電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年(nian)，壽命長短與用戶的(de)日(ri)常使(shi)用維護有(you)很大的(de)關(guan)系。

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電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只要是鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)池，在(zai)使用(yong)的(de)過程(cheng)中都會硫化(hua)，但其(qi)它領域的(de)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池卻比電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行(xing)車上使用(yong)的(de)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池有著(zhu)更長(chang)的(de)壽命，這是因為電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行(xing)車的(de)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池有著(zhu)一(yi)個更容(rong)易硫化(hua)的(de)工(gong)作環境(jing)。

①深度放電

用在汽(qi)車上的鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只(zhi)是(shi)在點火(huo)時(shi)單向(xiang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，點火(huo)后發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自動(dong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深(shen)度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車在騎行時(shi)不可能充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，經(jing)常會(hui)超過60%的深(shen)度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)濃度增加，硫(liu)化就會(hui)相當嚴重。

②大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)動車20公里(li)巡航電(dian)(dian)流一般是(shi)(shi)(shi)4A，這(zhe)個值(zhi)已經高于其它(ta)領域的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)工作電(dian)(dian)流，而超速(su)超載的(de)電(dian)(dian)動車的(de)工作電(dian)(dian)流就更大(da)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商(shang)都進行(xing)過(guo)1C充(chong)電(dian)(dian)70%，2C放電(dian)(dian)60%的(de)循環(huan)壽命(ming)試驗。經過(guo)這(zhe)樣的(de)壽命(ming)試驗，可(ke)達到充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)循環(huan)350次壽命(ming)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)很多，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)實際在用的(de)效果就相差甚遠了。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為大(da)電(dian)(dian)流工作增加了50%的(de)放電(dian)(dian)深度，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)會加速(su)硫化。所以(yi)(yi)，電(dian)(dian)動三輪(lun)摩托車的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)更短，因為三輪(lun)摩托車的(de)車身太重，工作電(dian)(dian)流達6A以(yi)(yi)上。

③充放電頻率高

用(yong)(yong)在(zai)后備供(gong)電(dian)(dian)領域的(de)電(dian)(dian)池，只有在(zai)停電(dian)(dian)時才會放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，如(ru)果一(yi)(yi)年停8次(ci)電(dian)(dian)，要達到10年的(de)壽命(ming)，只用(yong)(yong)做到80次(ci)循環充電(dian)(dian)壽命(ming)，而電(dian)(dian)動車一(yi)(yi)年充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)循環300次(ci)以上很常見(jian)。

④短時充電

由(you)于電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車是交(jiao)通(tong)工具，可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)時間不多，要在8小(xiao)時內完(wan)成(cheng)36伏(fu)或48伏(fu)的(de)(de)(de)20安時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，這就必(bi)須提高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（一般為單(dan)節2.7~2.9伏(fu)），當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超過單(dan)節電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)析(xi)氧(yang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（2.35伏(fu)）或析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)（2.42伏(fu)）時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會(hui)因過度析(xi)氧(yang)而開(kai)閥排氣，造成(cheng)失水，使電(dian)(dian)解液濃度增加，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)硫化現象加重。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作(zuo)為(wei)交(jiao)通(tong)工具(ju)，電(dian)動自行(xing)車的充電(dian)及放(fang)電(dian)被完全分離開(kai)來，放(fang)電(dian)后(hou)很難有條件及時(shi)充電(dian)，而放(fang)電(dian)后(hou)形成的大量硫(liu)酸鉛如果超(chao)過半小時(shi)不充電(dian)還原(yuan)為(wei)氧化鉛，就會(hui)硫(liu)化結(jie)成晶體。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針對電(dian)(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行車用鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)特(te)殊性，各個電(dian)(dian)池制造商采取了多種方法。最典型的(de)方法如下：

①增加極板數量。

把(ba)原設計(ji)的單(dan)格5片(pian)(pian)6片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)改(gai)為6片(pian)(pian)7片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)，7片(pian)(pian)8片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)，甚至8片(pian)(pian)9片(pian)(pian)制(zhi)。靠減(jian)薄極板厚度和隔板，增加極板數量(liang)來提(ti)高電池(chi)容量(liang)。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原來浮充電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫酸比(bi)重(zhong)一般都(dou)在1.21~1.28之(zhi)間，而(er)電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車(che)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫酸比(bi)重(zhong)一般都(dou)在1.36～1.38左右，這樣可以(yi)提供較大的(de)電(dian)(dian)流，提升電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)初(chu)期容量。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增加(jia)(jia)氧化鉛就增加(jia)(jia)了參與放電的電化學反應物(wu)質，也就增加(jia)(jia)了放電時(shi)間，增加(jia)(jia)了電池容量。

