1、充電樁的影響

簡單來講，充電樁輸出功率越(yue)大，充(chong)電(dian)時間越(yue)短，不過目前充(chong)電(dian)樁分為了交流充(chong)電(dian)樁和(he)直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)樁，我們可以(yi)分開來進行(xing)解釋。

從交流(liu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)來講，國內大(da)部分慢(man)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)或充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)盒均采用(yong)(yong)220v交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)分別為(wei)16A或32A，理論功率分別可達到(dao)3.3kw或6.6kw，考慮到(dao)10%的(de)(de)功率損耗，交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度(du)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)很慢(man)的(de)(de)，例如對(dui)(dui)于(yu)一般(ban)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量為(wei)20kwh左右的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)，采用(yong)(yong)目(mu)前主(zhu)流(liu)3.3kw交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式就需要6-8個小時才能夠充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)特斯拉220v的(de)(de)HPWC(高功率壁掛適配器)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)可達50A，輸(shu)出(chu)功率11kw，我們還(huan)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)用(yong)(yong)想(xiang)了，這是(shi)(shi)專門(men)為(wei)MODEL S設計(ji)的(de)(de)，并且特斯拉與(yu)國標接口也不(bu)通用(yong)(yong)，不(bu)符合(he)國情，看看就好。

對于(yu)直流樁(zhuang)來(lai)講，不同于(yu)交流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)220v電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓接(jie)入，直流樁(zhuang)接(jie)入的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)380v，功率(lv)一(yi)般達到10kw以上，例(li)如(ru)市面上針對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動乘用(yong)車，國(guo)網建(jian)(jian)的直流樁(zhuang)大部分是37.5kw，普(pu)天(tian)建(jian)(jian)的也(ye)在10kw、15kw以上。對于(yu)一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量為(wei)20kwh左右的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車來(lai)講，用(yong)10kw直流樁(zhuang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)2-3小時既可以滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

由此可見，僅(jin)僅(jin)從輸(shu)出功率上(shang)來判(pan)斷(duan)，交(jiao)流(liu)和直流(liu)的充(chong)電快(kuai)慢(man)便見分曉，據說(shuo)一些早期的電動汽車車型只配備了交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)電口，那充(chong)電速度自然也快(kuai)不起來了，所以在行業內就有交(jiao)流(liu)慢(man)充(chong)、直流(liu)快(kuai)充(chong)的說(shuo)法(fa)。

該圖片由注冊用戶"小英"提供，版權聲明反饋

所以，對于剛使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)的車(che)(che)主，這(zhe)里可以給大家提供(gong)一個(ge)簡單估(gu)算(suan)(suan)愛車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間的方法，在(zai)愛車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，等充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁顯示界面上輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓穩定(ding)的時候，看下(xia)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值，計算(suan)(suan)一下(xia)輸出功率(lv)，然后對比自己車(che)(che)準(zhun)備(bei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，就能大概推算(suan)(suan)出充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所需要的時間。

2、整車車載充電機的影響

在(zai)(zai)整車交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，會有(you)車載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)參(can)與(yu)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)轉換過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，通常交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會經(jing)過(guo)車載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉換成直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)能儲存到動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)。因(yin)此(ci)，對于整車的(de)車載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)設計，其功(gong)(gong)率需要與(yu)交流(liu)輸出功(gong)(gong)率進(jin)行匹配，一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)3.3kw左右，就(jiu)算用更高功(gong)(gong)率的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也(ye)只能在(zai)(zai)16A左右，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)度也(ye)快不(bu)(bu)起來(lai)，不(bu)(bu)過(guo)可(ke)以(yi)預見(jian)的(de)是(shi)，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)增加，未來(lai)車載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功(gong)(gong)率應該在(zai)(zai)6.6kw以(yi)上，才能保(bao)證用戶(hu)對充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)度的(de)最低需求，有(you)一(yi)次(ci)在(zai)(zai)考察充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，發現紳寶電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)達到220V/32A，經(jing)過(guo)了解(jie)得知車載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功(gong)(gong)率可(ke)達到6.6kw，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)度比(bi)E150EV快了不(bu)(bu)少。

