明顯陵,始建于明正德十四年(1519年),迄于明嘉靖三十八年(1559年),歷時四十年建成。明顯陵是明嘉靖初期重大歷史事件“大禮儀”的產物,規劃布局和建筑手法獨特,在明代帝陵規制中具有承上啟下的作用。其陵寢建筑中金瓶形的外羅城、九曲回環的御河、龍鱗神道、瓊花雙龍琉璃影壁和內外明塘等都是明陵中僅見的孤例,尤其是“一陵兩冢”的陵寢結構為歷代帝王陵墓中絕無僅有。由瑤臺相連而成啞鈴狀的兩座隱密的地下玄宮神密莫測,一直為世人稱奇。明顯陵原始建筑(zhu)和環(huan)境風貌(mao)保存完好,建筑(zhu)規模(mo)宏(hong)大,陵寢結構獨特(te),文(wen)化內(nei)涵(han)豐(feng)厚,堪稱中國帝陵的璀璨明珠。
鐘(zhong)祥市明(ming)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)管理處(chu)主要(yao)(yao)負責對明(ming)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)依法實施保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)、維修、開(kai)發、管理。自1983年(nian)(nian)成立管理機構以來,始終堅(jian)持(chi)把做好明(ming)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)事業作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)第一要(yao)(yao)務(wu),按照“保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)為(wei)主、搶(qiang)救第一、合(he)理利用(yong)、加強管理”的文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)工作(zuo)(zuo)理念,堅(jian)持(chi)科學規劃,不斷加大明(ming)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)環境和文(wen)(wen)物(wu)本體保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)力(li)度。2007年(nian)(nian)6月(yue),明(ming)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)管理處(chu)被國家(jia)人(ren)事部、國家(jia)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)局表彰“全(quan)國文(wen)(wen)物(wu)系統先進集體”,2008年(nian)(nian)4月(yue),被國家(jia)旅(lv)游局批(pi)準(zhun)為(wei)4A級旅(lv)游景區(qu),2009年(nian)(nian)被湖(hu)北省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)旅(lv)游局表彰為(wei)“全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)十佳示范(fan)旅(lv)游景區(qu)”,2010年(nian)(nian)被湖(hu)北省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)民政(zheng)府表彰為(wei)“全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)優秀旅(lv)游單位”,連續十年(nian)(nian)被省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)政(zheng)府公布為(wei)“全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)單位”。
在明代帝陵中,前后兩個寶城的建置可謂絕無僅有。顯陵前后兩個寶城的形成與其主人身份的變化緊密相關。前寶城建于正德十五年(1520年),是朱祐杬死后按藩王規制建興獻王墳時建造的。朱厚熜登基(ji)后,追封其父(fu)為“興獻帝”,嘉靖十(shi)七年(1538年),其母(mu)病故,圍繞是遷葬北京還是合葬顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling),嘉靖帝派(pai)人(ren)調查并打(da)開了顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)地宮(gong),發現地宮(gong)出(chu)水。嘉靖十(shi)八(ba)年(1539年),世(shi)宗親(qin)臨鐘祥,并親(qin)自策馬登上寶城,在顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)后部立表,選定新址,出(chu)示新的(de)(de)地宮(gong)寶城圖紙,按(an)圖修建,將其父(fu)母(mu)合葬于新寢,兩寶城之間用很長的(de)(de)平臺(tai)(tai)連接起來稱(cheng)為“瑤(yao)臺(tai)(tai)”。所以(yi)在明代陵(ling)(ling)寢中,獨顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)有兩個寶城,中間有一(yi)瑤(yao)臺(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)特殊(shu)格(ge)局,且每(mei)個寶城都建有一(yi)套月牙城、啞巴院和(he)琉璃(li)影(ying)壁(bi),并有獨立的(de)(de)排水系(xi)統,這是顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)獨特之處。
明代帝(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)中(zhong)的皇陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)和孝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)原本都(dou)只(zhi)建(jian)(jian)有(you)一(yi)座碑亭(ting),即皇陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的重建(jian)(jian)皇陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)碑亭(ting)、孝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的神(shen)功圣德(de)碑樓。直到(dao)嘉靖(jing)帝(di)即位,分別封(feng)皇陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、孝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、祖陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的所在地為(wei)“翔圣山(shan)”、“神(shen)烈(lie)山(shan)”和“基運山(shan)”并加建(jian)(jian)碑亭(ting)(祖陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)另建(jian)(jian)祭告碑亭(ting))之(zhi)后,三陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)才各(ge)(ge)有(you)兩(liang)座碑亭(ting)。位于北京(jing)天壽(shou)山(shan)的長陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)原只(zhi)建(jian)(jian)有(you)神(shen)功圣德(de)碑樓,內立(li)神(shen)功圣德(de)碑即圣德(de)碑。嘉靖(jing)二十一(yi)年(1542年),朱(zhu)厚熜在長陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)門內左(zuo)側增建(jian)(jian)碑亭(ting)一(yi)座,并在獻陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、景陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、裕陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、茂(mao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、泰(tai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、康陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)前添建(jian)(jian)功德(de)碑及碑亭(ting),只(zhi)是有(you)碑無字。此后,天壽(shou)山(shan)各(ge)(ge)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)皆遵從其(qi)制(zhi)。