通過這些措施，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)初期容(rong)量(liang)滿足了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)要求，特別是改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)特性。但(dan)是，極(ji)(ji)板(ban)增加(jia)了(le)，硫(liu)酸的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)就(jiu)(jiu)減(jian)少了(le)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱(re)導致大量(liang)失水(shui)，同時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)微(wei)短(duan)路和(he)鉛枝搭橋的(de)(de)概率增加(jia)了(le)。提高硫(liu)酸比重(zhong)增加(jia)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)初期容(rong)量(liang)，但(dan)是，硫(liu)化現象就(jiu)(jiu)更(geng)嚴重(zhong)。密(mi)封(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)最基本原理之一就(jiu)(jiu)是正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)析氧以后(hou)，氧氣直接到負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)，被負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)吸收而還原為水(shui)，考(kao)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)這個技術指標的(de)(de)參數叫做“密(mi)封(feng)反應效率”，這種現象叫做“氧循環(huan)”。這樣(yang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)失水(shui)很(hen)少，實現了(le)“免維護”，就(jiu)(jiu)是免加(jia)水(shui)。

為此，都要求負極板容(rong)量(liang)做的比正極板容(rong)量(liang)大一些，又稱為負極過渡(du)。增加(jia)正極板活(huo)性物質必然(ran)使(shi)得，負極過渡(du)減少了，氧循環變差了，失水(shui)增加(jia)了，又會(hui)造成硫(liu)化。這些措施雖(sui)然(ran)提升了電(dian)池(chi)的初期容(rong)量(liang)，但是(shi)卻會(hui)造成失水(shui)和硫(liu)化，而失水(shui)和硫(liu)化又會(hui)相互促(cu)成，最終(zhong)結果卻是(shi)犧牲電(dian)池(chi)的壽(shou)命(ming)。

還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是極(ji)群組(zu)裝虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)問題。容(rong)(rong)(rong)易(yi)產生(sheng)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)的地方是極(ji)板(ban)。而(er)(er)每個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的單(dan)格(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)(you)15片極(ji)板(ban)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是15個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)，一個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)有(you)(you)(you)6個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)單(dan)格(ge)(ge)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)90個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)，一組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)由3個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)成，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)270個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)。如(ru)果(guo)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)(han)點(dian)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)，該(gai)單(dan)格(ge)(ge)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)下降(jiang)，進而(er)(er)該(gai)單(dan)格(ge)(ge)形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落后，造(zao)成整個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都(dou)落后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會形成嚴(yan)重的不均衡(heng)，使這(zhe)組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提前失效。就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)算虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)控制在(zai)(zai)萬分之(zhi)一，平均每37組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會有(you)(you)(you)一組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)，這(zhe)是絕對不能夠允許的。而(er)(er)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金(jin)板(ban)柵(zha)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)(zai)焊(han)(han)(han)接的時候會析出(chu)(chu)鈣(gai)而(er)(er)掩蓋虛(xu)焊(han)(han)(han)問題，這(zhe)樣(yang)，很多(duo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商寧愿采(cai)(cai)用(yong)低(di)銻合(he)金(jin)的板(ban)柵(zha)而(er)(er)沒有(you)(you)(you)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金(jin)。而(er)(er)低(di)銻合(he)金(jin)的板(ban)柵(zha)析氧析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓更低(di)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)(chu)氣量大，失水相對嚴(yan)重，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更容(rong)(rong)(rong)易(yi)硫化。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大(da)多數車的(de)控制(zhi)器都留了一個線損(sun)插頭，很多經銷(xiao)商以去掉限(xian)速(su)來招攬顧客。一些(xie)車廠干脆就(jiu)去掉限(xian)速(su)器出廠，既(ji)可以吸引(yin)看(kan)重(zhong)車速(su)的(de)客戶，也能降低成本，這樣(yang)的(de)車在高速(su)行駛時(shi)電流非常大(da)，會嚴重(zhong)縮(suo)短電池(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)。

