梅(mei)山(shan)豬是(shi)世(shi)界上產仔數最多(duo)的(de)豬種(zhong),高產性(xing)能蜚(fei)聲世(shi)界,最高紀錄(lu)產仔33頭,享有“國寶”之(zhi)譽。 嘉定(ding)位于(yu)太湖流(liu)域(yu)地(di)處長江三角(jiao)洲平原的(de)東部,地(di)勢平坦,河流(liu)縱(zong)橫,土(tu)地(di)肥沃,水(shui)源豐富,得天獨(du)厚(hou)的(de)地(di)理環境,為飼(si)養梅(mei)山(shan)豬提供(gong)優越的(de)條件。據明嘉靖36年(nian)(公元(yuan)1557年(nian))《嘉定(ding)縣志》記載:“每歲土(tu)物之(zhi)貢,其中有肥豬”,說明嘉定(ding)早在(zai)400多(duo)年(nian)前已飼(si)養梅(mei)山(shan)豬。經過千百(bai)年(nian)的(de)選育,逐(zhu)步育成現(xian)在(zai)的(de)優良(liang)地(di)方豬種(zhong)。 嘉定(ding)梅(mei)山(shan)豬屬于(yu)太湖豬優良(liang)品種(zhong),梅(mei)山(shan)豬毛(mao)稀淺黑(hei)色,面部有深的(de)皺紋,耳大下垂,腹部下垂,四(si)腳有白(bai)毛(mao)(俗稱(cheng)四(si)白(bai)腳)。其具有耐粗飼(si)、抗逆性(xing)強(qiang)、產仔率高、肉質鮮(xian)美這些特(te)點。雜交優勢強(qiang),二元(yuan)雜交母豬保(bao)持了(le)產仔數多(duo)、瘦肉率高、生長速度快等特(te)點。肉質鮮(xian)美獨(du)特(te),梅(mei)山(shan)豬早熟(shu)易肥,肌(ji)間脂肪的(de)數量和分布適度。
1.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)壤地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)情況:全境地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢平(ping)(ping)(ping)坦,東北(bei)略(lve)高(gao),西南(nan)稍低(di),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)程由(you)西向(xiang)東3.4~4.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)不等(deng)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)輪(lun)廓。湖(hu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)(ping)原分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)境西側,為(wei)(wei)寬4公(gong)里的(de)北(bei)西向(xiang)條(tiao)帶,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)29.34平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公(gong)里,占(zhan)(zhan)全區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)6.01%。以(yi)(yi)河湖(hu)相(xiang)沉(chen)積(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)主,沉(chen)積(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)褐(he)灰色(se)淤質泥(ni)粘(zhan)土(tu),有大(da)量的(de)陸(lu)相(xiang)微體(ti)(ti)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)介形蟲(chong)和淡(dan)水軟體(ti)(ti)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)化石(shi),并有豐富(fu)的(de)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)碎屑(xie)。厚(hou)度(du)3米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右,地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢低(di)平(ping)(ping)(ping),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)3.4~3.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)。濱海(hai)(hai)(hai)平(ping)(ping)(ping)原面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)394.44平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公(gong)里,占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)80.84%,除(chu)沙堤外(wai),主要(yao)沉(chen)積(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)褐(he)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)亞(ya)粘(zhan)土(tu)或亞(ya)粘(zhan)土(tu)夾粉(fen)砂(sha)(sha),含有較(jiao)多的(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)相(xiang)微體(ti)(ti)動物(wu)(wu)(wu),有孔(kong)蟲(chong)、海(hai)(hai)(hai)陸(lu)過(guo)渡相(xiang)的(de)介形蟲(chong)、軟體(ti)(ti)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)化石(shi)等(deng),厚(hou)度(du)2.5~5米(mi)(mi)(mi),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)3.6~4.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)。