一.產品介紹
亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)縣,位于(yu)(yu)西藏(zang)自(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)南(nan)部、喜馬拉雅山脈中段南(nan)麓。歷史(shi)上,亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳作(zuo)為(wei)班禪活佛供品(pin),也是上層貴族喜愛的(de)(de)(de)食品(pin)之一,藏(zang)語稱(cheng)它為(wei)“拿(na)布摘摘”(“拿(na)布”是黑(hei)色的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思,“摘摘是薄”的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思。)據傳說很早以前有位仙(xian)女下凡觀看人(ren)世(shi)間(jian),發現此處(chu)氣候(hou)怡人(ren),于(yu)(yu)是停留(liu)片(pian)刻觀賞美景,不小(xiao)心把(ba)(ba)帶在(zai)脖子(zi)上的(de)(de)(de)珍(zhen)珠項鏈掉散(san)在(zai)此處(chu)。后(hou)來被稱(cheng)為(wei)“珍(zhen)珠木(mu)(mu)耳”的(de)(de)(de)來歷,在(zai)當地廣為(wei)流傳。亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳形狀獨特,濕耳直徑僅為(wei)3-5mm,盤子(zi)均勻呈(cheng)圓(yuan)形,單(dan)耳、耳體小(xiao),色澤褐色,肉質肥(fei)厚、口(kou)感(gan)細膩、彈性好(hao)、滑潤且營(ying)養豐富(fu),富(fu)含人(ren)體所需的(de)(de)(de)氨(an)基酸和微量(liang)元(yuan)素。當地群眾自(zi)古均有采食亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳習慣和有把(ba)(ba)亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳作(zuo)為(wei)滋補(bu)品(pin)送病(bing)人(ren)調(diao)養身體的(de)(de)(de)習俗,在(zai)國(guo)內外市場被譽(yu)為(wei)“植物肉、素中之葷”。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)壤地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)情況(kuang):亞東(dong)縣土(tu)壤種類較多,高(gao)(gao)山(shan)寒漠(mo)土(tu)、高(gao)(gao)山(shan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)、高(gao)(gao)山(shan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)原土(tu)、亞高(gao)(gao)山(shan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)、亞高(gao)(gao)山(shan)草(cao)(cao)(cao)原土(tu)、暗棕壤土(tu)、棕壤土(tu)、黃棕壤土(tu)、草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)、沼澤10個土(tu)壤類型(xing),總(zong)面積4212平方公(gong)里,耕地(di)(di)面積僅1.2萬畝;亞東(dong)縣地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)屬喜馬拉雅山(shan)高(gao)(gao)山(shan)地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao),由(you)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、南部(bu)(bu)(bu)二(er)大地(di)(di)勢(shi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)組成,整個地(di)(di)勢(shi)是(shi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)寬高(gao)(gao),南部(bu)(bu)(bu)窄低、總(zong)體(ti)地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)為一山(shan)溝。
(2)水文情況:亞(ya)(ya)東境(jing)內(nei)的(de)河(he)(he)流(liu)主要有康布(bu)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)、卓木(mu)麻(ma)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)、卓木(mu)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)3條。還有10多(duo)條季節性小支流(liu)相交錯,穿(chuan)越全(quan)境(jing),同時境(jing)內(nei)還有瀑布(bu)與迭水密布(bu)。亞(ya)(ya)東河(he)(he)床狹窄,水流(liu)湍急等(deng)特點,在河(he)(he)水流(liu)域內(nei)也是森林(lin)分布(bu)區(qu)(qu)。康布(bu)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)河(he)(he)源于(yu)泡(pao)罕(han)里山,向(xiang)南(nan)流(liu);帕(pa)里曲(qu)(qu)(qu)河(he)(he)流(liu)源于(yu)卓木(mu)拉山,向(xiang)南(nan)流(liu);兩河(he)(he)至下司馬鎮匯(hui)合形成(cheng)卓木(mu)麻(ma)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(亞(ya)(ya)東河(he)(he))。卓木(mu)麻(ma)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)南(nan)流(liu)進入不丹境(jing)內(nei)。亞(ya)(ya)東縣位(wei)于(yu)西藏日喀則地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)南(nan)部,境(jing)內(nei)沒有大(da)型工廠,無(wu)“三廢(fei)”排放和(he)空氣污染,土壤沒有重金屬污染歷史(shi), 根據環境(jing)監測部門(men)監測,亞(ya)(ya)東縣境(jing)內(nei)地(di)(di)表水達到國家《地(di)(di)面水 環境(jing)質(zhi)量標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)》的(de)Ⅱ類(lei)水質(zhi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun);水質(zhi)感(gan)觀良好,無(wu)色、無(wu)臭、無(wu)味、透明(ming), pH值在5.5-7.5之(zhi)間,砷(shen)≤0.05、鎘≤0.005、鉛≤0.05等(deng)有關指標(biao)(biao)符合我國和(he)世界衛生組織(zhi)制(zhi)定的(de)飲用(yong)水質(zhi)準(zhun)則。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)情(qing)況:亞東(dong)(dong)由于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)形變化較(jiao)(jiao)復雜,而(er)且海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)低(di)懸(xuan)殊(shu)大(da)(da),因(yin)此(ci),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直變化也十分(fen)明顯。