燕(yan)(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)又名(ming)燕(yan)(yan)谷(gu)園(yuan)(yuan),位于常熟古城區新(xin)峰巷(xiang),至今已有(you)220多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史,是(shi)常熟古典園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)中(zhong)存世時間(jian)長、格局保(bao)存為完整的私家園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)之一(yi),2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)入選第(di)七批(pi)全國重(zhong)(zhong)點文物保(bao)護單(dan)位名(ming)單(dan)。燕(yan)(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)自(zi)1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)起陸(lu)續修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)(fu),當年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)對(dui)園(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)三嬋娟室、佇秋簃等(deng)景(jing)點按原有(you)布局進(jin)行了重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian),于1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)上(shang)半年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)竣(jun)工(gong)并對(dui)外開放。1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)6月,燕(yan)(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)實施(shi)第(di)二期修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)(fu)工(gong)程,于2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月竣(jun)工(gong),歷時3年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),共投(tou)資200萬元,對(dui)燕(yan)(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)16景(jing)中(zhong)的五芝堂、賞詩閣(ge)(ge)、天際歸舟(zhou)等(deng)12景(jing)進(jin)行修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)(fu),得以重(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)。2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)3月起,又將燕(yan)(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)十愿(yuan)樓、冬(dong)榮老屋、一(yi)希瓦閣(ge)(ge)、竹里行櫥四(si)景(jing)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)(fu),主要恢(hui)(hui)復(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)筑面積376平(ping)方米。建(jian)筑風貌和原先保(bao)持一(yi)致,充分體現(xian)江(jiang)南(nan)私家園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的雅(ya)致和精巧。同時對(dui)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的花(hua)木進(jin)行恢(hui)(hui)復(fu)(fu)(fu)種(zhong)植,重(zhong)(zhong)現(xian)昔日精巧絕妙的園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)藝術風采。
燕園占(zhan)地(di)4畝多,地(di)形狹長,劃分為(wei)三(san)區(qu)。入(ru)(ru)門為(wei)一區(qu),利用直(西(xi)側長廊(lang)(lang))橫兩廊(lang)(lang)以及(ji)其后的山(shan)(shan)石(shi),造成園景(jing)隱約幽深(shen)(shen),使人(ren)入(ru)(ru)園有(you)深(shen)(shen)邃不可(ke)測之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感(gan)。東折(zhe)小園一方,有(you)荷花池,“七十(shi)二石(shi)猴”假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan),山(shan)(shan)石(shi)嶙峋(xun),別有(you)天地(di)。尤可(ke)取的是從綠轉廊(lang)(lang)經小橋導入(ru)(ru)山(shan)(shan)南(nan)的童初仙隔(ge),兩處(chu)(chu)遙(yao)望(wang),則(ze)覺(jue)庭院深(shen)(shen)深(shen)(shen),空間(jian)莫測。假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東有(you)高(gao)低錯(cuo)落(luo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)磚梯與修竹(zhu)構成“詩境”,由此北入(ru)(ru)賞詩閣,再(zai)進為(wei)臨水石(shi)船(chuan),名曰“天際(ji)歸舟(zhou)”。五芝堂(tang)后為(wei)第三(san)區(qu),是園主(zhu)人(ren)生活居(ju)住(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)(chu),中亦用假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)與五芝堂(tang)相隔(ge)。
