顯微鏡常見故障及維修

一、粗調失靈

故障現象是(shi)當轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)粗(cu)(cu)準(zhun)焦螺旋時，鏡(jing)(jing)筒不能(neng)(neng)隨之(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)降。顯(xian)微鏡(jing)(jing)鏡(jing)(jing)簡的升(sheng)降是(shi)靠齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)帶動(dong)(dong)因條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)來實(shi)現的，而(er)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋鈕的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸上(shang)(shang)(shang)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)鏡(jing)(jing)筒上(shang)(shang)(shang)。當轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋鈕時，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)帶動(dong)(dong)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)使(shi)鏡(jing)(jing)筒升(sheng)降。如果鏡(jing)(jing)筒不能(neng)(neng)隨之(zhi)(zhi)升(sheng)降，說明(ming)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)與(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)沒有(you)(you)吻合(he)。常見的故障原因是(shi)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)隨粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋紐(niu)一(yi)起轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)，即齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的二個(ge)止動(dong)(dong)螺釘(ding)沒有(you)(you)把(ba)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)燕(yan)尾(wei)導軌(gui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。修(xiu)理方法是(shi)把(ba)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)移到(dao)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)缺口(kou)(kou)中間，并(bing)讓(rang)(rang)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)的缺口(kou)(kou)面向(xiang)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，再用小(xiao)螺絲刀將(jiang)(jiang)尾(wei)導軌(gui)端(duan)面上(shang)(shang)(shang)的二個(ge)止動(dong)(dong)螺釘(ding)旋緊。如果無效，說明(ming)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨(mo)損嚴(yan)重，則需取(qu)下(xia)鏡(jing)(jing)筒，旋出齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)、下(xia)的固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)螺釘(ding)，將(jiang)(jiang)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)倒過來使(shi)用，因為(wei)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨(mo)損主(zhu)要發生在(zai)(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的上(shang)(shang)(shang)部(bu)。或者(zhe)(zhe)根據齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)寬度剪一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)金屬薄片(pian)，讓(rang)(rang)金屬薄片(pian)鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)在(zai)(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，并(bing)用固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)螺釘(ding)把(ba)薄片(pian)和齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)在(zai)(zai)鏡(jing)(jing)筒上(shang)(shang)(shang)，插上(shang)(shang)(shang)鏡(jing)(jing)筒調(diao)(diao)試。如感到(dao)有(you)(you)松緊情(qing)況，則可更換金屬薄片(pian)的厚度，直至(zhi)合(he)適為(wei)止。或者(zhe)(zhe)按(an)原型號規(gui)格向(xiang)生產(chan)廠家(jia)購買新齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。

二、鏡筒自行下滑

故(gu)障現象是(shi)當焦距對準(zhun)(zhun)后(hou)，手松(song)開準(zhun)(zhun)焦螺(luo)旋(xuan)，鏡(jing)簡會自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)(xia)滑(hua)，導致焦距不準(zhun)(zhun)。顯(xian)微鏡(jing)粗(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)調構造中，齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)緊(jin)一般(ban)是(shi)用(yong)齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)與粗(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)鈕(niu)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)(ca)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小來控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)(ca)力(li)(li)是(shi)由與齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)連接的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個粗(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)調旅鈕(niu)通過兩個塑(su)料(liao)(liao)墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)緊(jin)壓在(zai)齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)端面(mian)(mian)上而取(qu)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)。糧(liang)調旋(xuan)或與齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)端面(mian)(mian)壓得越緊(jin)，得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)(ca)力(li)(li)就越大。鏡(jing)筒自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)(xia)滑(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因是(shi)由于墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)使用(yong)日久，磨損變形(xing)，導致齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)(ca)力(li)(li)減少，齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩(mo)(mo)擦(ca)(ca)(ca)力(li)(li)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)矩克(ke)服不了鏡(jing)筒自(zi)身(shen)重力(li)(li)而產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)矩而引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。修(xiu)理方法是(shi)，雙(shuang)手各(ge)握(wo)一側粗(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)鈕(niu)，相對按照順(shun)時針(zhen)方向(xiang)擰緊(jin)粗(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)鈕(niu)。如果無效(xiao)，則(ze)需加厚墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。用(yong)尖嘴(zui)鉗插入任一粗(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)鈕(niu)端面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)眼螺(luo)母(mu)內，將其旋(xuan)出，取(qu)下(xia)(xia)粗(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)鈕(niu)，取(qu)出塑(su)料(liao)(liao)墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，用(yong)青殼紙或薄塑(su)料(liao)(liao)片剪(jian)一個直徑(jing)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，夾(jia)在(zai)原墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)與粗(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)鈕(niu)之(zhi)間(jian)，重新裝好，如果轉(zhuan)動粗(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)鈕(niu)很(hen)費力(li)(li)，說(shuo)明墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)加得太厚了，應換個薄些的(de)(de)(de)(de)墊(dian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，總之(zhi)以(yi)轉(zhuan)動粗(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)調旋(xuan)或有一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻力(li)(li)又(you)要(yao)鏡(jing)筒不易自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)(xia)滑(hua)為(wei)準(zhun)(zhun)。