因(yin)懸(xuan)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du),以帕里(li)為(wei)(wei)界(jie),分(fen)為(wei)(wei)截然(ran)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu),北部(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)4300米(mi)(mi),為(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)原溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)半(ban)干(gan)旱(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou),南部(bu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)2800米(mi)(mi),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)濕(shi)潤(run)(run),森(sen)林茂密。北部(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)寒干(gan)旱(han),自然(ran)災害較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo);南部(bu)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和濕(shi)潤(run)(run),空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)清新,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產條件良好(hao)。亞東(dong)(dong)因(yin)地(di)(di)理位置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)也不(bu)一(yi)樣,主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)以下六種氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu):一(yi)是(shi)(shi)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)亞熱帶(dai)(dai)(dai)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。下亞東(dong)(dong)鄉的(de)(de)(de)(de)切瑪村至(zhi)亞東(dong)(dong)林場(chang),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)2700米(mi)(mi),其氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)特(te)征是(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)暖(nuan)濕(shi)潤(run)(run),年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)超過10℃,夏季(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)20-16℃,冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)10-5℃。無霜(shuang)期約(yue)(yue)在(zai)300天(tian)(tian)以上(shang),這里(li)冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和,基(ji)本(ben)上(shang)無霜(shuang)、雪(xue)(xue)(xue),很少結冰(bing)(bing),土壤中(zhong)(zhong)沒有(you)(you)(you)凍(dong)(dong)層。年(nian)(nian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)29℃左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you),7-9月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)多(duo)(duo),年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)在(zai)1500-2000毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)之間(jian)。是(shi)(shi)針闊(kuo)葉混交(jiao)林分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu),林下有(you)(you)(you)箭竹,伴生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藤本(ben)植(zhi)物也十分(fen)發育;二是(shi)(shi)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)暖(nuan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)半(ban)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。亞東(dong)(dong)林場(chang)至(zhi)上(shang)亞東(dong)(dong)鄉,海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)2700-3200米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)約(yue)(yue)7-10℃,夏季(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)14-16℃,冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)0-5℃。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)11月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)次年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)下雪(xue)(xue)(xue),積雪(xue)(xue)(xue)可(ke)達(da)30-100厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),但(dan)融化較(jiao)(jiao)快(kuai);年(nian)(nian)雨(yu)日(ri)(ri)有(you)(you)(you)105天(tian)(tian),年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)937毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),4月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)開始就有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang);三(san)是(shi)(shi)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)涼帶(dai)(dai)(dai)半(ban)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。上(shang)亞東(dong)(dong)至(zhi)多(duo)(duo)達(da),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)3100-3900米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)約(yue)(yue)2-7℃,夏季(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)10-14℃,冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)0-5℃左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)。無霜(shuang)期大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)150天(tian)(tian), 每(mei)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)(you)降(jiang)雪(xue)(xue)(xue),積雪(xue)(xue)(xue)達(da)60-80厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),多(duo)(duo)時(shi)(shi)可(ke)達(da)150-200厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。