園內有“五(wu)芝堂”、“賞詩閣(ge)”、“三嬋娟(juan)室(shi)”、“天際歸(gui)舟”、“童初仙館”、“詩境”、“燕(yan)谷”、“引勝巖”、“過(guo)云橋”、“綠轉廊”、“佇秋(qiu)”、“冬榮(rong)老屋”、“竹里行廚”、“夢青蓮花庵(an)”、“一希閣(ge)”、“十樓”,乃有“燕(yan)園”十六景之美譽(yu)
燕園花(hua)木景觀豐富,園中除有古廣玉蘭、梧桐(tong)、石(shi)榴和五針松、垂絲(si)海(hai)棠、紫薇、羅漢松等外(wai),還有牡丹種植(zhi)亦盛。燕園于晚清時即(ji)以牡丹種植(zhi),品(pin)類(lei)著稱而聞名,可見名花(hua)珍木亦為此園之勝,與園中名山(shan)清池、亭臺樓(lou)閣、曲院深廊相映增輝(hui),構成獨具特色,意境無限的名園勝景。
燕園于1982年3月被(bei)列為省級文物保(bao)護單位。
燕園坐落在常熟城區辛峰(feng)巷內,東鄰炳靈公(gong)殿,南(nan)臨辛峰(feng)巷,西為民居區,其北(bei)原有五弦河(已(yi)湮沒)。
該(gai)園原為(wei)清乾隆東(dong)閣大學士蔣(jiang)溥之(zhi)子(zi)、臺灣(wan)知府蔣(jiang)元樞所建(jian),園西即為(wei)蔣(jiang)元樞從(cong)父蔣(jiang)洄舊宅。乾隆四十五年(1780年),時任(ren)福(fu)建(jian)臺澎觀察使兼學政的蔣(jiang)元樞,渡海遇險,回常熟后,即在蔣(jiang)府舊宅東(dong)側辟建(jian)園林,并供(gong)海神天(tian)妃于其中,名為(wei)蔣(jiang)園。
蔣元樞因(yin)其父親(qin)蔣溥(pu)與(yu)祖父蔣廷(ting)錫均任過內閣大學(xue)士,家(jia)世豪富,筑園極其精良,如窗欞、欄檻等都用名(ming)貴的(de)紫檀、楠木(mu)雕刻而成(cheng)。
此(ci)園(yuan)(yuan)后(hou)被其(qi)長(chang)子繼煃賭博輸卻。道光九年(1829年),為其(qi)族(zu)侄、泰(tai)安縣令蔣因培(號伯生)出資購(gou)得(de),大(da)加修葺增飾(shi),并請(qing)戈裕良用本邑虞山黃石在園(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)部疊成假山一(yi)(yi)座,取名(ming)“燕(yan)(yan)(yan)谷(gu)”。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)谷(gu)如真(zhen)山幽谷(gu)一(yi)(yi)般,巧奪(duo)天工且洞壑(he)中(zhong)有(you)清澈的池水,園(yuan)(yuan)名(ming)于(yu)是(shi)大(da)著(zhu),園(yuan)(yuan)亦因此(ci)更名(ming)“燕(yan)(yan)(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)”,又名(ming)“燕(yan)(yan)(yan)谷(gu)園(yuan)(yuan)”。
道光二十七年(nian)(1847年(nian)),園(yuan)為邑人(ren)知縣歸子瑾購得(de)。光緒年(nian)間,燕園(yuan)重(zhong)歸蔣家(jia),元樞玄孫鴻逵重(zhong)得(de),其所著《吾好廬(lu)詩抄》中“園(yuan)林逢(feng)舊主”是(shi)為實(shi)指。
時至晚(wan)清(qing)(qing),燕(yan)園于1908年為曾任光緒外務部郎中張(zhang)鴻購得(de),故又稱張(zhang)園,張(zhang)鴻且自號“燕(yan)谷老(lao)人”。張(zhang)氏著(zhu)述(shu)多種,所(suo)撰反映晚(wan)清(qing)(qing)史實的文學名著(zhu)《續孽海花》即在此園完成。
建國后,燕園(yuan)(yuan)先后為(wei)市(縣)公安局、文(wen)化館、皮革廠等單位使用(yong)。1982年(nian)(nian)公布為(wei)江蘇省文(wen)物保護單位。同年(nian)(nian)根(gen)據(ju)常(chang)熟城市總體規劃,市皮革廠開(kai)始(shi)動(dong)遷其在該園(yuan)(yuan)所(suo)建的(de)部分用(yong)房,并即由市基建局(1985年(nian)(nian)改為(wei)市建設委(wei)員會)主持組織園(yuan)(yuan)林處陸(lu)續進(jin)行修(xiu)復,目前,已大部完成。
燕園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)占地4畝多(duo),地形(xing)狹(xia)長,劃(hua)分(fen)為三區。入(ru)門為一區,利(li)用直(西(xi)側(ce)長廊(lang))橫兩廊(lang)以及(ji)其后的(de)山石(shi)(shi),造成園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)景隱約幽深(shen),使人入(ru)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)深(shen)邃不可(ke)測(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)感。東折小(xiao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一方,有(you)荷花池,“七十(shi)二石(shi)(shi)猴(hou)”假山,山石(shi)(shi)嶙峋,別(bie)有(you)天地。