蘇(su)州(zhou)雞(ji)頭(tou)米又稱(cheng)蘇(su)芡,是芡實(shi)的一種,水(shui)八(ba)仙之一,原產地在蘇(su)州(zhou)的芡實(shi)稱(cheng)為蘇(su)芡,睡蓮科水(shui)生(sheng)草(cao)本植(zhi)物芡Euryale ferox Salisb 的種仁,分新鮮和干(gan)米兩種成品,又稱(cheng)雞(ji)頭(tou)米、水(shui)雞(ji)頭(tou)、雞(ji)頭(tou)苞、雞(ji)嘴(zui)蓮、刺蓮蓬(peng)實(shi)。
外形
一年生(sheng)大型水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)草(cao)本(ben)。沉水(shui)(shui)葉箭形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或橢圓腎形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長5~10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),兩(liang)面無(wu)刺(ci);葉柄(bing)無(wu)刺(ci);浮水(shui)(shui)葉革(ge)質,橢圓腎形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑(jing)10~130厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),盾(dun)狀,有(you)或無(wu)彎缺,全緣(yuan),下面帶(dai)紫(zi)(zi)色,有(you)短(duan)柔毛(mao),兩(liang)面在(zai)葉脈分(fen)枝(zhi)處有(you)銳刺(ci);葉柄(bing)及花(hua)梗粗壯,長可(ke)達(da)25厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),皆有(you)硬刺(ci)。花(hua)長約5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);萼片(pian)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長1~1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),內面紫(zi)(zi)色,外(wai)面密(mi)生(sheng)稍彎硬刺(ci);花(hua)瓣(ban)矩圓披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長1.5~2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),紫(zi)(zi)紅色,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數輪排列,向內漸變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)雄蕊;無(wu)花(hua)柱,柱頭紅色,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)凹入的(de)柱頭盤(pan)。漿果球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑(jing)3~5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),污(wu)紫(zi)(zi)紅色,外(wai)面密(mi)生(sheng)硬刺(ci);種(zhong)子球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑(jing)10余毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),黑(hei)色。花(hua)期7~8月,果期8~9月。為(wei)一年生(sheng)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)大型草(cao)本(ben)植物。根(gen):須根(gen),白色,長100~130cm,橫徑(jing)0.4~0.8cm,根(gen)數多,根(gen)內有(you)許多小氣道,與(yu)莖(jing)葉中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氣道相(xiang)(xiang)通。莖(jing):短(duan)縮莖(jing),節(jie)間密(mi)集(ji),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長后形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)倒圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)部分(fen)組織較充實,外(wai)圍組織較疏(shu)松,呈(cheng)海綿狀,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)氣道,與(yu)根(gen)葉中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氣道相(xiang)(xiang)通,最(zui)大莖(jing)高度(du)及其橫徑(jing)均可(ke)達(da)15~17cm。
生長環境
生于池(chi)沼湖泊中。
營養價值
蘇州雞頭米因(yin)口(kou)感軟糯香(xiang)嫩,營養(yang)價值高而聞名。每一百克(ke)(ke)(ke)雞頭米中含鈣:37毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)、核黃素:0.09毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)、磷:56毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)、尼(ni)克(ke)(ke)(ke)酸:0.4毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)、鉀(jia):60毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)、灰分(fen)(fen):0.4克(ke)(ke)(ke)、鈉:2804毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)、水分(fen)(fen):11.4克(ke)(ke)(ke)、鎂:16毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)、熱量:351千(qian)卡、鐵:0.5毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)、能量:1469千(qian)焦(jiao)、鋅:1.24、蛋白質:8.3克(ke)(ke)(ke)、硒:6.03微克(ke)(ke)(ke)、脂肪:0.3克(ke)(ke)(ke)、銅:0.63毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)、碳(tan)水化(hua)合物:79.6克(ke)(ke)(ke)、錳:1 .51毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)、膳(shan)食纖(xian)維:0.9克(ke)(ke)(ke)、硫胺素:0.3微克(ke)(ke)(ke)
市場價格
由(you)于(yu)蘇州雞(ji)頭米獨特的品種及其(qi)(qi)口(kou)感,成(cheng)為(wei)市民秋(qiu)季餐桌必備的一(yi)(yi)道食補佳品,因(yin)城市化導致良田變少(shao)因(yin)而其(qi)(qi)產量(liang)越來越少(shao),加之(zhi)其(qi)(qi)加工過(guo)程大(da)多依賴人工,至今無法被(bei)機器完全取代,供不應求,因(yin)而價(jia)格一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)居高不下(xia),而且逐年上漲,2015年零售(shou)價(jia)為(wei)120元(yuan)-150元(yuan)一(yi)(yi)斤,2016年零售(shou)價(jia)格為(wei)120元(yuan)-160元(yuan)一(yi)(yi)斤,直(zhi)徑10mm以上的大(da)顆(ke)粒甚至賣到200元(yuan)一(yi)(yi)斤以上。
真假鑒別
蘇(su)芡(qian)(qian)(qian)與芡(qian)(qian)(qian)實的區(qu)別(bie)蘇(su)芡(qian)(qian)(qian):僅在(zai)蘇(su)州及蘇(su)州周邊(bian)區(qu)域栽種,品種有(you)別(bie)與其(qi)他區(qu)域的芡(qian)(qian)(qian)實,果(guo)(guo)實大(da)而無刺,采摘手法(fa)(fa)也有(you)講究(jiu),大(da)多(duo)為手工(gong)剝殼,新(xin)鮮果(guo)(guo)肉呈嫩黃色(se),干燥果(guo)(guo)實呈米白色(se),口(kou)感(gan)軟(ruan)糯香嫩,因其(qi)加工(gong)過程暫時還(huan)無法(fa)(fa)用(yong)機器完(wan)全替代,故(gu)價(jia)格(ge)居高不下。芡(qian)(qian)(qian)實:國內很(hen)多(duo)省份均(jun)有(you)生(sheng)長,果(guo)(guo)實小而有(you)刺,僅有(you)干燥成品,果(guo)(guo)肉暗紅(hong)色(se),難以煮爛,嚼(jiao)之有(you)殘渣(zha),大(da)多(duo)為藥用(yong),或(huo)磨粉做米糊,因其(qi)價(jia)格(ge)低(di)廉(lian),故(gu)而有(you)很(hen)多(duo)不法(fa)(fa)奸商將(jiang)其(qi)磨皮冒充蘇(su)芡(qian)(qian)(qian)高價(jia)出售(shou),坑害(hai)消(xiao)費者。