而顯陵(ling)的碑(bei)(bei)(bei)亭數量(liang)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)多(duo)于上(shang)述(shu)各陵(ling)。從敕(chi)封純(chun)德山碑(bei)(bei)(bei)算起,已經(jing)發現或(huo)有文(wen)(wen)獻記載的還有“山曲碑(bei)(bei)(bei)”、睿功圣德碑(bei)(bei)(bei)、紀瑞文(wen)(wen)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)、純(chun)德山祭告碑(bei)(bei)(bei)、加上(shang)尊謚記文(wen)(wen)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)、御(yu)賜(si)祭文(wen)(wen)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)和御(yu)賜(si)謚冊志文(wen)(wen)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)、明樓碑(bei)(bei)(bei)等(deng)九通之(zhi)多(duo),除(chu)建于棱恩殿內(nei)的加上(shang)尊謚記文(wen)(wen)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)外,率皆(jie)建有碑(bei)(bei)(bei)亭(樓),遠(yuan)非明代其它各帝(di)陵(ling)可(ke)比。
棱恩(en)門兩側精美(mei)(mei)的琉(liu)(liu)璃影壁,為(wei)(wei)(wei)明代各帝陵所無。從現存墻體看,為(wei)(wei)(wei)琉(liu)(liu)璃仿(fang)木形式,上部為(wei)(wei)(wei)瓦檐(yan),檐(yan)下是琉(liu)(liu)璃仿(fang)木構件(jian),下部為(wei)(wei)(wei)須彌座,花心正(zheng)面為(wei)(wei)(wei)瓊花圖案,背面為(wei)(wei)(wei)雙龍圖案,其做工非常精美(mei)(mei)。
作為(wei)獨立的(de)(de)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區,顯(xian)(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)在(zai)(zai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區周(zhou)圍(wei)(wei)建有(you)高墻(qiang),與陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宮區圍(wei)(wei)墻(qiang)相對,分別稱為(wei)外羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)和內羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)。顯(xian)(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)增(zeng)筑系仿(fang)天(tian)壽山(shan)七(qi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)之(zhi)制,而(er)此七(qi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)只有(you)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宮區圍(wei)(wei)墻(qiang),每座陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢并無單(dan)獨的(de)(de)外羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng),只是在(zai)(zai)天(tian)壽山(shan)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區周(zhou)圍(wei)(wei)建有(you)防衛森嚴(yan)的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)。顯(xian)(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)之(zhi)后,世宗在(zai)(zai)為(wei)自己(ji)修建永陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)時候,在(zai)(zai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宮區圍(wei)(wei)墻(qiang)之(zhi)外,加建了(le)外羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)一道,并為(wei)后世的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)所仿(fang)效,形成了(le)獨特(te)的(de)(de)帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)制度。因此,可以說顯(xian)(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)外羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)是永陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、定(ding)(ding)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)外羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)先聲。
御溝(gou),以(yi)其形(xing)式(shi)明確結合風水意向(xiang)的(de)(de)“彎曲(qu)有形(xing)”,被當地稱為“九曲(qu)河”,是顯陵(ling)陵(ling)區的(de)(de)主(zhu)要排(pai)(pai)水設(she)施(shi)。雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)明代各陵(ling)都非常重視陵(ling)區的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)水、泄洪(hong),開挖(wa)或利用天(tian)然(ran)(ran)河流形(xing)成御溝(gou),然(ran)(ran)而顯陵(ling)御溝(gou)以(yi)其排(pai)(pai)水體系之(zhi)完(wan)善、體現風水理論之(zhi)完(wan)美,與前七(qi)陵(ling)形(xing)成顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)區別(bie),成為顯陵(ling)文(wen)物特色和(he)旅(lv)游資源中的(de)(de)重要內(nei)容。