尤(you)可(ke)取的(de)是從綠轉廊(lang)經小(xiao)橋導入(ru)山南的(de)童初仙(xian)(xian)隔(ge),兩處(chu)遙望,則覺庭院深(shen)深(shen),空間莫測(ce)。假山之(zhi)(zhi)東有(you)高低錯落(luo)之(zhi)(zhi)磚梯與(yu)修(xiu)竹構成“詩(shi)境”,由此北入(ru)賞詩(shi)閣,再進為臨水石(shi)(shi)船(chuan),名曰“天際歸舟”。五芝堂后為第三區,是園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)人生活居住之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu),中亦用假山與(yu)五芝堂相隔(ge)。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內有(you)“五芝堂”、“賞詩(shi)閣”、“三嬋娟室”、“天際歸舟”、“童初仙(xian)(xian)館”、“詩(shi)境”、“燕谷”、“引勝巖”、“過云(yun)橋”、“綠轉廊(lang)”、“佇秋(qiu)”、“冬榮老屋”、“竹里行廚”、“夢(meng)青蓮花庵”、“一希(xi)閣”、“十(shi)樓”,乃有(you)“燕園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”十(shi)六景之(zhi)(zhi)美譽。
常熟為(wei)倚(yi)山之(zhi)城(cheng)。燕(yan)園(yuan)地(di)處深僻小巷,臨(lin)近間有(you)(you)高(gao)墻,其借景虞山之(zhi)法,別具匠心。即在園(yuan)內建賞詩閣等高(gao)閣,使(shi)其背東(dong)面西(xi),以(yi)西(xi)借虞山,登高(gao)憑欄(lan)遠眺,收納(na)虞山無(wu)限風(feng)光,使(shi)有(you)(you)限的空間變成了無(wu)限的空間,俯身下瞰,則(ze)幽谷(gu)深澗(jian),秀(xiu)木(mu)繁蔭(yin),池水曲折,清流蜿蜒與(yu)虞山相呼應。1982年3月公布(bu)為(wei)省文物保護單位。“燕(yan)谷(gu)”,其峻險(xian)清奇(qi),與(yu)蘇(su)州“環秀(xiu)山莊”、揚州“小盤谷(gu)”、如皋“文園(yuan)”相頡頏,為(wei)園(yuan)藝家(jia)所(suo)贊賞。
燕(yan)園占地約(yue)四畝余,平面呈狹(xia)長(chang)(chang)形,南北(bei)長(chang)(chang)而東西較狹(xia),布局獨(du)運(yun)匠心,空(kong)間組合劃分靈活(huo)而富有變化(hua),曲(qu)折(zhe)得宜(yi),別具一格。
全園(yuan)總體可(ke)劃分為(wei)三區(qu)。入(ru)(ru)園(yuan)門至(zhi)東西(xi)橫廊(lang)(lang)(lang)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)區(qu),利用(yong)園(yuan)西(xi)長廊(lang)(lang)(lang)和東西(xi)橫廊(lang)(lang)(lang)前(qian)庭院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中叢叢翠竹,掩隱(yin)其后園(yuan)景(jing)色,使人產生空間幽邃、深莫能測之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感。該(gai)區(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東又巧辟小(xiao)園(yuan)一(yi)(yi)方(fang),北(bei)(bei)為(wei)鴛鴦(yang)式四面廳“三嬋娟室(shi)”,原有(you)(you)蔣(jiang)因培題匾。張豐玉《瓶花廬(lu)詩(shi)(shi)詞抄》中有(you)(you)關此園(yuan)圖(tu)題句云(yun):“新竹幽而(er)靜(jing),新柳(liu)嬌且妍(yan),新月一(yi)(yi)笑來(lai),成此三嬋娟,傲他林處(chu)士,獨(du)抱梅花眠”。道出(chu)此室(shi)名之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you)(you)來(lai)。室(shi)前(qian)有(you)(you)荷(he)花池(chi),池(chi)水(shui)曲折逶迤。池(chi)旁假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)聳立,怪石嶙峋,狀如群猴匯集(ji),奔、跳、臥、立,姿態(tai)各異,形(xing)(xing)象生動,別具情(qing)趣,因名“七(qi)十(shi)二(er)石猴”。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)間植白皮(pi)松一(yi)(yi)株,高(gao)達(da)數(shu)丈,蒼勁挺(ting)拔(ba),虬枝曲屈,氣勢雄偉,是為(wei)珍(zhen)品。由(you)(you)庭院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)而(er)至(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林池(chi)水(shui),極盡空間轉換變化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勝。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)南置(zhi)“童初仙館”,館內為(wei)書齋四間,布局(ju)順(shun)應(ying)自(zi)然(ran)地形(xing)(xing),由(you)(you)園(yuan)東臨(lin)池(chi)短廊(lang)(lang)(lang)與小(xiao)橋導入(ru)(ru),曲折幽靜(jing),饒(rao)有(you)(you)趣味。“三嬋娟室(shi)”東側(ce)為(wei)兩層建筑“夢青蓮花庵”,登小(xiao)樓(lou)可(ke)遠眺虞山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)風光。