電弧是什么

電(dian)弧(hu)是(shi)一(yi)束高(gao)溫(wen)電(dian)離氣(qi)(qi)體，是(shi)一(yi)種氣(qi)(qi)體放電(dian)現(xian)象，是(shi)氣(qi)(qi)體放電(dian)中最強烈的(de)(de)一(yi)種自持放電(dian)，也是(shi)一(yi)種等離子體。當(dang)電(dian)流通(tong)過某(mou)些絕緣(yuan)介質（例如空氣(qi)(qi)）所產生的(de)(de)瞬間火花，就是(shi)電(dian)弧(hu)，電(dian)弧(hu)放電(dian)最顯著的(de)(de)外(wai)觀特征(zheng)是(shi)明亮的(de)(de)弧(hu)光(guang)柱和電(dian)極(ji)斑點，通(tong)常可(ke)分為長弧(hu)和短(duan)弧(hu)兩類。長弧(hu)中弧(hu)柱起(qi)重要作(zuo)用(yong)，短(duan)弧(hu)長度在幾毫米以(yi)下(xia)，陰(yin)極(ji)區和陽(yang)極(ji)區起(qi)主要作(zuo)用(yong)。

該圖片由注冊用戶"生活就是藝術"提供，版權聲明反饋

電弧(hu)在外力(li)作用(yong)下，如氣流(liu)，外界(jie)磁場甚至電弧(hu)本身產生的(de)(de)(de)磁場作用(yong)下會迅速移(yi)(yi)動(dong)(dong)（每秒可達幾百米），拉長(chang)、卷(juan)曲(qu)形成十分復雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)形狀，電弧(hu)在電極上的(de)(de)(de)孳(zi)生點(dian)也會快速移(yi)(yi)動(dong)(dong)或跳動(dong)(dong)。電弧(hu)放(fang)電可用(yong)于焊接、冶煉(lian)、照明、噴涂等，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)利用(yong)電弧(hu)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫、高(gao)能量密(mi)度、易控制等特點(dian)，在這些應用(yong)中，都(dou)需(xu)使電弧(hu)穩定放(fang)電。注意電弧(hu)具(ju)有超強的(de)(de)(de)電力(li)，能瞬間使心(xin)臟停跳，所以(yi)，利用(yong)電弧(hu)而工作的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)們需(xu)要(yao)小(xiao)心(xin)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)是工業生產中應(ying)用最廣泛的(de)(de)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)方法，將要焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)金屬作為一極，焊(han)條作為另一極，兩極接(jie)(jie)(jie)近時(shi)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧，利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所產生的(de)(de)熱量將焊(han)條與工件(jian)互相熔化并(bing)在冷凝后形成(cheng)(cheng)焊(han)縫，從(cong)而獲得牢固接(jie)(jie)(jie)頭的(de)(de)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)過程。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)實質是氣體導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧所在的(de)(de)空(kong)間中的(de)(de)中性氣體在一定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)作用下(xia)分解(jie)成(cheng)(cheng)帶正電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)正離子和(he)帶負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子，稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離，這兩種(zhong)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質點分別向兩極方向運(yun)動，使局部氣體導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換成(cheng)(cheng)熱能，加熱和(he)熔化金屬，形成(cheng)(cheng)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)頭。

電弧焊接方法有哪些

1、手工電弧焊

手(shou)工(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)是(shi)通過帶藥皮(pi)(pi)的(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)條和被焊(han)(han)(han)(han)金屬(shu)(shu)間的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)將被焊(han)(han)(han)(han)金屬(shu)(shu)加熱，從而達(da)到焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接的(de)目的(de)。焊(han)(han)(han)(han)條和工(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)是(shi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流引起(qi)的(de)，它提供(gong)熱能并將母材、填充金屬(shu)(shu)以(yi)及(ji)藥皮(pi)(pi)融化，隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)向右移動，焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接金屬(shu)(shu)得以(yi)凝固并在表面形成(cheng)一層(ceng)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)渣。手(shou)工(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)中最主(zhu)要的(de)要素是(shi)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)條本(ben)身，它是(shi)由金屬(shu)(shu)芯(xin)外覆一層(ceng)粒(li)狀焊(han)(han)(han)(han)劑和某種粘接劑制作而成(cheng)的(de)。所有的(de)碳(tan)鋼(gang)和低合金鋼(gang)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)條基本(ben)上都用低碳(tan)鋼(gang)絲(si)做(zuo)芯(xin)，而合金元(yuan)素則來(lai)自于藥皮(pi)(pi)，這也是(shi)較為經濟的(de)一種合金化方法。

2、氣體保護電弧焊

氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)是(shi)通過焊(han)(han)(han)槍連續不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)送絲，由焊(han)(han)(han)絲和工件之(zhi)間產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱量將母材(cai)和焊(han)(han)(han)絲熔化，從而(er)達到焊(han)(han)(han)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)很重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個特(te)點是(shi)焊(han)(han)(han)接過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)也(ye)是(shi)由焊(han)(han)(han)槍輸送，這些氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)有惰(duo)(duo)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，也(ye)有非惰(duo)(duo)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。惰(duo)(duo)性(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)如氬、氦可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)某些焊(han)(han)(han)接當(dang)中(zhong)，它(ta)們(men)可單獨使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，也(ye)可混(hun)(hun)合(he)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，或與其它(ta)非惰(duo)(duo)性(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)如氮氣(qi)(qi)、氧氣(qi)(qi)或二(er)氧化碳混(hun)(hun)合(he)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。多數氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)二(er)氧化碳作為保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)，因(yin)為與惰(duo)(duo)性(xing)(xing)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)相比，它(ta)價(jia)格較為便宜。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)極是(shi)實芯(xin)焊(han)(han)(han)絲。