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三、集光器不能定位或卡死

常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)集光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)器(qi)有二種(zhong)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)圓盤(pan)或(huo)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄，在(zai)圓盤(pan)卜有大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)不等的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓孔(kong)。這(zhe)種(zhong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄是(shi)依靠(kao)(kao)載物臺(tai)下(xia)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)彈簧和(he)滾珠(zhu)卡在(zai)圓盤(pan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)孔(kong)中來(lai)定(ding)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。當滾珠(zhu)遺失或(huo)彈簧失效(xiao)時都(dou)可(ke)能(neng)造成(cheng)(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柱不能(neng)定(ding)位(wei)。修理方(fang)(fang)法(fa)是(shi)更(geng)(geng)換(huan)滾珠(zhu)或(huo)彈簧。現在(zai)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家(jia)已經把這(zhe)種(zhong)依靠(kao)(kao)彈簧和(he)滾珠(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)改為依靠(kao)(kao)彈來(lai)定(ding)位(wei)，這(zhe)種(zhong)結構更(geng)(geng)牢固，更(geng)(geng)不容(rong)易損壞。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)彩虹式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)柱，它是(shi)由(you)十二片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)圓弧(hu)形(xing)薄鋼(gang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)（即遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)）組成(cheng)(cheng)。只要撥動(dong)滑動(dong)權上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手柄，就可(ke)以(yi)任意改變光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)圈(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)。其常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)故障是(shi)遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)鋼(gang)柱脫(tuo)落，造成(cheng)(cheng)手柄卡死(si)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)圈(quan)無法(fa)改變。修理方(fang)(fang)法(fa)是(shi)，用小(xiao)(xiao)螺(luo)絲刀把光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二個(ge)固定(ding)螺(luo)釘(ding)松開，取(qu)出遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，把脫(tuo)落的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱重(zhong)新裝(zhuang)在(zai)遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)，并(bing)用502膠水把小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱膠牢，防止其再脫(tuo)落。安(an)裝(zhuang)時要注意，每片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱方(fang)(fang)向要相(xiang)反。或(huo)者找(zhao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)段粗細和(he)這(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)徑配合緊密的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)導線(xian)制作成(cheng)(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱裝(zhuang)上(shang)(shang)，然(ran)后把光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄的(de)(de)(de)(de)底(di)(di)(di)板(ban)（帶(dai)有十二個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓板(ban)叫底(di)(di)(di)板(ban)）朝上(shang)(shang)，把每片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)～端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱插在(zai)底(di)(di)(di)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)孔(kong)內，并(bing)按(an)逆時外方(fang)(fang)向逐片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)排列(lie)整齊。再讓滑動(dong)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滑動(dong)槽依次(ci)套在(zai)上(shang)(shang)述遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)柱上(shang)(shang)，蓋上(shang)(shang)蓋板(ban)，把三個(ge)固定(ding)螺(luo)釘(ding)擰緊即可(ke)，如(ru)果(guo)遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)斷(duan)(duan)裂一(yi)(yi)(yi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，只要把斷(duan)(duan)裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)取(qu)出光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)欄仍(reng)可(ke)以(yi)正常使用，斷(duan)(duan)裂兩片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)應(ying)向生產廠家(jia)購買更(geng)(geng)換(huan)。

四、傾斜關節過松

傾(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)關節(jie)是指鏡(jing)(jing)臂(bei)(bei)(bei)與鏡(jing)(jing)柱連接處的活動關節(jie)，使(shi)用(yong)顯微鏡(jing)(jing)時，常將(jiang)鏡(jing)(jing)臂(bei)(bei)(bei)向(xiang)后傾(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)成(cheng)便于(yu)觀察的角(jiao)度(du)，期(qi)使(shi)用(yong)后，傾(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)關節(jie)就可能(neng)(neng)松動，造成(cheng)鏡(jing)(jing)臂(bei)(bei)(bei)不能(neng)(neng)隨意傾(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)。修理辦法是，是尖(jian)嘴鉗分別(bie)插(cha)入傾(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)關節(jie)端面(mian)(mian)的二個雙(shuang)眼螺母(mu)內，順(shun)時針旋轉，直(zhi)至鏡(jing)(jing)臂(bei)(bei)(bei)傾(qing)斜(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)時松緊適度(du)。如果無效，則可能(neng)(neng)是鏡(jing)(jing)臂(bei)(bei)(bei)與鏡(jing)(jing)柱兩端面(mian)(mian)的摩擦墊圈磨損，需加(jia)厚墊圈，用(yong)尖(jian)嘴銷(xiao)將(jiang)雙(shuang)眼螺母(mu)旋下，取出轉動軸，用(yong)青殼(ke)紙或薄塑料片剪一個直(zhi)徑相同的奎圖將(jiang)原墊圈加(jia)厚，重(zhong)新組裝(zhuang)好(hao)。

五、反光鏡的插腳在插座內過松或過緊

反光鏡插腳結構常見有二種：一種是在插腳上開條槽，依靠槽的寬窄來調節插腳在插座中的松緊一輸腳在插座中過松時，可用一字螺絲刀插(cha)(cha)入插(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)槽(cao)內，使槽(cao)的(de)(de)(de)開口增(zeng)大，從而使插(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)座內的(de)(de)(de)松(song)緊(jin)(jin)(jin)合適。反之，當插(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)過緊(jin)(jin)(jin)，可用(yong)(yong)鋼絲(si)鉗把(ba)插(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)上(shang)槽(cao)的(de)(de)(de)開口收小。另一種是依靠止緊(jin)(jin)(jin)螺(luo)釘來調節插(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)座內牙將緊(jin)(jin)(jin)，當插(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)座內過松(song)時(shi)，可用(yong)(yong)螺(luo)絲(si)刀(dao)擰緊(jin)(jin)(jin)止緊(jin)(jin)(jin)螺(luo)釘。如(ru)果插(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)在插(cha)(cha)座內過緊(jin)(jin)(jin)，當轉動反光鏡時(shi)、易把(ba)插(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)扭斷，可用(yong)(yong)螺(luo)絲(si)刀(dao)把(ba)止緊(jin)(jin)(jin)螺(luo)釘擰松(song)即(ji)可。