由(you)(you)東西(xi)橫廊(lang)(lang)(lang)至(zhi)“五(wu)芝(zhi)(zhi)堂(tang)”為(wei)第二(er)區(qu),五(wu)芝(zhi)(zhi)堂(tang)為(wei)昔日園(yuan)主(zhu)人迎會親友(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所,在堂(tang)前(qian)置(zhi)“燕谷”假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo),咫尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林,奇特(te),引(yin)人入(ru)(ru)勝,而(er)假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東沿院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang)又有(you)(you)以高(gao)低錯落之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)道與修竹構(gou)成的“詩(shi)(shi)境”,引(yin)人遐想,興(xing)味無(wu)窮。由(you)(you)此順(shun)廊(lang)(lang)(lang)道可(ke)北(bei)(bei)入(ru)(ru)“賞詩(shi)(shi)閣(ge)”,出(chu)閣(ge)下山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),可(ke)至(zhi)名曰“天(tian)際歸舟”的臨(lin)水(shui)旱舫,人移景(jing)換,組合巧妙,使該(gai)區(qu)以“燕谷”為(wei)主(zhu)體之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)園(yuan)景(jing),曲折多變,新意迭出(chu),堪稱(cheng)佳(jia)絕。假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)長廊(lang)(lang)(lang)逶迤,沿園(yuan)西(xi)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang)貫通全園(yuan)南北(bei)(bei),直(zhi)抵五(wu)芝(zhi)(zhi)堂(tang),廊(lang)(lang)(lang)中部(bu)置(zhi)半亭(ting)名“亻寧秋(qiu)?”。人在廊(lang)(lang)(lang)中游(you),園(yuan)景(jing)猶如連續畫卷(juan),美不勝收。五(wu)芝(zhi)(zhi)堂(tang)后至(zhi)園(yuan)后門則為(wei)第三區(qu),西(xi)為(wei)“冬榮老屋”,東側(ce)小(xiao)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),建有(you)(you)“一(yi)(yi)希瓦閣(ge)”、“十(shi)愿(yuan)樓(lou)”,該(gai)區(qu)為(wei)園(yuan)主(zhu)人日常生活起居之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)。
清人錢泳《履(lv)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)叢話(hua)(hua)》中記有:“蔣園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),臺(tai)灣(wan)知府蔣元樞構(gou)(gou)。后(hou)五(wu)十(shi)年(nian),其(qi)(qi)族子蔣伯生得之(zhi)(zhi),倩晉陵戈(ge)裕(yu)良疊石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)堆,稱燕(yan)谷(gu),園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)名燕(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,“園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)甚小(xiao)(xiao),而曲折得宜,結(jie)構(gou)(gou)有法(fa),余每(mei)入城亦(yi)時寓也(ye)。”戈(ge)氏之(zhi)(zhi)前,疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)置(zhi)洞(dong)(dong),洞(dong)(dong)頂(ding)均用“石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)梁平(ping)頂(ding)法(fa)”構(gou)(gou)筑,即以條石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)架于(yu)兩側山(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)上,以為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)洞(dong)(dong)頂(ding)承重維系,雖(sui)亦(yi)有佳妙(miao)(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)構(gou)(gou),但(dan)終(zhong)不免為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陳套。至戈(ge)氏始(shi)創“鉤(gou)帶(dai)法(fa)”,將(jiang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)拱橋構(gou)(gou)筑橋洞(dong)(dong)的(de)原理,巧妙(miao)(miao)運用于(yu)堆疊假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)(dong)壑上,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)突破,由此,將(jiang)疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)工(gong)藝提高(gao)到一(yi)(yi)(yi)個新的(de)高(gao)度(du)。