推土機的結(jie)構與工(gong)作原理(li)（二）

2、行星齒輪式動力換擋變速器

TY220推土機行(xing)(xing)星齒輪式動(dong)力換擋變(bian)速器(qi)(qi)的(de)結構(gou)圖，該變(bian)速器(qi)(qi)主要由四個(ge)行(xing)(xing)星排(pai)和一個(ge)旋轉閉鎖離合(he)器(qi)(qi)構(gou)成(cheng)。圖3中(zhong)標的(de)“I”“II”“III”、“IV”是(shi)四個(ge)行(xing)(xing)星排(pai)，“V”是(shi)旋轉閉鎖離合(he)器(qi)(qi)。“I”“II”和“IV”行(xing)(xing)星排(pai)都是(shi)固定齒圈，用行(xing)(xing)星架同向旋轉進行(xing)(xing)輸出的(de)。

“II”行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)的(de)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)架上(shang)多裝一個(ge)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)輪，若將齒(chi)圈C用(yong)離合(he)(he)器固定(ding)，當(dang)太(tai)陽輪A右轉時(shi)，行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)齒(chi)輪B左(zuo)轉，行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)齒(chi)輪E右轉，行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)架D左(zuo)轉，則形成了以太(tai)陽輪輸入、行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)架反向旋(xuan)轉輸出的(de)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)齒(chi)輪減速(su)機(ji)構。TY220型(xing)推土機(ji)變(bian)速(su)器即利用(yong)第II行(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)(xing)排(pai)作為(wei)倒擋使用(yong)。離合(he)(he)器有5個(ge)。第1至第4離合(he)(he)器的(de)油(you)缸(gang)體(ti)都由(you)螺栓連(lian)接在端蓋上(shang)，它們是不運動(dong)的(de)。當(dang)油(you)缸(gang)體(ti)和活(huo)塞之(zhi)間布滿壓力油(you)時(shi)，壓力油(you)在油(you)超過計劃的(de)密封下，建立油(you)壓并推活(huo)塞壓緊摩擦片(pian)，則可將齒(chi)圈固定(ding)。

第(di)5號(hao)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉閉鎖(suo)離合器的(de)結(jie)構比較特殊，它沒有(you)行星機(ji)構，其工作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)是整體(ti)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉的(de)。向(xiang)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉油缸(gang)中供油時(shi)(shi)，需(xu)先(xian)向(xiang)中央軸供油。工作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)，壓(ya)力(li)(li)油通過(guo)第(di)5離合器固定不動的(de)殼(ke)體(ti)19中的(de)油道(dao)，進入旋(xuan)(xuan)轉油缸(gang)，推動活塞工作(zuo)。為防止泄漏，要用旋(xuan)(xuan)轉密(mi)封(feng)環進行密(mi)封(feng)。工作(zuo)完的(de)油液，因為旋(xuan)(xuan)轉油缸(gang)不停地旋(xuan)(xuan)轉，離心力(li)(li)向(xiang)外(wai)甩出(chu)(chu)，無法經供油道(dao)排出(chu)(chu)，會(hui)(hui)增加摩擦片的(de)磨損。為解決此(ci)題(ti)目，在旋(xuan)(xuan)轉油道(dao)排出(chu)(chu)，會(hui)(hui)增加摩擦片的(de)磨損。為解決此(ci)題(ti)目，在旋(xuan)(xuan)轉油缸(gang)體(ti)上增加一個(ge)鋼球止回(hui)(hui)閥，在壓(ya)力(li)(li)油的(de)作(zuo)用下，它密(mi)封(feng)油孔以(yi)建立油壓(ya)，休止供油時(shi)(shi)，它會(hui)(hui)甩開，開放回(hui)(hui)油孔以(yi)回(hui)(hui)油。

TY220型推土機(ji)變(bian)速(su)器(qi)，在結(jie)構(gou)上(shang)很多特(te)點(dian)，利(li)用(yong)這些特(te)點(dian)，可(ke)使(shi)維(wei)修(xiu)更為(wei)輕(qing)易(yi)進(jin)行。如第(di)(di)1至第(di)(di)4離(li)(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)器(qi)的摩擦片(pian)和(he)光(guang)盤(pan)都是通用(yong)的；第(di)(di)2至第(di)(di)4行星(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)的活塞和(he)密(mi)封環相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，行星(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)離(li)(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)器(qi)導(dao)向銷相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，光(guang)盤(pan)分(fen)離(li)(li)彈(dan)簧相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，離(li)(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)器(qi)活塞分(fen)離(li)(li)彈(dan)簧相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)；第(di)(di)1至第(di)(di)3行星(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)使(shi)用(yong)統一個行星(xing)(xing)架；第(di)(di)4行星(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)的行星(xing)(xing)架利(li)用(yong)外齒圈(quan)插(cha)入第(di)(di)3行星(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)齒圈(quan)中，并(bing)用(yong)彈(dan)簧卡圈(quan)防(fang)止軸向竄動等(deng)等(deng)。TY320和(he)TY220型推土機(ji)系列(lie)產品有完全相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似(si)的變(bian)速(su)器(qi)，只是放大了幾何尺寸。TY160型推土機(ji)變(bian)速(su)器(qi)，離(li)(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)器(qi)的排(pai)(pai)列(lie)方式不同(tong)(tong)，第(di)(di)1離(li)(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)器(qi)為(wei)前進(jin)擋(dang)，第(di)(di)2離(li)(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)器(qi)為(wei)撤退退卻擋(dang)，第(di)(di)3旋轉(zhuan)閉鎖離(li)(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)器(qi)為(wei)I擋(dang)，第(di)(di)4離(li)(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)器(qi)為(wei)III擋(dang)，第(di)(di)5離(li)(li)合(he)(he)(he)(he)器(qi)為(wei)II擋(dang)。安們(men)有相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的使(shi)用(yong)維(wei)修(xiu)特(te)點(dian)。