在(zai)顯(xian)陵(ling)的(de)(de)規劃布局(ju)中(zhong),可能(neng)與睿宗和世宗篤信道(dao)教有關(guan),按風(feng)水意(yi)向設(she)計(ji)了內(nei)(nei)、外(wai)明(ming)塘(tang)。“明(ming)塘(tang)”取(qu)“明(ming)堂(tang)(tang)”諧音,明(ming)堂(tang)(tang)是(shi)風(feng)水理論中(zhong)的(de)(de)重要概(gai)念,原意(yi)為(wei)(wei)陵(ling)區內(nei)(nei)部開闊的(de)(de)空地,靠(kao)近核心——“穴”的(de)(de),為(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)明(ming)堂(tang)(tang),不宜太寬(kuan)闊,可“藏風(feng)聚氣”;靠(kao)近外(wai)圍的(de)(de),為(wei)(wei)外(wai)明(ming)堂(tang)(tang),要寬(kuan)闊而忌狹窄,以(yi)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)久發展之計(ji)。內(nei)(nei)明(ming)堂(tang)(tang)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)在(zai)棱恩門前,在(zai)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)開闊的(de)(de)廣場中(zhong)凡設(she)置(zhi)一池塘(tang),《興都志》與《承(cheng)天大志》記載均稱作(zuo)“內(nei)(nei)明(ming)塘(tang)”。在(zai)中(zhong)軸(zhou)線上舊紅門以(yi)南,還(huan)有一外(wai)外(wai)明(ming)塘(tang)。內(nei)(nei)、外(wai)明(ming)塘(tang)的(de)(de)建置(zhi)為(wei)(wei)天壽山(shan)各(ge)陵(ling)所無(wu),同時也是(shi)現在(zai)已知明(ming)代陵(ling)寢中(zhong)的(de)(de)孤(gu)例。
顯(xian)陵是明代帝陵中整體(ti)保留(liu)神(shen)路龍(long)鱗具體(ti)做法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)陵寢。中間鋪筑(zhu)石(shi)板(ban),謂之“龍(long)脊”,兩側以鵝卵石(shi)填充(chong),謂之“龍(long)鱗”,外邊再以牙子石(shi)收束(shu),總稱為(wei)“龍(long)鱗道(dao)”。這種做法(fa)(fa)既(ji)能滿足(zu)陵寢建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能需求,又(you)經濟可行,充(chong)分(fen)顯(xian)示了古人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)智慧,同時(shi)也為(wei)明代其(qi)它陵被神(shen)路的(de)(de)(de)復原提供了實(shi)物依據。
新紅(hong)門(men)為(wei)(wei)外(wai)羅城的(de)(de)門(men)戶,是顯陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區入(ru)口(kou)的(de)(de)標志,也(ye)是顯陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)由王墓擴建(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)重要標志之(zhi)一。與(yu)之(zhi)相(xiang)對(dui)應是舊紅(hong)門(men),舊紅(hong)門(men)是顯陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)王墓時的(de)(de)門(men)戶。最為(wei)(wei)獨特的(de)(de)是,新舊兩重紅(hong)門(men)不在(zai)一條(tiao)中(zhong)軸(zhou)線上,這(zhe)在(zai)中(zhong)國古代(dai)傳統建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)是很少(shao)見(jian)的(de)(de),但同(tong)時它也(ye)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國明代(dai)“陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)制(zhi)當與(yu)山水相(xiang)稱”的(de)(de)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)文化(hua)的(de)(de)成(cheng)功范(fan)例。
鐘(zhong)祥(xiang)市內6路公(gong)交直達(da),從(cong)長途汽(qi)(qi)車站(zhan)可先步行(xing)至(zhi)承天東路乘坐(zuo),。武漢市內各長途汽(qi)(qi)車站(zhan)都有高速大(da)巴直達(da)鐘(zhong)祥(xiang),票價約(yue)50-60元/人,行(xing)駛時間(jian)3.5-4小時,在鐘(zhong)祥(xiang)轉巴士便可至(zhi)顯陵(ling)。
1、襄(陽(yang))荊(jing)(州)高速(su)公路(lu)(二(er)廣高速(su)),從襄陽(yang)方向出發(fa)經(jing)陳安收費站駛入景區(qu)約40分鐘(zhong)(zhong),從荊(jing)州方向出發(fa)經(jing)鐘(zhong)(zhong)祥出口駛入景區(qu)約45分鐘(zhong)(zhong)。
2、武(漢)至荊(jing)(門)高(gao)(gao)速(su)公(gong)路(滬蓉高(gao)(gao)速(su)),從(cong)武漢出發約需(xu)1個半小時,經(jing)鐘祥收費站駛入景區約18公(gong)里。
明顯陵(ling)(ling)位于(yu)湖北省鐘祥市城東北5公里的純(chun)德山上,地(di)處北緯31°12′20″-31°13′00″,東經112°37′50″-112°38′09″之間。圍陵(ling)(ling)面積183.13公頃(qing),整個陵(ling)(ling)園雙(shuang)城封(feng)建(jian),其(qi)外羅城周長3600余(yu)米,蜿蜒起伏(fu)于(yu)山巒疊障之中。
明顯(xian)陵所在的鐘祥(xiang)市屬北亞熱(re)帶(dai)季(ji)(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)區,具有(you)(you)四季(ji)(ji)分明、雨熱(re)共享、陽光(guang)充(chong)足(zu)、雨量(liang)充(chong)沛、無霜期長(chang)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)溫和等(deng)特(te)點,處在湖北省(sheng)東西氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)過渡(du)帶(dai)(東經112°),臨近南北氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)過渡(du)帶(dai)(北緯31°),春季(ji)(ji)冷暖交替,早春氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫回升(sheng)緩慢,春寒退(tui)得較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)遲;夏季(ji)(ji)梅雨較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多,間(jian)有(you)(you)短時(shi)酷熱(re)和伏旱;秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)天時(shi)有(you)(you)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)旱和陰雨相間(jian)出現,有(you)(you)時(shi)秋(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)寒來得較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)早;冬季(ji)(ji)雨雪較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少(shao),嚴寒期短,常(chang)年多有(you)(you)干旱、漬澇、龍卷風等(deng)災害性天氣(qi)(qi)(qi)出現。