錢泳在《履(lv)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)叢話(hua)(hua)》中記述其(qi)(qi)與(yu)戈(ge)氏論及堆疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)(dong)不用條石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)易于(yu)傾頹(tui)時,“戈(ge)曰(yue):‘只將(jiang)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉤(gou)帶(dai)聯絡,如(ru)(ru)造環(huan)橋法(fa),可以千年(nian)不壞。要如(ru)(ru)真(zhen)山(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)(dong)壑一(yi)(yi)(yi)般,然(ran)后(hou)方(fang)稱能事(shi)’。余始(shi)服其(qi)(qi)言。”加之(zhi)(zhi),戈(ge)裕(yu)良堆疊燕(yan)谷(gu)時,以虞山(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)藍本,純用本山(shan)(shan)(shan)黃石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi),故(gu)極逼(bi)真(zhen),而又運石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)筆,變化萬端,山(shan)(shan)(shan)以大(da)塊石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)骨(gu),小(xiao)(xiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)補(bu)綴,拼鋃對(dui)縫(feng),不假(jia)(jia)外力,且山(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紋理、色彩,相接自然(ran)、和諧,復(fu)又于(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)南(nan)置(zhi)澗水一(yi)(yi)(yi)泓,蜿流(liu)入洞(dong)(dong),渾(hun)然(ran)一(yi)(yi)(yi)體,實(shi)有巧奪天(tian)工(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)妙(miao)(miao),堪稱開(kai)我國(guo)造園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)史上一(yi)(yi)(yi)代新風(feng)。故(gu)錢泳評(ping)及“其(qi)(qi)堆法(fa)尤勝于(yu)諸家”,而為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)世(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶家高(gao)度(du)贊(zan)賞。戈(ge)氏作品除燕(yan)谷(gu)外,尚有蘇(su)州(zhou)環(huan)秀山(shan)(shan)(shan)莊(zhuang)、虎丘一(yi)(yi)(yi)榭園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、揚州(zhou)意園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan) 小(xiao)(xiao)盤谷(gu)、如(ru)(ru)皋文(wen)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、儀征樸園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、江寧(ning)五(wu)松園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)等(deng),今(jin)唯燕(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)環(huan)秀山(shan)(shan)(shan)莊(zhuang)兩處尚存,殊為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)珍貴。
自北山(shan)(shan)磴道而上,山(shan)(shan)巔(dian)植(zhi)樹栽(zai)竹,宛若天(tian)生,就中原有“五針(zhen)(zhen)松(song)(song)”一本,高不尋(xun)丈,而虬枝曲(qu)屈,倍添(tian)情趣。據張鴻(hong)《燕谷(gu)漫興》詩:“手(shou)植(zhi)東來二尺松(song)(song),十年(nian)已見萬針(zhen)(zhen)濃”句(ju),可(ke)知此五針(zhen)(zhen)松(song)(song)為張鴻(hong)出使日本時攜回(hui)所植(zhi),惜(xi)已于(yu)1982年(nian)枯萎。今(jin)在原址重新(xin)補植(zhi)。沿山(shan)(shan)向東攀行即達燕谷(gu)峰巒處(chu)——“引勝巖”,宛如置身虞山(shan)(shan)劍門,是為攬勝高潮。
燕園(yuan)自蔣元(yuan)樞始建時,有“三(san)嬋娟(juan)室”、“童初仙(xian)館(guan)”、“七十二(er)石猴”等(deng)名構勝景。