12V鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)最低(di)(di)保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為10.5V，如果是(shi)(shi)36V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組，最低(di)(di)保留電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓就是(shi)(shi)31.5V，目前大多(duo)數車(che)廠采用的(de)控制器欠壓保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也都(dou)是(shi)(shi)31.5V。表面上看(kan)這是(shi)(shi)正確的(de)，但是(shi)(shi)，實際當36V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組只剩下31.5V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)存(cun)在容量差，肯定就會有一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低(di)(di)于10.5V，該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就處于過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。

這時(shi)候，過放電(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)急劇(ju)下降，這時(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的損傷影響不(bu)僅僅是(shi)該(gai)單只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，而是(shi)影響整組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的壽(shou)命。其實(shi)，在電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓低于32V以后一(yi)直到(dao)27V，所增加的續行能(neng)力不(bu)到(dao)2公(gong)里，而對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的損傷卻非常(chang)大。只(zhi)要(yao)出現這樣的情況10次，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的容量(liang)就會低于標(biao)稱容量(liang)的70%。

另(ling)外，一些用戶(hu)發現(xian)電池在(zai)欠壓以(yi)后，過10分鐘，電池又不欠壓了，就又采取給電行駛，這對電池破壞更大，而大多(duo)(duo)數(shu)車(che)的(de)說明書沒有給用戶(hu)以(yi)警示。目前多(duo)(duo)數(shu)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)內部都有可調(diao)的(de)電位器(qi)，而這個可調(diao)的(de)電位器(qi)的(de)振動(dong)漂(piao)移是比較(jiao)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)。在(zai)價格(ge)競爭中，面對更注重(zhong)(zhong)車(che)外表的(de)用戶(hu)群，很少有產(chan)品采用抗(kang)振動(dong)的(de)精密多(duo)(duo)圈電位器(qi)，這樣的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)發生振動(dong)后漂(piao)移也不奇怪。

5、充電設備的原因

業界廣(guang)為(wei)流(liu)傳的(de)一(yi)句話就是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不是用壞的(de)，是充(chong)(chong)壞的(de)。為(wei)了(le)滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)短時高容量充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在三段式恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)限流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中，不得不通過提(ti)高恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值到(dao)2.47V～2.49V。這樣，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)超過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)極(ji)板析氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和負極(ji)板析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。一(yi)些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制造(zao)商的(de)產品為(wei)了(le)降低充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的(de)指(zhi)示，提(ti)高了(le)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)轉浮充(chong)(chong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而(er)使得充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，還沒(mei)有充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠(kao)提(ti)高浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)來彌補。這樣，很多充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)超過單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)2.35V，這樣在浮充(chong)(chong)階(jie)段還在大(da)(da)量析氧。

而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)循環(huan)又(you)(you)不好，這樣在(zai)(zai)(zai)浮充(chong)階段也在(zai)(zai)(zai)不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)排氣。恒(heng)壓值(zhi)高了，保證了充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，但是(shi)犧牲的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)失水和(he)(he)硫化。恒(heng)壓值(zhi)低了，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間和(he)(he)充(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量又(you)(you)難以保證。在(zai)(zai)(zai)改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板柵合金、提高析(xi)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)、改善(shan)氧(yang)循環(huan)性能，提高密(mi)封(feng)反應效(xiao)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上，控制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在(zai)(zai)(zai)2.42V以下，也就是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)以下。這樣做必(bi)然會導致充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)延(yan)長(chang)，這就必(bi)須在(zai)(zai)(zai)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態下，加入去極化的(de)(de)(de)(de)負脈沖，改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能力，在(zai)(zai)(zai)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候多充(chong)入一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，縮短(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間。70%的(de)(de)(de)(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能力比較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)采用大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損傷比較(jiao)小。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)基(ji)本上沒(mei)有(you)高于嚴(yan)重析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

