一、火花機的主要組成部件

火花機也稱為(wei)電火花加工機床或EDM機床，主要組(zu)成部件包(bao)括以下幾(ji)個部分：

1、機床主體

機(ji)床主體(ti)是火(huo)花機(ji)的(de)基礎結(jie)構，它承載著(zhu)所(suo)有的(de)工作部(bu)件(jian)和(he)控制系(xi)統(tong)。主體(ti)通常由(you)鑄鐵或鋼材制成(cheng)，以確保穩定(ding)性和(he)剛性。

2、主軸和電極夾持裝置

主軸是安裝和移動電極的部分，用于將電極精確定位在工件上方。電(dian)極夾持裝置(zhi)用于固定電(dian)極，并確保電(dian)極在加工過程中保持穩定的(de)位置(zhi)和角度。

3、工作臺和工件夾持裝置

工作臺用于支撐和移動工件，以便在加工過程中精確定位工件。工件夾持(chi)裝置用于(yu)固定(ding)工件，防止在加工過程中發生移動(dong)或(huo)振動(dong)。

4、電源和控制系統

電源系統為火花機提供所需的電壓和電流，用于產生電火花。控(kong)制系統(tong)(tong)是火花機的(de)(de)核心部(bu)分(fen)，它控(kong)制電(dian)極(ji)和(he)(he)工作臺的(de)(de)運動，以及(ji)電(dian)源的(de)(de)通斷(duan)，確(que)保加工過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)精確(que)性和(he)(he)穩定性。控(kong)制系統(tong)(tong)通常(chang)包括計算機數控(kong)（CNC）系統(tong)(tong)，用于編程(cheng)和(he)(he)自(zi)動化(hua)加工過(guo)程(cheng)。

5、工作液循環系統

工作(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)(ye)在火(huo)花加工過(guo)程中起到冷(leng)卻、潤滑和清除(chu)加工廢(fei)屑的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用。工作(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)(ye)循環(huan)系統(tong)負責(ze)將工作(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)(ye)輸送到加工區域，并回收和過(guo)濾使用過(guo)的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)(ye)。

6、電氣系統和傳感器

電氣系統為火花機提供電力和信號傳輸，確保各個部件的正常運行。傳感器用于監測(ce)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中的各(ge)種參數(shu)，如電極和工(gong)(gong)作臺的位置、電流(liu)和電壓等，以便及時調整和控制加(jia)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程。

7、安全防護裝置

火花機在(zai)工作(zuo)過程中可能會產(chan)生(sheng)火花和(he)飛濺物，因(yin)此需(xu)要配(pei)備安全防護(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，如防護(hu)罩、防護(hu)門和(he)緊急停機按(an)鈕(niu)等，以保護(hu)操作(zuo)人員的安全。

二、火花機的工作原理

進行電火花機加工(gong)時，工(gong)具電(dian)(dian)(dian)極和工(gong)件分別接(jie)脈(mo)(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的兩極，并浸入(ru)(ru)工(gong)作液(ye)中，或(huo)將工(gong)作液(ye)充入(ru)(ru)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)間隙(xi)。通(tong)過間隙(xi)自動控(kong)制系統控(kong)制工(gong)具電(dian)(dian)(dian)極向(xiang)工(gong)件進給，當(dang)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)極間的間隙(xi)達(da)到一定距離時，兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)極上施加的脈(mo)(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓將工(gong)作液(ye)擊(ji)穿，產(chan)生火花放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

在(zai)放電(dian)(dian)的(de)微細通道中(zhong)瞬時集(ji)中(zhong)大量的(de)熱能，溫度(du)可高達一(yi)萬攝(she)氏度(du)以上，壓力也有急劇變化(hua)，從而使這一(yi)點工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)表面局部微量的(de)金(jin)屬材料立刻熔化(hua)、氣(qi)化(hua)，并爆(bao)炸式地飛(fei)濺到工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)中(zhong)，迅速(su)冷凝，形成固體的(de)金(jin)屬微粒(li)，被工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)帶(dai)走。這時在(zai)工(gong)件表面上便留(liu)下(xia)一(yi)個微小的(de)凹(ao)坑痕跡(ji)，放電(dian)(dian)短(duan)暫停歇，兩電(dian)(dian)極間(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)恢復絕緣狀(zhuang)態。

緊接著，下一(yi)個脈沖電(dian)(dian)壓又在兩電(dian)(dian)極(ji)相(xiang)對(dui)接近(jin)的另一(yi)點處擊穿，產(chan)生火花放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，重(zhong)復上(shang)(shang)述過程。這樣，雖然每(mei)個脈沖放(fang)電(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)除的金(jin)屬量極(ji)少，但(dan)因每(mei)秒(miao)有成千上(shang)(shang)萬次脈沖放(fang)電(dian)(dian)作用，就能蝕(shi)除較多的金(jin)屬，具有一(yi)定(ding)的生產(chan)率。

在(zai)保(bao)持工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)之間恒定放(fang)電(dian)間隙(xi)的(de)(de)條件(jian)下，一(yi)邊(bian)蝕(shi)除工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，一(yi)邊(bian)使工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)不斷(duan)地(di)向工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)進給，最后便(bian)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)出與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)形狀(zhuang)相對應的(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)來。因此，只要改變工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)之間的(de)(de)相對運動方式，就能加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)出各種復雜的(de)(de)型面。工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)常用(yong)導電(dian)性(xing)良好、熔(rong)點較高、易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)耐電(dian)蝕(shi)材料，如銅、石墨、銅鎢合金(jin)和鉬等(deng)。在(zai)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中，工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)也(ye)有損(sun)耗，但(dan)小(xiao)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)蝕(shi)除量，甚(shen)至接近于無損(sun)耗。

工(gong)作液(ye)作為放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)介質，在(zai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)過(guo)程中還起著冷卻、排屑等(deng)作用(yong)。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作液(ye)是粘度較低、閃點較高(gao)、性能穩定的(de)(de)(de)介質，如煤(mei)油、去離子水和乳化(hua)液(ye)等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)花(hua)(hua)機(ji)是一種(zhong)自激放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其特點如下：火(huo)花(hua)(hua)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)間(jian)在(zai)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前具(ju)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，當兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)接近時(shi)，其間(jian)介質被(bei)擊穿(chuan)后，隨(sui)即(ji)發生火(huo)花(hua)(hua)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。伴隨(sui)擊穿(chuan)過(guo)程，兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻急(ji)劇變(bian)小，兩極(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也隨(sui)之(zhi)急(ji)劇變(bian)低。火(huo)花(hua)(hua)通(tong)道(dao)必須在(zai)維持(chi)暫短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)（通(tong)常(chang)為10-7-10-3s）后及時(shi)熄滅(mie)，才可(ke)保持(chi)火(huo)花(hua)(hua)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)“冷極(ji)(ji)”特性（即(ji)通(tong)道(dao)能量轉換的(de)(de)(de)熱能來不及傳至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)縱深），使通(tong)道(dao)能量作用(yong)于(yu)極(ji)(ji)小范圍。通(tong)道(dao)能量的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，可(ke)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)局部被(bei)腐(fu)蝕(shi)。利用(yong)火(huo)花(hua)(hua)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)產生的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)現象對材料進行(xing)尺寸(cun)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)方法，叫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)花(hua)(hua)機(ji)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)。