而如果采用直流充電的方式，由于采取與交流充電不同的接口，直流電作為電能直接儲存到動力電池內(nei)，不(bu)經過(guo)車載充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機這一關，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度自(zi)然快了不(bu)少，但(dan)是為了保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命，避免(mian)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)過(guo)放，車廠會(hui)對整車動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的BMS(電(dian)(dian)(dian)池管理系統)進(jin)行設置，例如在深圳運營(ying)的比亞迪(di)E6的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)倍率在0.5C左右(you)(E6充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)326V/100A)。

3、動力電池的影響

在充電(dian)(dian)樁端輸出固定功率(lv)相(xiang)同的(de)情況下(xia)，整(zheng)車動力電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量越大，充電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)就越長，這就如同小學生的(de)數學題一(yi)般，在同樣口(kou)徑的(de)放水(shui)管(guan)向(xiang)池子(zi)里注水(shui)，池子(zi)越大，放滿(man)水(shui)需要的(de)時間(jian)越長，這個道理比較簡單。

另外，三(san)元(yuan)材料鋰電池的能量(liang)密度(du)(du)一(yi)般比磷酸鐵鋰電池高，那么對于同一(yi)車(che)型來講，如果(guo)要(yao)(yao)求續駛里程一(yi)致，三(san)元(yuan)電池裝的肯定比鐵鋰要(yao)(yao)少，充電速度(du)(du)自然就快了一(yi)些。

還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)個現象北方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)朋友們感受會比較(jiao)深，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)冬(dong)季的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候愛車(che)(che)充不上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或者充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)度慢得令人抓狂，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)怎么回事(shi)呢？這與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)本身的(de)(de)(de)化學特(te)性有(you)(you)關，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)所謂的(de)(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)保護，在(zai)氣溫(wen)過低(di)的(de)(de)(de)情況下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中的(de)(de)(de)金屬鋰會產生沉積現象，不再和物質發生化學反應，從而發生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部(bu)短路的(de)(de)(de)情況。特(te)別(bie)要提(ti)一下磷酸(suan)鐵鋰的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)低(di)溫(wen)性能比較(jiao)差，據相關材料顯示其(qi)0℃時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量保持率(lv)(lv)約60～70%，-10℃時(shi)(shi)為40～55%，-20℃時(shi)(shi)為20～40%，三元電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)略優于磷酸(suan)鐵鋰。以前有(you)(you)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)用戶需(xu)要將車(che)(che)開出(chu)去跑幾圈熱熱車(che)(che)才(cai)能充上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，估(gu)計電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)熱車(che)(che)這事(shi)也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)北方(fang)地區(qu)才(cai)會有(you)(you)，不過現在(zai)大部(bu)分車(che)(che)廠都(dou)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)加熱模塊(kuai)，寒冷的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候邊(bian)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)邊(bian)加熱，在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能自然也會耗費不少。總之冬(dong)季充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)度慢的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)肯定的(de)(de)(de)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)不同(tong)車(che)(che)廠解(jie)決的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案(an)及效率(lv)(lv)會略有(you)(you)不同(tong)，對于這個問題車(che)(che)主們在(zai)買車(che)(che)前還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要仔細詢問清楚了。

4、其他影響因素

這里提一下電力負載的影響因素，特別在夏季的時候，家家戶戶都開空調或其他大功率設備，變壓器負載(zai)達到高峰，電(dian)壓是會出現下降的(de)情(qing)況，這也會影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)到電(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)充(chong)電(dian)速度(du)。不(bu)過正規的(de)小區一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都是專用(yong)變壓器(qi)，對(dui)充(chong)電(dian)速度(du)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)有限，而一(yi)(yi)些自建(jian)房、城中(zhong)村等用(yong)戶用(yong)電(dian)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)來自區域公用(yong)變壓器(qi)，影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)就大一(yi)(yi)些了。因此，對(dui)于電(dian)動(dong)汽車用(yong)戶，建(jian)議選擇(ze)用(yong)電(dian)谷期進行充(chong)電(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)速度(du)就會快一(yi)(yi)些。