沖積(ji)(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)(ping)原面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)64.15平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公(gong)里,占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)13.15%,沉(chen)積(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)主要(yao)為(wei)(wei)褐(he)黃(huang)(huang)色(se)亞(ya)砂(sha)(sha)夾粉(fen)細砂(sha)(sha),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)3.3~3.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)。 本區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)各類土(tu)壤分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)的(de)特征為(wei)(wei):地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢較(jiao)高(gao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),以(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)潮泥(ni)、潮砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)為(wei)(wei)主;地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢較(jiao)低(di)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),以(yi)(yi)黃(huang)(huang)泥(ni)頭(tou)、潮溝(gou)(gou)干和溝(gou)(gou)干泥(ni)為(wei)(wei)主;瀏(liu)河、吳(wu)淞江兩(liang)側,依次分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)黃(huang)(huang)潮泥(ni)、潮砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)、潮溝(gou)(gou)干和溝(gou)(gou)干泥(ni)。潮溝(gou)(gou)干和潮砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)基本呈近東西方向(xiang)帶狀分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu),溝(gou)(gou)干泥(ni)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于東部,青(qing)黃(huang)(huang)土(tu)與青(qing)黃(huang)(huang)泥(ni)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于西部,黃(huang)(huang)潮泥(ni)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于通(tong)潮河兩(liang)側。瀏(liu)河兩(liang)岸土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)肥沃,盛產大(da)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、蔬菜、小麥、大(da)豆、玉米(mi)(mi)(mi)等(deng)農(nong)作物(wu)(wu)(wu),得天(tian)獨(du)厚(hou)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理環境,為(wei)(wei)飼養嘉定梅山豬提供優(you)越的(de)條(tiao)件。
(2)水(shui)文情況(kuang):本(ben)區屬太(tai)湖區黃浦(pu)江(jiang)水(shui)系,河(he)道總長(chang)1800余公(gong)里(li),平(ping)均(jun)河(he)網密度為每平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)里(li)4公(gong)里(li)。南(nan)境(jing)吳淞江(jiang)和北境(jing)瀏河(he)為本(ben)縣“岡(gang)身”內外成陸過程中(zhong)天然沖刷而(er)成的(de)泄水(shui)河(he)道,均(jun)承太(tai)湖之(zhi)水(shui)系,東(dong)流經寶(bao)山縣入黃浦(pu)江(jiang)或長(chang)江(jiang)。按河(he)流流向,基(ji)本(ben)上(shang)分近東(dong)西(xi),近南(nan)北方(fang)(fang)向。東(dong)西(xi)向的(de)主干河(he)蕰藻浜、練(lian)祁河(he)、婁塘河(he),南(nan)北向的(de)主干河(he)鹽(yan)鐵河(he)、橫瀝(li)河(he)、新槎浦(pu),均(jun)聯結吳淞江(jiang)和瀏河(he)。河(he)網可容量5263萬立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),地表徑流量,豐(feng)水(shui)年(nian)(nian)1.88億(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),枯水(shui)年(nian)(nian)0.46億(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)。年(nian)(nian)內6~9月(yue)(yue)的(de)地表徑流量豐(feng)于(yu)他月(yue)(yue)。年(nian)(nian)均(jun)降雨(yu)(yu)量1077.6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),雨(yu)(yu)天130.2天,冬半年(nian)(nian)(11~4月(yue)(yue))平(ping)均(jun)雨(yu)(yu)量363毫(hao)米(mi)(mi);夏半年(nian)(nian)(5~10月(yue)(yue))平(ping)均(jun)雨(yu)(yu)量694毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。春(chun)雨(yu)(yu)量約占全年(nian)(nian)總雨(yu)(yu)量的(de)20%。