土壤里(li)有(you)(you)(you)季(ji)(ji)節性凍(dong)(dong)層出現(xian)(xian),最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)凍(dong)(dong)土深度(du)可(ke)達(da)40厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you),降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)約(yue)(yue)750毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),其中(zhong)(zhong)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)(da);夜(ye)間(jian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)約(yue)(yue)占五分(fen)之四(si)以上(shang)。主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)冷杉、云(yun)杉、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)松等林木(mu)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu);四(si)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)亞寒帶(dai)(dai)(dai)半(ban)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。多(duo)(duo)達(da)至(zhi)塘拉之間(jian),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)3900-5200米(mi)(mi),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)寒冷、年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)于(yu)(yu)0℃,日(ri)(ri)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)或等于(yu)(yu)5℃,無霜(shuang)期不(bu)足(zu)90天(tian)(tian),年(nian)(nian)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)18℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)30.1℃。結冰(bing)(bing)日(ri)(ri)數均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)達(da)318天(tian)(tian)。雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)6-9月(yue)(yue)(yue),年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)450毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di),除6月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)外,其余時(shi)(shi)間(jian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)可(ke)降(jiang)雪(xue)(xue)(xue),降(jiang)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)日(ri)(ri)數約(yue)(yue)占年(nian)(nian)總日(ri)(ri)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)分(fen)之一(yi)。帕里(li)盆地(di)(di)一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)(dai),降(jiang)雹(bao)日(ri)(ri)數較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo),平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)每(mei)年(nian)(nian)可(ke)達(da)10天(tian)(tian)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you),但(dan)多(duo)(duo)在(zai)作物生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)季(ji)(ji)節出現(xian)(xian),加上(shang)霜(shuang)凍(dong)(dong)嚴(yan)重,不(bu)利于(yu)(yu)農業生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產。植(zhi)被以多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐寒草(cao)旬與(yu)低(di)矮(ai)灌叢為(wei)(wei)主(zhu);五是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)寒凍(dong)(dong)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。卓(zhuo)木(mu)拉日(ri)(ri)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)山(shan)(shan)以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu),海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)4200-5500米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)-2℃-6℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)6-2℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)-10℃-16℃,每(mei)年(nian)(nian)7-8月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)于(yu)(yu)0℃。土壤水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)份(fen)(fen)處于(yu)(yu)晝夜(ye)融凍(dong)(dong)交(jiao)替之中(zhong)(zhong),形成本(ben)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)特(te)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)融凍(dong)(dong)現(xian)(xian)象,帶(dai)(dai)(dai)內只能生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)一(yi)些耐寒的(de)(de)(de)(de)矮(ai)小(xiao)草(cao)甸,墊(dian)狀植(zhi)物和多(duo)(duo)種地(di)(di)衣。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)約(yue)(yue)在(zai)400毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)以上(shang),因(yin)云(yun)霧較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo),因(yin)而(er)比較(jiao)(jiao)濕(shi)潤(run)(run)。