一旦高于(yu)析(xi)氫電(dian)壓，電(dian)池(chi)也會快速的(de)失水。使用(yong)這類充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)，必須采(cai)用(yong)連續充(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)，如(ru)果(guo)中途停止幾天充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，電(dian)池(chi)就會產生比(bi)較嚴重的(de)硫化而提前失效(xiao)(xiao)。而用(yong)戶使用(yong)電(dian)池(chi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)無法保證(zheng)每(mei)次(ci)使用(yong)以后，都能(neng)夠及(ji)時充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)，一年以內發生數次(ci)沒有(you)及(ji)時充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)情況(kuang)，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)硫化就會積(ji)累(lei)。多數充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)制造商都說車廠(chang)因為價(jia)格(ge)因素不接受可以保證(zheng)電(dian)池(chi)壽命的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)。應該承認，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)大多數小(xiao)企業是(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)此(ci)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)，有(you)發展(zhan)的(de)、規模(mo)性大企業確實出高價(jia)也買(mai)不到好的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)。一些充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)制造商把某些功(gong)能(neng)夸大，成品的(de)功(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)沒有(you)其宣傳的(de)那樣好。還(huan)有(you)不少功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)屬于(yu)賣概念(nian)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)，實效(xiao)(xiao)有(you)限(xian)。

6、其它原因

不(bu)少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)單體測試中，可以獲(huo)得比較好(hao)的結果，但是，對于串(chuan)連電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)來說，由于容量、開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)、硫化程度各不(bu)相同，這(zhe)個差異會(hui)在(zai)(zai)串(chuan)連電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)被(bei)擴大，狀(zhuang)態(tai)差的單體會(hui)影響整組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，其壽命明顯下(xia)降。

從電(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)生產線上充電(dian)(dian)，到用(yong)戶(hu)購車(che)(che)后配車(che)(che)使(shi)用(yong)這段時間要經(jing)過很多環節，間隔(ge)時間甚至會長達(da)數月，在(zai)(zai)這期間，由于(yu)沒對電(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行(xing)補充電(dian)(dian)，自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)產生的(de)硫酸鉛(qian)大量堆積結晶，用(yong)戶(hu)剛買到的(de)新(xin)電(dian)(dian)池可能是已經(jing)老化(hua)甚至報費的(de)電(dian)(dian)池。

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)廠家在(zai)執行(xing)質保(bao)時，對(dui)回收電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)并(bing)不(bu)是(shi)完全的(de)(de)淘汰(tai)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)返退(tui)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商重新進行(xing)充放電(dian)(dian)檢(jian)驗，在(zai)檢(jian)驗中往往會發現有(you)60%以(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)單體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)不(bu)符(fu)合返退(tui)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。其原因(yin)也就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)串連電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組中，個別的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)落后(hou)形成(cheng)整組電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)功能下降(jiang)而引起(qi)整組返退(tui)。不(bu)少電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商對(dui)返退(tui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)采取(qu)配(pei)組、補水、除硫、包裝(zhuang)后(hou)，又重新提供給用戶，以(yi)(yi)提高電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)使用壽(shou)命，降(jiang)低報廢率(lv)，減少電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制(zhi)造商的(de)(de)部分理(li)索賠的(de)(de)損失，所以(yi)(yi)，很多經銷商已(yi)經感覺(jue)到廠家提供的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)明(ming)顯“一代不(bu)如(ru)一代”。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池如(ru)果使用得(de)當(dang)，普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用3年左右問題(ti)不大，反之，使用壽(shou)命大大減(jian)短(duan)。因此，消費者日(ri)常(chang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)保(bao)養是決定電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命的(de)關鍵所(suo)在。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對于電池和充電的注意事項，我們分成兩類：絕對不(bu)允(yun)許（禁(jin)止）和最好不(bu)要（建議）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁將電池的正負極短路

2、禁止(zhi)經常使用到欠壓保護電(dian)路起作用的時候才充電(dian)

3、禁止經常在未充滿(man)電的情況下拔(ba)下充電器的電源來使(shi)用電動(dong)車(che)

4、禁(jin)止(zhi)(zhi)閑置時間過(guo)長(chang)（不得(de)超過(guo)三天(tian)，且所剩電量應(ying)大于(yu)40%），禁(jin)止(zhi)(zhi)虧電存(cun)放(fang)

5、如果(guo)發現連續充電(dian)(dian)(dian)10小時(shi)后還(huan)沒有轉燈，應馬上停止充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)溫度是否(fou)(fou)發燙。會的(de)話應該盡早送修，無法立即送修者，應控制充電(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)時(shi)間不超(chao)過8小時(shi)，否(fou)(fou)則電(dian)(dian)(dian)池將會因膨脹變形而損壞(huai)。