蔣因培增修燕園后,在其《烏目山房詩(shi)集》中(zhong)題有:“錢松(song)壺為(wei)余作燕園圖十(shi)六(liu)幀,書此(ci)(ci)奉酬”。從(cong)此(ci)(ci),乃有“燕園十(shi)六(liu)景(jing)(jing)”之美譽(yu)。但該詩(shi)集未具體(ti)談及(ji)園景(jing)(jing)內(nei)容,今據張(zhang)豐玉《瓶花廬(lu)詩(shi)詞抄》中(zhong)“題伯生(sheng)丈燕園圖”提到十(shi)四景(jing)(jing),即:1.五芝堂(tang);2.賞(shang)詩(shi)閣;3.三(san)嬋(chan)娟室;4.天際歸(gui)舟;5.童初仙館;6.詩(shi)境(jing);7.燕谷;8.引勝(sheng)(sheng)巖;9.過云橋;10.夢青蓮花庵;11.綠轉廊;12.亻寧(ning)秋(qiu)?;13.冬榮(rong)老屋;14.竹里行(xing)廚。又(you)據光緒《常昭(zhao)合志稿》記(ji)載(zai),燕園有一希瓦閣、十(shi)愿樓(lou)、詩(shi)境(jing)、梅(mei)屋諸名勝(sheng)(sheng)。此(ci)(ci)說和張(zhang)豐玉所述(shu)對(dui)照(zhao)除重復者外,加一希瓦閣、十(shi)愿樓(lou)即為(wei)十(shi)六(liu)景(jing)(jing)。
燕園(yuan)(yuan)歷史上為園(yuan)(yuan)主與(yu)文人雅集(ji)之地,“賞詩閣”中曾羅(luo)列朝野(ye)名(ming)(ming)流詩章(zhang),如清代名(ming)(ming)人阮元、郭鹿各、錢(qian)泳等吟(yin)賞唱和之作皆羅(luo)列其中,益使園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)增色。昔園(yuan)(yuan)中有(you)清人(佚名(ming)(ming))集(ji)蔣因(yin)培詩句(ju)所撰楹聯(lian)曰:“虬橋樹(shu)合(he)樓(lou)對峙(zhi);燕谷天開澗半彎。”書(shu)齋有(you)蔣因(yin)培撰聯(lian):“熟讀(du)離騷,便可稱名(ming)(ming)士;涉獵傳記(ji),不能為醇儒。”
燕(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)花木(mu)景(jing)觀(guan)豐富。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中除(chu)現(xian)有白(bai)皮松、廣玉(yu)蘭外,昔有桂(gui)樹、辛(xin)夷、紫(zi)藤、修竹、梧桐、柳樹等,池(chi)中植以荷花。晚清更有牡丹(dan)種植極盛,品類繁多。燕(yan)谷(gu)老人張鴻(hong)在其(qi)《蠻巢(chao)詩詞稿》中,即有《燕(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)種牡丹(dan)》、《燕(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)牡丹(dan)藤花盛開(kai)和(he)李敬輿韻(yun)》等詩記(ji)盛。本邑詩人楊無恙,曾有《謝張?隱丈摘(zhai)贈魏紫(zi)》詩,著意(yi)描繪(hui)了燕(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內種植的(de)“姚黃”、“魏紫(zi)”等牡丹(dan)珍(zhen)品(惜(xi)后為日(ri)寇摧殘(can)以盡),可見(jian)名花珍(zhen)木(mu)亦為此園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之勝。
燕(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)歷史(shi)地位(wei)與(yu)(yu)價值(zhi)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要,國(guo)(guo)內著(zhu)名園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)專家來此(ci)考察(cha)研究后均予以高度(du)贊賞。早(zao)在本世紀(ji)三(san)十(shi)年(nian)代(dai)初,著(zhu)名建筑(zhu)師童寯(jun)先生即曾專門考察(cha)過燕(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),記(ji)述和評價于《江南園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)志(zhi)》一書,并(bing)附有(you)(you)(you)(you)部分(fen)照片及現場估測平(ping)面(mian)布(bu)局(ju)(ju)圖。1958年(nian)同濟(ji)大學陳從周(zhou)(zhou)教授來常(chang)調研后所(suo)著(zhu)《常(chang)熟園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)》一文(wen)中,又對燕(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)布(bu)局(ju)(ju)詳(xiang)加分(fen)析研究,高度(du)評價其造(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)藝(yi)術特色(se)與(yu)(yu)成(cheng)就,并(bing)附有(you)(you)(you)(you)詳(xiang)細測量的(de)燕(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)布(bu)局(ju)(ju)平(ping)面(mian)圖,可(ke)看出(chu)建國(guo)(guo)初燕(yan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)除(chu)賞詩(shi)閣、綠轉廊、天(tian)際歸舟旱船(chuan)僅余遺址外,其余均保存(cun)較(jiao)(jiao)好。此(ci)后至1982年(nian)交由(you)市基建局(ju)(ju)開始整修(xiu)前的(de)二十(shi)多年(nian)中,園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中童初仙館、夢(meng)青蓮花庵(an)、三(san)嬋娟室、亻寧(ning)秋?