3、轉向離合器和轉向制動器

變速(su)器的動(dong)(dong)力傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)入(ru)中(zhong)心傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)后，就從縱向(xiang)(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)變為橫(heng)向(xiang)(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)，由橫(heng)軸分(fen)(fen)外(wai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)給(gei)左、右(you)兩個轉向(xiang)(xiang)離合器。圖(tu)4是(shi)TY220型推土(tu)機(ji)的中(zhong)心傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)及轉向(xiang)(xiang)離合器結(jie)構圖(tu)。該機(ji)的轉向(xiang)(xiang)離合器是(shi)彈(dan)簧(huang)壓緊、液壓分(fen)(fen)離、常嚙合、溫式摩擦(ca)片結(jie)構型式。它包(bao)括外(wai)鼓1、內鼓5、壓盤(pan)2、外(wai)摩擦(ca)片3、內齒處4、活塞15、螺栓13、套筒14與活塞15連(lian)接成一個整體，大(da)、小彈(dan)簧(huang)支撐在內鼓5上，彈(dan)簧(huang)的安裝負荷(he)推動(dong)(dong)活塞15向(xiang)(xiang)右(you)移(yi)動(dong)(dong)，帶動(dong)(dong)壓板2將(jiang)摩擦(ca)片3和齒片4壓緊在一起(qi)，實現接合傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)力。彈(dan)簧(huang)共(gong)8組(zu)，總安裝負荷(he)3.2T，有足夠(gou)的壓力壓緊摩擦(ca)片以傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)力矩。

當推土機需(xu)要轉(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(如拉動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)左(zuo)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)拉桿)時(shi)，淮壓油充入(ru)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)離(li)合(he)器(qi)(qi)活(huo)塞15和輪(lun)轂6之間(jian)的(de)油腔，油壓力推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)活(huo)塞，帶(dai)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壓盤向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)移動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，摩(mo)擦片(pian)和齒片(pian)松開(kai)，不再傳遞(di)力矩，推土機左(zuo)側(ce)失去(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力，在右側(ce)履帶(dai)的(de)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)下向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)。轉(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)束時(shi)，松開(kai)拉桿，液壓油在活(huo)塞推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)下回流，轉(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)離(li)合(he)器(qi)(qi)重新接合(he)傳力，推土機恢復直線行駛。

TY220型(xing)推土(tu)機轉向(xiang)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器(qi)是(shi)液(ye)壓(ya)助力、浮(fu)(fu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)濕式制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)式。它包括安裝在轉向(xiang)離合(he)器(qi)外(wai)鼓上(shang)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)15、助力活塞8、連桿10、浮(fu)(fu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)桿11、連桿14等零件。因為浮(fu)(fu)念頭構的(de)(de)優勝機能，不論離合(he)器(qi)外(wai)鼓是(shi)正轉仍是(shi)反轉，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時都很平穩，不會產生制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)沖(chong)擊。當(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)1.5上(shang)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)襯片(pian)16磨損后(hou)，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)和外(wai)鼓之間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隙(xi)變大(da)，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)跳板行程增加，當(dang)(dang)行程增大(da)到一(yi)定限度時，制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)變得不可靠。因此，要不斷地調(diao)(diao)整制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)間(jian)(jian)隙(xi)。推土(tu)機制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)踏(ta)板尺度行程和極限行程如表所示(shi)。制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)間(jian)(jian)隙(xi)調(diao)(diao)整的(de)(de)方法：拆去調(diao)(diao)節(jie)螺栓的(de)(de)護蓋后(hou)，將調(diao)(diao)節(jie)螺栓口右旋，扭(niu)緊制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)以抱住外(wai)鼓(扭(niu)緊力矩約90N·m)然后(hou)擰松螺栓(TY160型(xing)擰松15/6圈(quan)，TY320型(xing)擰松11/6圈(quan))，使制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)和外(wai)鼓間(jian)(jian)泛起0.3mm尺度間(jian)(jian)隙(xi)，調(diao)(diao)整完成。

TY320型(xing)、TY160型(xing)和(he)TY220型(xing)推(tui)土(tu)機系列產(chan)品有相似的轉向離合器(qi)和(he)制動器(qi)，它們有相同的使用和(he)維修特點。