不轉燈原因有三：

一：充電器參數不匹配，產生(sheng)漂移；

二：線路問題；

三：是(shi)電池因素：失水，電池內部(bu)有單格(ge)短路(lu)，硫化較為嚴重。

排查方法：

1、檢(jian)查充(chong)電器(qi)是(shi)否(fou)損壞(huai)，充(chong)電參數是(shi)否(fou)符合(he)要求（有的(de)(de)(de)人用48V的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電器(qi)來充(chong)36V的(de)(de)(de)電池組），看是(shi)否(fou)電壓偏高（14.8V/個以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)）或(huo)涓(juan)流(liu)轉換(huan)電流(liu)偏低

2、檢(jian)查(cha)充電回路(lu)保險絲是(shi)否(fou)接(jie)觸良(liang)好，保險絲座有無燒(shao)焦痕跡，檢(jian)查(cha)連(lian)線插接(jie)頭接(jie)觸是(shi)否(fou)良(liang)好，包含充電器的(de)插頭的(de)車上的(de)插座。

3、查看電(dian)(dian)池內部是否(fou)有干涸(he)現(xian)象，即電(dian)(dian)池是否(fou)缺液嚴重。干涸(he)的(de)電(dian)(dian)池應補(bu)加純水或1.05g/cm3的(de)稀硫酸，進行維護充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)進行修復，同時測量單格(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓，看是否(fou)有單格(ge)短路的(de)存在。

4、還應檢查極板是否存在不可(ke)逆硫酸鹽化。硫化嚴(yan)重(zhong)的話，內阻增(zeng)大，充(chong)電(dian)就會引(yin)起嚴(yan)重(zhong)發熱。

5、極板的不(bu)可(ke)逆硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)化，可(ke)通(tong)過充放(fang)電(dian)測(ce)量其(qi)端電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的變化來判定。在充電(dian)時，電(dian)池的電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上(shang)升特(te)(te)別(bie)(bie)(bie)快，某些單格(ge)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)特(te)(te)別(bie)(bie)(bie)高，放(fang)電(dian)時電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下降特(te)(te)別(bie)(bie)(bie)快。出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)上(shang)述情況，可(ke)判斷電(dian)池出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)不(bu)可(ke)逆硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)化。如果發現(xian)(xian)有(you)不(bu)可(ke)逆硫(liu)酸鹽(yan)化，應進行均衡(heng)充電(dian)法進行修復(fu)。

6、禁止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)最大(da)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超過額(e)定容量150%，也(ye)就是(shi)如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)6-DZM-10（常說的(de)(de)那種12AH的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)）的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，它(ta)的(de)(de)最大(da)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)10×150%＝15A，如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)6-DZM-17的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)它(ta)的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)為(wei)17×150%約(yue)為(wei)25A,如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)20AH的(de)(de)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)最大(da)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)30A。這樣(yang)也(ye)同樣(yang)的(de)(de)限制了控制器(qi)限流(liu)值的(de)(de)大(da)小

建議：

1、最好不要在未(wei)充(chong)滿電(dian)的情況下(xia)拔(ba)下(xia)充(chong)電(dian)器的電(dian)源來使用(yong)電(dian)動車(che)。還有應注意的是：

轉燈并不表示此時(shi)的電池已經充滿(man)電，差不多只有95%－99%，需要繼續浮充2－3個小時(shi)來把它充滿(man)。

2、做到及時(shi)(shi)充電，閑(xian)置(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間最(zui)好不超過12個小時(shi)(shi)，同時(shi)(shi)應(ying)增加相應(ying)浮充的時(shi)(shi)間。

3、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)量較少(shao)者，最好(hao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)到50%－80%后再充電，有利于(yu)延長電池(chi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)壽命。

4、在電(dian)池使用一(yi)年后，每(mei)間隔2個月，最好恒流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)一(yi)次，電(dian)流(liu)大(da)小為C／15，時間20小時。

5、少拉重物，速度不要(yao)開得(de)太快，減小電(dian)池的放電(dian)電(dian)流。

6、緩慢加速，減小大電(dian)(dian)流對電(dian)(dian)池，控(kong)制器及電(dian)(dian)機的沖擊。