏡筒(tong)自身重(zhong)力而產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)力矩(ju)而引起的(de)(de)。修理方(fang)法是(shi)，雙(shuang)(shuang)手各握一側粗(cu)(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)，相(xiang)對按(an)照順(shun)時針方(fang)向擰緊粗(cu)(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)。如果無效，則需(xu)加厚墊(dian)(dian)圈。用(yong)尖嘴(zui)鉗插(cha)入任(ren)一粗(cu)(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)端(duan)(duan)面(mian)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)(shuang)眼螺母內，將其旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)出(chu)，取(qu)下(xia)粗(cu)(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)，取(qu)出(chu)塑(su)料(liao)墊(dian)(dian)圈，用(yong)青殼紙(zhi)或薄塑(su)料(liao)片剪一個直(zhi)徑相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)墊(dian)(dian)圈，夾在原墊(dian)(dian)圈與(yu)(yu)粗(cu)(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)之(zhi)(zhi)間，重(zhong)新(xin)裝好，如果轉(zhuan)動粗(cu)(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)(niu)很(hen)費(fei)力，說明墊(dian)(dian)圈加得(de)太厚了，應換個薄些的(de)(de)墊(dian)(dian)圈，總之(zhi)(zhi)以轉(zhuan)動粗(cu)(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)或有一定的(de)(de)阻力又要鏡筒(tong)不易自行下(xia)滑(hua)(hua)為準。

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三、集光器不能定位或卡死

常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)有二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)：一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)圓(yuan)盤(pan)(pan)或(huo)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，在(zai)圓(yuan)盤(pan)(pan)卜(bu)有大小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)不等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)孔(kong)。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)是(shi)依靠(kao)(kao)(kao)載物臺下面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)和滾珠(zhu)卡在(zai)圓(yuan)盤(pan)(pan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)孔(kong)中來定(ding)(ding)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。當(dang)滾珠(zhu)遺失或(huo)彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)失效(xiao)時都(dou)可(ke)能造成光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柱(zhu)不能定(ding)(ding)位(wei)。修(xiu)理方(fang)法是(shi)更(geng)(geng)換(huan)滾珠(zhu)或(huo)彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)。現在(zai)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家已經把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)依靠(kao)(kao)(kao)彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)和滾珠(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)方(fang)法改(gai)為(wei)依靠(kao)(kao)(kao)彈(dan)來定(ding)(ding)位(wei)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)結構(gou)更(geng)(geng)牢(lao)固，更(geng)(geng)不容易損壞。另一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)彩虹式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柱(zhu)，它是(shi)由(you)十(shi)二(er)片(pian)(pian)(pian)圓(yuan)弧形薄鋼片(pian)(pian)(pian)（即遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)）組成。只(zhi)要撥(bo)動滑(hua)動權上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手柄(bing)，就(jiu)可(ke)以任意改(gai)變(bian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)圈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。其(qi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障是(shi)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)鋼柱(zhu)脫(tuo)落(luo)，造成手柄(bing)卡死，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)圈無法改(gai)變(bian)。修(xiu)理方(fang)法是(shi)，用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)螺(luo)絲刀把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)個(ge)固定(ding)(ding)螺(luo)釘松開(kai)，取出遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)，把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)脫(tuo)落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)重新(xin)裝在(zai)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)，并(bing)(bing)用(yong)502膠水(shui)把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)膠牢(lao)，防止其(qi)再脫(tuo)落(luo)。安(an)裝時要注意，每(mei)片(pian)(pian)(pian)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)方(fang)向(xiang)要相反(fan)。或(huo)者(zhe)找(zhao)一小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)段粗細(xi)和這(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)徑配(pei)合緊(jin)(jin)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)導線制作(zuo)成小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)裝上(shang)，然后把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)底板(ban)（帶有十(shi)二(er)個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)板(ban)叫底板(ban)）朝上(shang)，把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)每(mei)片(pian)(pian)(pian)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)～端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)插在(zai)底板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)孔(kong)內，并(bing)(bing)按逆時外(wai)方(fang)向(xiang)逐片(pian)(pian)(pian)排列整齊。再讓滑(hua)動板(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滑(hua)動槽依次套(tao)在(zai)上(shang)述遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)另一端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)上(shang)，蓋上(shang)蓋板(ban)，把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)三(san)個(ge)固定(ding)(ding)螺(luo)釘擰緊(jin)(jin)即可(ke)，如果遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)斷裂(lie)一片(pian)(pian)(pian)，只(zhi)要把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)斷裂(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遮(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)取出光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)仍可(ke)以正常(chang)使用(yong)，斷裂(lie)兩片(pian)(pian)(pian)以上(shang)應向(xiang)生產廠家購買更(geng)(geng)換(huan)。

四、傾斜關節過松

傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)關(guan)(guan)節是(shi)指鏡(jing)(jing)臂與鏡(jing)(jing)柱連接處的(de)(de)活動(dong)關(guan)(guan)節，使用顯微鏡(jing)(jing)時，常將鏡(jing)(jing)臂向后傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)成便于觀察的(de)(de)角度(du)，期使用后，傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)關(guan)(guan)節就可能松(song)動(dong)，造成鏡(jing)(jing)臂不能隨意傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)。修理辦法是(shi)，是(shi)尖嘴鉗分別插入傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)關(guan)(guan)節端面的(de)(de)二(er)個雙眼(yan)螺母內，順時針旋(xuan)轉，直(zhi)(zhi)至鏡(jing)(jing)臂傾(qing)(qing)斜(xie)(xie)時松(song)緊(jin)適度(du)。如果無效，則(ze)可能是(shi)鏡(jing)(jing)臂與鏡(jing)(jing)柱兩端面的(de)(de)摩(mo)擦(ca)墊(dian)圈(quan)磨損，需(xu)加厚墊(dian)圈(quan)，用尖嘴銷將雙眼(yan)螺母旋(xuan)下(xia)，取出轉動(dong)軸，用青殼紙或(huo)薄(bo)塑(su)料(liao)片剪一個直(zhi)(zhi)徑相同的(de)(de)奎圖將原墊(dian)圈(quan)加厚，重(zhong)新組裝(zhuang)好。

五、反光鏡的插腳在插座內過松或過緊

反光鏡插腳結構常見有二種：一種是在插腳上開條槽，依靠槽的寬窄來調節插腳在插座中的松緊一輸腳在插座中過松時，可用一字螺絲刀插(cha)(cha)(cha)入插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)的(de)槽(cao)(cao)內(nei)，使槽(cao)(cao)的(de)開口增大，從(cong)而使插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)的(de)松緊合適。反(fan)之(zhi)，當(dang)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)過緊，可(ke)用(yong)鋼絲鉗(qian)把(ba)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)上(shang)槽(cao)(cao)的(de)開口收小。另一種是依靠止(zhi)緊螺釘來調節插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)牙(ya)將緊，當(dang)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)過松時，可(ke)用(yong)螺絲刀(dao)擰(ning)緊止(zhi)緊螺釘。如果插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)過緊，當(dang)轉動反(fan)光鏡時、易把(ba)插(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)扭斷，可(ke)用(yong)螺絲刀(dao)把(ba)止(zhi)緊螺釘擰(ning)松即可(ke)。