(3)氣候(hou)(hou)情況:本(ben)區(qu)地(di)處北(bei)亞熱帶北(bei)緣,為(wei)東南季(ji)風盛(sheng)行地(di)區(qu),雨(yu)熱同季(ji),降水(shui)充沛(pei),氣候(hou)(hou)暖濕(shi)(shi),光溫適中,日照充足。四(si)季(ji)分明,春季(ji)溫涼(liang)多雨(yu)、夏季(ji)炎熱濕(shi)(shi)潤,晝(zhou)長夜(ye)短(duan)、秋季(ji)先濕(shi)(shi)后干、冬季(ji)寒冷干燥,晝(zhou)短(duan)夜(ye)長。年(nian)平(ping)均氣溫15.4℃,年(nian)平(ping)均降水(shui)量為(wei)1077.6毫米,雨(yu)日130.2天,年(nian)平(ping)均日照2114.8小(xiao)時(shi),年(nian)平(ping)均太陽總(zong)幅射量114.5千卡/平(ping)方厘米,年(nian)均無霜期223天。屬亞熱帶海洋(yang)性氣候(hou)(hou),雨(yu)水(shui)充沛(pei),水(shui)陸(lu)交通發達,土地(di)肥沃,物(wu)產豐富,商業繁榮,是魚米之鄉。盛(sheng)產大米、蔬菜、小(xiao)麥、大豆、玉(yu)米等(deng)農作物(wu),得天獨厚的(de)地(di)理(li)環境,為(wei)飼(si)養嘉定梅山豬提供(gong)優(you)越的(de)條件(jian)。
2..地域范圍
嘉(jia)定(ding)(ding)梅山(shan)豬(zhu)主要分布(bu)于上海(hai)市嘉(jia)定(ding)(ding)區的(de)4個鎮(區)65個行(xing)(xing)政村(cun),包括:工業區、徐行(xing)(xing)鎮、華亭鎮、外(wai)岡鎮。太湖流域地處長(chang)江三角洲平原(yuan)的(de)東(dong)部,屬堆(dui)積平原(yuan),地勢平坦(tan),河流縱橫。飼養嘉(jia)定(ding)(ding)梅山(shan)豬(zhu)的(de)瀏河兩岸(an),以黃潮泥和潮矽(xi)泥為主。嘉(jia)定(ding)(ding)梅山(shan)豬(zhu)保護(hu)地域范圍位于上海(hai)市嘉(jia)定(ding)(ding)區,處北(bei)緯31°31′36″-31°45′61″、東(dong)經121°14′33″-121°33′18″之間,海(hai)拔(ba)3.4-4.2米,保護(hu)面積208.52平方公里,總生(sheng)產規模20000頭,年(nian)總產量(liang)2000噸。東(dong)與(yu)寶山(shan)、普陀兩區接壤;西與(yu)江蘇省昆山(shan)市毗(pi)連;南襟(jin)吳淞(song)江(蘇州河),與(yu)閔(min)行(xing)(xing)、長(chang)寧、青浦三區相望;北(bei)依(yi)瀏河,與(yu)江蘇省太倉(cang)市為鄰。
3.產品品質特性特征
(1)外在感官特征:被毛(mao)黑色,皮膚(fu)黑色或紫紅(hong),四白腳(jiao),有少量白肚和玉鼻。體型(xing)中(zhong)等偏大,粗壯(zhuang)結實(shi),成年(nian)(nian)公豬160kg以上(shang),成年(nian)(nian)母豬150kg以上(shang)。耳大下垂,乳房發達,乳頭8對(dui)以上(shang)。
(2)生長育肥性能:純種(zhong)嘉(jia)定梅(mei)山(shan)豬(zhu)在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)好的(de)飼(si)養條件下,日增重在(zai)(zai)480克以上(shang),80kg體(ti)重活(huo)體(ti)背膘厚(hou)4.0cm±0.2。育肥豬(zhu)在(zai)(zai)體(ti)重80kg左右(you)屠宰(zai)時,屠宰(zai)率(lv)約(yue)為68.0%左右(you),胴體(ti)瘦肉率(lv)約(yue)為46.0%左右(you),肌內脂肪(fang)約(yue)為5.0%,眼肌面積(ji)17.2平方厘米(mi),6~7肋膘厚(hou)3.4cm±0.2,皮厚(hou)0.4cm±0.2。嘉(jia)定梅(mei)山(shan)豬(zhu)是理(li)想(xiang)的(de)雜交母本(ben),雜種(zhong)后代均表現較(jiao)好的(de)雜種(zhong)優勢。以嘉(jia)定梅(mei)山(shan)豬(zhu)為母本(ben)的(de)二元雜種(zhong)母豬(zhu)繁殖(zhi)性能較(jiao)好,經產母豬(zhu)產仔數13頭以上(shang)。
(3)內在品質(zhi)(zhi)指標(胴(dong)體品質(zhi)(zhi)):嘉定梅(mei)山育肥(fei)豬在體重75~80kg左右屠(tu)宰時(shi),屠(tu)宰率68.02±2.6%,胴(dong)體瘦肉(rou)率45.46±2.35%,肉(rou)色3.66±0.24,PH值6.09±0.51,肌肉(rou)大理石紋(wen)較好,肌間脂肪的(de)數量(liang)和分布適度(du),肌肉(rou)除含74.35±2.25%水分外,蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)含量(liang)約為23.05±2.0%,氨(an)(an)基酸(suan)(suan)含量(liang)中天門(men)冬氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、谷(gu)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、絲氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、蛋(dan)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)及(ji)蘇(su)氨(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)比外來品種高,粗脂肪約為4.48±0.08%。
(4)繁殖性(xing)能(neng):嘉定梅山(shan)豬性(xing)成熟早、三月齡能(neng)配種受孕。