海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)5500米(mi)(mi)以上(shang)則為(wei)(wei)終年(nian)(nian)凍(dong)(dong)結的(de)(de)(de)(de)冰(bing)(bing)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)帶(dai)(dai)(dai),本(ben)區(qu)(qu)(qu)主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)山(shan)(shan)稀疏墊(dian)狀植(zhi)被分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu);六是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)原寒冷帶(dai)(dai)(dai)、半(ban)干(gan)旱(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。堆納鄉和吉汝鄉大(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)寬谷盆地(di)(di)及其周圍,海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)4400-5000米(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)3-4℃左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you),最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)13-6℃,6-9月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)12--15℃,最(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)-5℃-16℃。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)4-7個月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)低(di)于(yu)(yu)0℃。無霜(shuang)期約(yue)(yue)80---100天(tian)(tian)。本(ben)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顯著特(te)點,降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)少,一(yi)般為(wei)(wei)300毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you),是(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)旱(han)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)叢植(zhi)被分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。
三.地域范圍
“亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)黑木耳(er)”產業范(fan)圍為(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)藏(zang)自(zi)治(zhi)區日(ri)喀(ka)則(ze)(ze)地區亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)縣(xian)(xian)所(suo)轄(xia)的(de)康(kang)布鄉(xiang)、上(shang)亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang)、下司馬鎮(zhen)、下亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)鄉(xiang)的(de)林(lin)區。 亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)縣(xian)(xian)地處西(xi)(xi)藏(zang)日(ri)喀(ka)則(ze)(ze)地區西(xi)(xi)南部(bu)、喜馬拉雅山脈中段南麓,為(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)藏(zang)自(zi)治(zhi)區邊(bian)(bian)境(jing)(jing)縣(xian)(xian)之(zhi)一。是(shi)突出的(de)邊(bian)(bian)境(jing)(jing)三角地帶,地理坐標為(wei)(wei)北(bei)緯27°13′—27°56′,東(dong)(dong)經88°46′—89°10′,亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)黑木耳(er)區域生長(chang)面(mian)積為(wei)(wei)1684.24平方公(gong)里(li)。東(dong)(dong)、南、西(xi)(xi)三面(mian)分別與(yu)不丹、印度(du)接(jie)壤,且(qie)通外山口43處,邊(bian)(bian)境(jing)(jing)線長(chang)290公(gong)里(li)。在(zai)西(xi)(xi)藏(zang)境(jing)(jing)內,北(bei)與(yu)康(kang)馬、白朗、崗巴相鄰。東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)最大寬度(du)45公(gong)里(li),南北(bei)最大長(chang)度(du)為(wei)(wei)123公(gong)里(li)。北(bei)部(bu)四鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)海(hai)拔(ba)均在(zai)4300米(mi)以上(shang),高(gao)寒(han)缺氧、干旱少雨,植(zhi)被稀(xi)疏,以高(gao)山草甸場放(fang)牧為(wei)(wei)主,經濟較為(wei)(wei)落(luo)后。南部(bu)三個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)海(hai)拔(ba)在(zai)2500米(mi)至3500米(mi),以農業、牧業為(wei)(wei)主,經濟較為(wei)(wei)發達,是(shi)亞(ya)(ya)東(dong)(dong)黑木耳(er)生長(chang)的(de)主要地帶。全縣(xian)(xian)總(zong)面(mian)積為(wei)(wei)4212平方公(gong)里(li)。縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)駐地下司馬鎮(zhen)海(hai)拔(ba)2900m,是(shi)全縣(xian)(xian)政治(zhi)、經濟、文化交流中心,距日(ri)喀(ka)則(ze)(ze)市300km、拉薩市580km。
四.產品品質特性特征
(1)外在(zai)感(gan)(gan)官特征:亞東黑木耳(er)形(xing)態為(wei)盤(pan)子均勻顯(xian)圓形(xing),顏色(se)深黑色(se),滑有光感(gan)(gan),平;。背面(mian)絨毛短而少,暗灰(hui)色(se);耳(er)面(mian)黑褐色(se),色(se)鮮、肉厚(耳(er)片厚1.7mm左(zuo)右)、朵(duo)較小(直徑一般(ban)為(wei)3-5mm)。
(2)內在品質指標:亞東黑(hei)木耳(er)彈性好(hao)、口(kou)感(gan)細膩(ni)、滑潤,營(ying)養(yang)豐富,風味獨(du)特。蛋白質含量10%-13%,鋅26-28mg/kg,鐵70-75mg/kg,氨基酸總量在8-10%。
(3)安(an)全要求:亞東黑木耳生產過程執行《無公害(hai)食(shi)品黑木耳》NY5098-2002標準。
五.特定生產方式
(1)產地選擇(ze)與特殊內容規定(ding):野生(sheng)條件下(xia)亞東(dong)黑木耳生(sheng)長(chang)在西藏亞東(dong)縣(xian)境(jing)內特定(ding)山林中,北(bei)緯27o13′—27o56′,東(dong)經88o46′—89o10′,南(nan)北(bei)長(chang)79.5km,東(dong)西寬44 km。在全區(甚至全國(guo))同(tong)海撥地區均未發現該生(sheng)物品種(zhong)。且亞東(dong)木耳只生(sheng)長(chang)在一種(zhong)開黃花(hua)的(de)(de) 薔(qiang)薇科(ke)薔(qiang)薇屬的(de)(de)植物枯枝上。亞東(dong)黑木耳基地位(wei)于亞東(dong)縣(xian)康布鄉、上亞東(dong)鄉、下(xia)司馬鎮、下(xia)亞東(dong)鄉4個鄉鎮。產地環境(jing)質量必須符合《綠(lv)色食品 產地環境(jing)技(ji)術條件》(NT/T391-2000)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)。