、一瓻(chi)閣、十(shi)愿樓、冬榮老屋(wu)等(deng),有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)因破損較(jiao)(jiao)重(zhong)(zhong)已被使用(yong)單(dan)位(wei)拆(chai)除(chu),有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)被后來工(gong)廠改建作他用(yong),燕(yan)谷東部的(de)部分(fen)假山亦被工(gong)廠拆(chai)去,余有(you)(you)(you)(you)門屋(wu)、西長廊、五芝堂尚存(cun),破損較(jiao)(jiao)重(zhong)(zhong)。但該園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)體即燕(yan)谷與(yu)(yu)“七十(shi)二石猴”兩處假山保存(cun)尚好,藝(yi)術價值(zhi)很(hen)高。全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)格局(ju)(ju)保存(cun)尚完(wan)整。周(zhou)(zhou)圍古建筑(zhu)亦存(cun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)平(ping)面(mian)圖與(yu)(yu)遺跡,也可(ke)修(xiu)復。
燕園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)此修(xiu)(xiu)復工(gong)(gong)程于1998年6月開始,依次(ci)按原(yuan)樣落地翻(fan)建(jian)(jian)了(le)五芝堂(tang)(tang)與(yu)(yu)門(men)屋(已(yi)均屬(shu)結(jie)構危(wei)房);在原(yuan)址重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)了(le)童(tong)初仙館(guan)、夢青(qing)(qing)蓮(lian)花庵;翻(fan)建(jian)(jian)三嬋娟室(shi)前臨池廊橋;整修(xiu)(xiu)“七十(shi)二石猴”湖石假(jia)(jia)山(shan)與(yu)(yu)山(shan)間小徑,重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)假(jia)(jia)山(shan)前環池疊石,并整修(xiu)(xiu)恢(hui)復新發現的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)側(ce)山(shan)洞;重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)了(le)燕谷過(guo)云橋東部(bu)假(jia)(jia)山(shan),并整理(li)了(le)西(xi)部(bu)假(jia)(jia)山(shan)北(bei)側(ce)山(shan)體;重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)了(le)賞詩閣(ge)及與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)相通的(de)(de)(de)綠轉廊與(yu)(yu)詩境(jing)景(jing)(jing)點;重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)了(le)天際歸(gui)舟旱船(chuan)與(yu)(yu)船(chuan)前水池;重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)完成(cheng)了(le)東園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)墻、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內各類鋪(pu)地與(yu)(yu)主(zhu)次(ci)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路的(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)裝工(gong)(gong)作;落地翻(fan)建(jian)(jian)了(le)南園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)墻與(yu)(yu)大門(men),并在大門(men)上方嵌置拓自燕谷老人張鴻手(shou)跡的(de)(de)(de)“燕園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”磚刻門(men)額。2000年7月竣工(gong)(gong),燕園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有五芝堂(tang)(tang)、賞詩閣(ge)、三嬋娟室(shi)、天際歸(gui)舟、童(tong)初仙館(guan)、詩境(jing)、燕谷、引勝巖、過(guo)云橋、夢青(qing)(qing)蓮(lian)花庵、綠轉廊、佇秋等十(shi)二景(jing)(jing)修(xiu)(xiu)復。尚有一瓻閣(ge)、十(shi)愿樓、冬榮老屋與(yu)(yu)竹里行廚景(jing)(jing)觀(guan),需待后園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)已(yi)遷工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)車間拆(chai)除(chu)后再行修(xiu)(xiu)復,全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)體已(yi)基本恢(hui)復歷(li)史(shi)原(yuan)貌(mao),使(shi)昔日(ri)精巧絕妙的(de)(de)(de)造(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)藝術風采重(zhong)(zhong)現。