(5)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)標(biao)準(zhun):①種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)仔(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding):雙(shuang)親(qin)必須是優(you)良且一(yi)方達到優(you)秀(xiu),根據(ju)斷奶個(ge)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)進行(xing)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)②種(zhong)(zhong)豬(zhu)(zhu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding):后(hou)備種(zhong)(zhong)豬(zhu)(zhu)、種(zhong)(zhong)公母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)經(jing)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)分(fen)后(hou),等(deng)級評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)標(biao)準(zhun)③種(zhong)(zhong)豬(zhu)(zhu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)分(fen) 后(hou)備種(zhong)(zhong)豬(zhu)(zhu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)分(fen):種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)仔(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)合格(ge),按體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、體(ti)(ti)長、活體(ti)(ti)背膘厚三項(xiang)進行(xing)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)分(fen),種(zhong)(zhong)公豬(zhu)(zhu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)分(fen):后(hou)備種(zhong)(zhong)豬(zhu)(zhu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)優(you)良以上(shang),根據(ju)與配母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)產仔(zi)(zi)數,24月齡(ling)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、體(ti)(ti)長三項(xiang)進行(xing)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)分(fen),種(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)分(fen):后(hou)備種(zhong)(zhong)豬(zhu)(zhu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)優(you)良以上(shang),根據(ju)母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)產仔(zi)(zi)數、仔(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)斷奶個(ge)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、體(ti)(ti)長四項(xiang)進行(xing)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)分(fen),種(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)的評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)分(fen)在(zai)第3胎(tai)(tai)斷奶后(hou)30天進行(xing),產仔(zi)(zi)數和(he)仔(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)斷奶個(ge)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)取第2、3、4胎(tai)(tai)的2胎(tai)(tai)均值。
(6)安全要(yao)求:嘉定梅山豬(zhu)生產(chan)(chan)嚴格按無(wu)(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)畜產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)生產(chan)(chan)規(gui)范(fan)和標準生產(chan)(chan)。 NY5029 無(wu)(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin) 豬(zhu)肉; NY5027 無(wu)(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin) 畜禽(qin)(qin)飲用水水質(zhi); NY5030 無(wu)(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin) 畜禽(qin)(qin)飼(si)(si)養獸藥(yao)使(shi)用準則(ze); NY5032 無(wu)(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin) 畜禽(qin)(qin)飼(si)(si)料和飼(si)(si)料添加劑使(shi)用準則(ze);NY5033 無(wu)(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin) 生豬(zhu)飼(si)(si)養管理(li)準則(ze); NY/T5339 無(wu)(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)畜禽(qin)(qin)飼(si)(si)養獸醫防(fang)疫(yi)準則(ze); GB 16548 畜禽(qin)(qin)病害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)肉尸及其(qi)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)無(wu)(wu)(wu)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)化(hua)處理(li)規(gui)程;GB 16549 畜禽(qin)(qin)產(chan)(chan)地檢疫(yi)規(gui)范(fan)。