(2)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇與(yu)特(te)定要求: 亞東黑(hei)木耳(er)作為亞東縣境內特(te)有的野(ye)生菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)人(ren)工栽培時菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)主要是用野(ye)生黑(hei)耳(er),通過組織(zhi)分(fen)離法和(he)孢(bao)子分(fen)離法獲(huo)得純種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)此基礎(chu)制作二(er)級菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(原種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))和(he)三級菌(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(栽培種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))
(3)生(sheng)產過(guo)程(cheng)管理規定:亞東(dong)黑木(mu)耳(er)生(sheng)產過(guo)程(cheng)必須執行《亞東(dong)黑木(mu)耳(er)生(sheng)產技術規程(cheng)》。為(wei)了保證(zheng)亞東(dong)黑木(mu)耳(er)的品質特色,尤其要注(zhu)重以下環節:
①黑(hei)耳菌(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)取(qu)。亞(ya)東黑(hei)木耳的(de)(de)菌(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)主(zhu)要(yao)是用野生黑(hei)耳,通過組織分(fen)離法和孢子分(fen)離法獲得純種(zhong)(zhong),在此基(ji)礎(chu)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)二(er)級菌(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(原種(zhong)(zhong))和三(san)級菌(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(栽培種(zhong)(zhong))。菌(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)在制(zhi)(zhi)取(qu)的(de)(de)全(quan)過程應在無菌(jun)(jun)條件下,培養環境應嚴(yan)格按照以(yi)下條件:
(1)菌(jun)種培養室(shi)要求干燥、潔(jie)凈、黑(hei)暗。
(2)溫度:菌絲生長(chang)最適溫度一般在22—25℃。
(3)濕(shi)度(du):保持在65%左右。
(4)空(kong)氣:在菌絲(si)生長階(jie)段注意環境的通風換(huan)氣。
(5)光線(xian):菌絲生長階段在避光條件(jian)下進(jin)行。
(6)要經(jing)常(chang)性地檢查培養(yang)的菌(jun)種是否(fou)感(gan)染雜菌(jun),如有感(gan)染則(ze)應及時剔(ti)除、清理。
②代料(liao)(liao)(liao)的制備。亞東黑(hei)木耳人工(gong)栽培主要是采用(yong)代料(liao)(liao)(liao)栽培的方式,因此在代料(liao)(liao)(liao)的選擇及其消(xiao)毒(du)滅(mie)菌等(deng)環(huan)節應(ying)嚴格(ge)按照亞東黑(hei)木耳生 產技術規(gui)程的有關要求,以保證(zheng)亞東黑(hei)木耳的品質。代料(liao)(liao)(liao)應(ying)選用(yong)當(dang)地木屑、玉米稈、樹(shu)枝(zhi)等(deng)農副(fu)產品。
(4)產(chan)品收獲及(ji)產(chan)后(hou)處理的規定:亞東黑(hei)木耳收獲及(ji)產(chan)后(hou)處理必須執行《亞東黑(hei)木耳加工技術規程(cheng)》。
①采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。長大(da)成熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)(er)要(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),做到勤采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)細采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),不使(shi)流失,確(que)保(bao)高產優質。成熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)(er),耳(er)(er)(er)片(pian)充分展開,開始收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)邊,顏(yan)色變為褐色,肉質肥厚(hou),耳(er)(er)(er)根收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)縮、變細,觸動耳(er)(er)(er)時(shi)(shi),可看出耳(er)(er)(er)片(pian)顫動。只要(yao)(yao)(yao)具備(bei)這(zhe)些特征,說明耳(er)(er)(er)已成熟(shu),要(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。亞(ya)東黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)(er)一(yi)(yi)年出耳(er)(er)(er)2次(ci),采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求有(you)所不同。5月份前生產的(de)(de)(de)黑(hei)木耳(er)(er)(er)稱為春(chun)耳(er)(er)(er),產量(liang)較低(di),其(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)色深(shen),耳(er)(er)(er)肉厚(hou);11月采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)入的(de)(de)(de)耳(er)(er)(er)稱為冬耳(er)(er)(er),其(qi)耳(er)(er)(er)色淺(qian),肉厚(hou),質量(liang)最(zui)好(hao)(hao)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)春(chun)耳(er)(er)(er)和秋耳(er)(er)(er)時(shi)(shi),要(yao)(yao)(yao)求采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)大(da)留小。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)時(shi)(shi)間最(zui)好(hao)(hao)選(xuan)在(zai)天(tian)晴(qing)的(de)(de)(de)早晨(chen),或者晴(qing)天(tian)早晨(chen)露水(shui)未干(gan)時(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)耳(er)(er)(er)片(pian)潮軟,不會因耳(er)(er)(er)片(pian)干(gan)燥而弄碎。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)時(shi)(shi),抓住整朵子實體,連耳(er)(er)(er)根一(yi)(yi)起摘下來。要(yao)(yao)(yao)求勤采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),不使(shi)流耳(er)(er)(er)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)時(shi)(shi),要(yao)(yao)(yao)注意(yi)保(bao)護耳(er)(er)(er)芽(ya)。每次(ci)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)后,需將(jiang)耳(er)(er)(er)木翻個面,促使(shi)結(jie)耳(er)(er)(er)。
②篩選。首(shou)先(xian)要清(qing)除(chu)樹皮、木塞、草葉等(deng)雜物,修剪耳(er)根,如有泥(ni)沙(sha)應放在(zai)清(qing)水中漂洗干凈(jing),再(zai)進行干制.