3、藥芯焊絲電弧焊

藥芯焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)電弧焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)與氣(qi)體保(bao)護(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非(fei)常(chang)相似(si)，差別在(zai)于藥芯焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)采用的(de)是管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)中(zhong)裝有(you)粒(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)劑，而(er)(er)不是氣(qi)體保(bao)護(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)所用的(de)實(shi)芯焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)。管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)通過(guo)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)槍中(zhong)的(de)導電嘴(zui)送進，并在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)和(he)工件(jian)之間產(chan)生(sheng)電弧。隨著向前焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)接而(er)(er)熔敷焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)縫金屬，和(he)手工電弧焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)一(yi)(yi)樣，在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)縫金屬上覆蓋著一(yi)(yi)層焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)渣。根據(ju)使用的(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)類型不同，可以對藥芯焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)附帶或不附帶額(e)外的(de)保(bao)護(hu)氣(qi)體。有(you)些焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)被設計成靠內部焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)劑提供(gong)所有(you)需要(yao)(yao)的(de)保(bao)護(hu)，它們被稱為自保(bao)護(hu)性(xing)。其(qi)它的(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)要(yao)(yao)求附加的(de)保(bao)護(hu)氣(qi)體提供(gong)附加的(de)保(bao)護(hu)。

4、鎢極氣體保護電弧焊

鎢(wu)(wu)極(ji)氣體(ti)(ti)保護電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)最重要(yao)的(de)特性(xing)是電(dian)極(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)焊(han)(han)接(jie)過程中(zhong)不會消耗。它(ta)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)純鎢(wu)(wu)或鎢(wu)(wu)合金(jin)(jin)制(zhi)造，具有(you)承受高(gao)溫的(de)能力(li)，甚(shen)至是電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)高(gao)溫。因(yin)(yin)(yin)而(er)，當電(dian)流通(tong)(tong)過時(shi)，就在(zai)(zai)(zai)鎢(wu)(wu)極(ji)和工(gong)(gong)件(jian)之(zhi)間建立起電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)。當需要(yao)填充金(jin)(jin)屬時(shi)，必須額外添(tian)加(jia)(jia)，通(tong)(tong)常采(cai)用(yong)(yong)手工(gong)(gong)方式，或采(cai)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)械送絲系統。電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)和金(jin)(jin)屬采(cai)用(yong)(yong)惰性(xing)氣體(ti)(ti)保護，這些(xie)氣體(ti)(ti)從(cong)包(bao)圍著(zhu)鎢(wu)(wu)極(ji)的(de)噴嘴中(zhong)流出。因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)沒有(you)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)焊(han)(han)劑，熔敷金(jin)(jin)屬不需要(yao)清渣。鎢(wu)(wu)極(ji)氣體(ti)(ti)保護電(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)在(zai)(zai)(zai)許(xu)多(duo)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)領域有(you)著(zhu)廣泛的(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)，它(ta)能焊(han)(han)接(jie)幾乎所有(you)的(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)電(dian)極(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)焊(han)(han)接(jie)過程沒有(you)熔化(hua)，具有(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)極(ji)低電(dian)流情況下(xia)焊(han)(han)接(jie)的(de)能力(li)，使(shi)得(de)鎢(wu)(wu)極(ji)氬(ya)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)極(ji)薄(bo)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)焊(han)(han)接(jie)。它(ta)特有(you)的(de)清潔(jie)和操作可(ke)控特性(xing)，使(shi)它(ta)成為(wei)苛(ke)刻條件(jian)下(xia)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)首選，這些(xie)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)如太空、食(shi)品(pin)(pin)和藥(yao)品(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)，石化(hua)和動力(li)管道(dao)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)。

5、埋弧焊

埋(mai)弧焊(han)(han)(han)通過用實(shi)芯焊(han)(han)(han)絲連續送進，焊(han)(han)(han)絲產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)電弧完全(quan)被顆粒狀的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)劑層所(suo)(suo)覆蓋(gai)，因而被命名(ming)成“埋(mai)弧”焊(han)(han)(han)，這(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)是目前所(suo)(suo)提及的(de)(de)在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)縫金屬熔敷效(xiao)率上最(zui)高的(de)(de)一種(zhong)典型焊(han)(han)(han)接方(fang)法(fa)。對于埋(mai)弧焊(han)(han)(han)工藝，顆粒狀焊(han)(han)(han)劑被置(zhi)于焊(han)(han)(han)絲的(de)(de)前部或周圍來實(shi)現對熔化金屬的(de)(de)保護。在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)接過程中(zhong)，在(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)道上有(you)一層焊(han)(han)(han)渣和仍然為顆粒狀的(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)劑。