清(qing)原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中臣氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、賀茂氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、物(wu)部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、蘇我氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、紀(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、小(xiao)野(ye)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、在原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鷹司氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、二(er)條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、一條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日下部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、惟(wei)宗氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、秦氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、阿部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足利(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、伊達氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、福(fu)澤氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、華岡氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、三條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、西園寺氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、花山院氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、四條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、勧修寺氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日野(ye)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中御門氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近(jin)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、遠藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、加藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐(zuo)(zuo)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齊藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齋藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足利(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐(zuo)(zuo)佐(zuo)(zuo)木氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、毛利(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武田氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、德(de)川氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等...

注：明治維新(xin)之后，日本天皇(huang)曾冊封了大批(pi)的新(xin)貴族(zu)(zu)，稱(cheng)為華(hua)族(zu)(zu)。一(yi)共509個姓氏(shi)，包括(kuo)伊藤、山縣、松方等等。不過(guo)1947年之后，日本制(zhi)定新(xin)憲法，廢除了日本的華(hua)族(zu)(zu)制(zhi)度(du)。

日本五大政治家族（新貴族）

鳩(jiu)山家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)、小泉家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)、安倍家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)、麻生家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)和福(fu)田家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)

古(gu)代(dai)(dai)日本人沒有姓(xing)，只有名。后來(lai)隨(sui)著生產的(de)(de)發展，特別是(shi)(shi)進(jin)入階(jie)級社會以后，在統治(zhi)階(jie)級中間首(shou)先出(chu)(chu)現了氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和姓(xing)。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)日本古(gu)代(dai)(dai)國(guo)家(jia)中的(de)(de)一種政(zheng)治(zhi)組織(zhi)。每個氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)都(dou)有自己的(de)(de)名稱，叫做“氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名”。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名是(shi)(shi)根(gen)據(ju)該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族在朝廷(ting)中擔任的(de)(de)職(zhi)務或(huo)該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族居住、管(guan)轄(xia)的(de)(de)地方(fang)命名的(de)(de)。例如，在朝廷(ting)中主管(guan)祭(ji)把的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門叫忌部(bu)(bu)(bu)，管(guan)理忌部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族便稱為忌部(bu)(bu)(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，而出(chu)(chu)云(yun)(yun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近江(jiang)(jiang)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)統治(zhi)出(chu)(chu)云(yun)(yun)、近江(jiang)(jiang)地方(fang)的(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族。日本古(gu)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)“姓(xing)”是(shi)(shi)賜與氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)稱號，以表(biao)示該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)社會政(zheng)治(zhi)地位(wei)。姓(xing)有幾十種，它類似爵位(wei)，是(shi)(shi)世襲的(de)(de)。各姓(xing)之間等級分(fen)明。例如：臣(chen)、連、君、直(zhi)等。

除(chu)氏(shi)、姓(xing)以(yi)外(wai)，公(gong)元九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)、十世紀時還(huan)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了(le)一(yi)(yi)種新(xin)的(de)(de)稱(cheng)號叫苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)。苗(miao)(miao)是(shi)(shi)苗(miao)(miao)裔、分(fen)(fen)(fen)支的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思。苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)即一(yi)(yi)個家(jia)族(zu)(zu)從氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)本家(jia)分(fen)(fen)(fen)離出(chu)(chu)去后(hou)的(de)(de)新(xin)姓(xing)。要言之，古(gu)代(dai)(dai)日(ri)本人的(de)(de)姓(xing)有氏(shi)、姓(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)三(san)個部分(fen)(fen)(fen)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別表示一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)義(yi)。一(yi)(yi)個古(gu)代(dai)(dai)貴族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)姓(xing)名(ming)寫出(chu)(chu)來(lai)往往很長，如“藤原朝臣九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)條兼實”。其中：藤原是(shi)(shi)氏(shi)名(ming)，朝臣是(shi)(shi)姓(xing)，九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)條是(shi)(shi)苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)，兼實是(shi)(shi)名(ming)。后(hou)來(lai)，新(xin)的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)大量增加，氏(shi)、姓(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)逐漸合為一(yi)(yi)體，統(tong)稱(cheng)為苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)：在現(xian)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)日(ri)文中，苗(miao)(miao)字(zi)就是(shi)(shi)我們通常所說的(de)(de)姓(xing)的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思。

在既有(you)氏、姓又有(you)苗字(zi)的(de)(de)貴族統(tong)治階級(ji)當(dang)中，天皇(huang)(huang)是一個例(li)外(wai)。歷史上(shang)的(de)(de)日本天皇(huang)(huang)都沒有(you)姓，只(zhi)有(you)名。在古代，天皇(huang)(huang)被認為是天神的(de)(de)后代，具(ju)有(you)至高無上(shang)的(de)(de)權力，因而也就沒必(bi)要有(you)姓。不僅是天皇(huang)(huang)，就連皇(huang)(huang)后和天皇(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)子女也都沒有(you)姓（天皇(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)女兒(er)長大出嫁以后，可以姓丈夫的(de)(de)姓）。