③干(gan)(gan)制。方法有2種(zhong):一種(zhong)是將(jiang)鮮耳攤放在地面的曬席或竹簾上(shang),在烈日下涼曬1~2天即可曬干(gan)(gan),在耳片未干(gan)(gan)以(yi)(yi)前,不宜(yi)多翻(fan)動,影(ying)響質(zhi)量。另一種(zhong)方法是烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)法,在烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)箱或在簡易烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)房內烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan),溫度不要超出(chu)45℃。烘(hong)(hong)烤過程中翻(fan)動,以(yi)(yi)防變成“拳耳”。烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)后(hou)的黑耳含水量<13%。
(5)生(sheng)產記錄要(yao)(yao)求(qiu):亞(ya)東黑(hei)木(mu)耳生(sheng)產的全(quan)(quan)過程,要(yao)(yao)建立生(sheng)產記錄檔(dang)案,必須準確、清晰、工整、完(wan)全(quan)(quan)。全(quan)(quan)面記載并妥善保存(cun),以備查閱(yue)。
六.包裝標識相關規定
(1)分級:根(gen)據中華人(ren)民共和國國家標(biao)準GB6192-86規定(ding),將段木干制(zhi)黑耳按質量指(zhi)標(biao)分為一級、二級、三級。
(2)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang):包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)材(cai)料必須符合《農產品包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)和標識管理(li)辦法》等(deng)相關規定(ding),包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)袋(dai)上注明(ming)產品批號并加注“亞(ya)東(dong)黑木耳(er)”字樣。
(3)標(biao)識(shi)(shi):銷(xiao)售(shou)(shou)的亞(ya)東黑(hei)木(mu)耳,應(ying)當在包裝(zhuang)物上標(biao)注或者附(fu)加標(biao)識(shi)(shi)標(biao)明品名、產(chan)地、生產(chan)者或者銷(xiao)售(shou)(shou)者名稱、生產(chan)日(ri)期、產(chan)品質(zhi)量等級、保期質(zhi)。亞(ya)東黑(hei)木(mu)耳標(biao)識(shi)(shi)所用(yong)文字應(ying)當使用(yong)規范的中文和藏文(出口(kou)另外(wai))。標(biao)識(shi)(shi)標(biao)注的內容應(ying)當準(zhun)確(que)、清(qing)晰(xi)、顯著、完(wan)整、持久。
(4)貯藏:包裝(zhuang)好(hao)的產品在專用(yong)倉庫(ku)中(zhong)貯藏,注意防(fang)霉、防(fang)蟲(chong)。
(5)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸:黑木耳(er)在運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸過(guo)程(cheng)中,要注意防曝曬(shai),防潮濕,防雨(yu)淋。用(yong)車(che)運(yun)(yun)(yun)載黑木耳(er)時(shi),要加蓋防雨(yu)布。嚴禁與(yu)有毒(du)物品混裝,嚴禁用(yong)含殘毒(du)、有污(wu)染的運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸工(gong)具運(yun)(yun)(yun)載黑木耳(er)。