觸電的傷害分類

1、電擊

電(dian)流(liu)通過人(ren)體對內部(bu)器官造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)綜合性傷害，稱為(wei)電(dian)擊。電(dian)擊一般(ban)是(shi)由于電(dian)流(liu)剌激人(ren)體神(shen)經系統而引起的(de)(de)(de)，開始是(shi)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)肌肉發(fa)生痙孿，如不(bu)能立即擺脫(tuo)電(dian)源，隨(sui)之(zhi)便會引起呼吸困難，心臟(zang)麻(ma)痹，以(yi)致死亡。電(dian)擊是(shi)最(zui)危險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)傷害，在觸(chu)(chu)電(dian)事故中發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)也最(zui)多。

2、電傷

電(dian)流通(tong)過人體對局(ju)部皮膚(fu)造成(cheng)的傷(shang)害，稱為電(dian)傷(shang)。電(dian)傷(shang)又可分為下述三類：

（1）灼傷

是(shi)由于電(dian)流(liu)的熱效(xiao)應而引起的，如帶(dai)負電(dian)荷拉開刀閘，就會發生(sheng)電(dian)弧，燒傷皮(pi)膚。

（2）烙印

是由于電(dian)流的化學(xue)效應和(he)機械(xie)效應而引起的，通常只在(zai)人體和(he)帶(dai)電(dian)體有良好接觸的情況下(xia)才會發(fa)生。在(zai)皮(pi)膚(fu)表(biao)面留有圓形或橢(tuo)圓形的腫塊痕(hen)跡，并(bing)且硬化。

（3）皮膚金屬化

是在電流(liu)的(de)作用下，使熔化和蒸發的(de)金屬微粒滲入皮(pi)膚(fu)表(biao)(biao)層而形成的(de)。皮(pi)膚(fu)的(de)傷害(hai)部分形成粗糙的(de)堅(jian)硬表(biao)(biao)面，日久會(hui)逐漸(jian)脫落。

觸電的類型

1、直接觸電

單相(xiang)(xiang)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)在特(te)殊(shu)情況下(xia)：在高壓(ya)不接地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C變(bian)大，XC 容(rong)抗減(jian)小，Z 減(jian)小，通過人(ren)體的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)I b變(bian)大, 將危(wei)及(ji)人(ren)身安全(quan)。兩相(xiang)(xiang)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)體同時觸(chu)及(ji)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備或線路中的兩相(xiang)(xiang)導體而發生的觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式，人(ren)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)1700歐姆。

2、間接觸電

電流經接地(di)體(ti)或導(dao)體(ti)落(luo)地(di)點(dian)呈半球形向地(di)中流散。在距(ju)電流入地(di)點(dian)越(yue)(yue)近(jin)的地(di)方(fang)，電位越(yue)(yue)高(gao)；在距(ju)電流入地(di)點(dian)越(yue)(yue)遠的地(di)方(fang)，電位越(yue)(yue)低。在離(li)開電流流入點(dian)20m以外的地(di)方(fang)，電位接近(jin)于0.8~10m以內不要(yao)進入

3、跨步電(dian)壓及跨步電(dian)壓觸電(dian)

電(dian)(dian)氣線路(lu)或設備(bei)發生接地(di)故(gu)障時，在接地(di)電(dian)(dian)流入地(di)點(dian)周(zhou)圍(wei)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)分布區行(xing)走的(de)(de)人，其(qi)兩腳處于不(bu)同的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)，兩腳間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)差(cha)稱為跨(kua)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。人體距電(dian)(dian)流入地(di)點(dian)越近(jin)，承受的(de)(de)跨(kua)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越高。

4、接觸(chu)電壓觸(chu)電

電(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)由于(yu)絕緣損壞或其它原(yuan)因造(zao)成接(jie)地(di)故障時，如人(ren)體兩個部分（手和腳）同(tong)時接(jie)觸(chu)設備(bei)外殼(ke)和地(di)面(mian)時，人(ren)體兩部分會處于(yu)不同(tong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)，其電(dian)(dian)位(wei)差即(ji)為(wei)(wei)接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。由接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)造(zao)成觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)事故稱為(wei)(wei)接(jie)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)。

5、感應電壓觸電

是指當人(ren)觸(chu)及帶有感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)設(she)備(bei)和(he)(he)線路(lu)(lu)時(shi)所造成的(de)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)。一(yi)些不帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)線路(lu)(lu)由(you)于大氣變化（如雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)活動），會產生感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，停電(dian)(dian)(dian)后一(yi)些可能感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)設(she)備(bei)和(he)(he)線路(lu)(lu)如果未及時(shi)接(jie)地，這些設(she)備(bei)和(he)(he)線路(lu)(lu)對地均存(cun)在(zai)感(gan)(gan)應(ying)(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

6、剩余電(dian)荷(he)觸電(dian)

是指(zhi)當人(ren)體(ti)(ti)觸(chu)及帶有(you)(you)剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)的設(she)備(bei)時(shi)，對(dui)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)造成(cheng)的觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故。帶有(you)(you)剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)的設(she)備(bei)通(tong)常含(han)有(you)(you)儲能元件，如并聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)變壓(ya)器(qi)及大容(rong)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機等，在退(tui)出(chu)運(yun)行和對(dui)其進行類似搖表測量等檢修后，會帶上剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)，因此要及時(shi)對(dui)其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

觸電急救的基本原則和方法

1、迅(xun)速(su)脫離(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源：這(zhe)是非常重要(yao)的工作(zuo)，長時(shi)間的觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對之(zhi)后的急救不利。如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源開(kai)關(guan)(guan)里(li)患者很近(jin)，而且(qie)很容易操作(zuo)，應該要(yao)及時(shi)的拔掉開(kai)關(guan)(guan)，切斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源里(li)的比較遠需要(yao)先把觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)員和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源分離(li)，可以戴上絕緣(yuan)手(shou)套或者 用(yong)木棒讓(rang)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)員和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源分離(li)。如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)等在觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)人(ren)員身(shen)上，一定(ding)(ding)不要(yao)徒手(shou)去拿(na)，一定(ding)(ding)要(yao)用(yong)絕緣(yuan)的東西(xi)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)拿(na)開(kai)。

2、觸(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)人員脫(tuo)離電(dian)源后就要開始急救，最好就地搶(qiang)救，如(ru)果(guo)發現觸(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)的地方(fang)還(huan)有(you)不(bu)安(an)全因素(su)存在，可以把觸(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)人員轉移到(dao)安(an)全的地方(fang)再做搶(qiang)救，最好不(bu)要不(bu)搶(qiang)救就把觸(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)人長(chang)途(tu)送到(dao)醫院。

3、急(ji)救可以做人(ren)工(gong)呼(hu)吸(xi)，要(yao)注意(yi)正(zheng)確的進行人(ren)工(gong)呼(hu)吸(xi)。平時可以多學(xue)習(xi)一些(xie)急(ji)救知(zhi)識，如果發現觸電人(ren)員神志清醒，只是出現心慌等癥狀，需要(yao)讓患(huan)者安(an)靜的休(xiu)息。