1、充電樁的影響

簡單來講，充電樁輸出功率越大，充電時(shi)間越短，不過(guo)目前充電樁(zhuang)分(fen)為了交流充電樁(zhuang)和直流充電樁(zhuang)，我們可以(yi)分(fen)開來進(jin)行解釋(shi)。

從交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)樁來講，國(guo)內(nei)大部分慢速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁或(huo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)盒均采用220v交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)分別為16A或(huo)32A，理論功(gong)率(lv)(lv)分別可達到(dao)3.3kw或(huo)6.6kw，考慮到(dao)10%的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)損耗，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度還(huan)是(shi)很慢的(de)(de)，例如對于一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)為20kwh左右(you)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車，采用目前主流(liu)3.3kw交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式就需要(yao)6-8個小時才能夠充(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對于特斯拉220v的(de)(de)HPWC(高(gao)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)壁掛適(shi)配器)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可達50A，輸(shu)出功(gong)率(lv)(lv)11kw，我們還(huan)是(shi)不用想了(le)，這是(shi)專門為MODEL S設計的(de)(de)，并且特斯拉與(yu)國(guo)標接口也不通用，不符(fu)合國(guo)情，看(kan)看(kan)就好。

對(dui)于(yu)直流(liu)樁(zhuang)來講，不同于(yu)交流(liu)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)220v電(dian)壓接入(ru)，直流(liu)樁(zhuang)接入(ru)的電(dian)壓為380v，功率一般達到10kw以(yi)上，例如市面上針對(dui)于(yu)電(dian)動乘用車，國網建的直流(liu)樁(zhuang)大部分是37.5kw，普(pu)天建的也在10kw、15kw以(yi)上。對(dui)于(yu)一般電(dian)池電(dian)量為20kwh左右的電(dian)動汽車來講，用10kw直流(liu)樁(zhuang)充電(dian)2-3小(xiao)時(shi)既可以(yi)滿電(dian)。

由此可見，僅僅從輸(shu)出功率上來判斷(duan)，交(jiao)流和(he)直流的(de)(de)充電快慢(man)便見分曉(xiao)，據說(shuo)一些(xie)早期的(de)(de)電動(dong)汽車車型只配備了交(jiao)流充電口(kou)，那充電速度自然也(ye)快不起來了，所以在行業內就有(you)交(jiao)流慢(man)充、直流快充的(de)(de)說(shuo)法。

該圖片由注冊用戶"小英"提供，版權聲明反饋

所(suo)以，對于剛使用電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的(de)車(che)主，這(zhe)里可(ke)以給大家(jia)提(ti)供(gong)一個簡單估算愛車(che)充電(dian)(dian)時間的(de)方(fang)法，在愛車(che)充電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中，等(deng)充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)顯(xian)示界面上輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)流、電(dian)(dian)壓穩定的(de)時候，看下輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)(zhi)和電(dian)(dian)流值(zhi)(zhi)，計算一下輸(shu)(shu)出功率(lv)，然后(hou)對比自己車(che)準備充電(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)量，就能(neng)大概推算出充電(dian)(dian)所(suo)需要(yao)的(de)時間。

2、整車車載充電機的影響

在(zai)(zai)整車(che)(che)(che)交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，會有車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機參與(yu)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)轉換(huan)過程中(zhong)，通常交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經(jing)過車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機轉換(huan)成(cheng)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能儲存到動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)。因此，對于整車(che)(che)(che)的(de)車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機設計(ji)，其功率(lv)需要與(yu)交流(liu)輸出功率(lv)進行(xing)匹配(pei)，一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)3.3kw左右，就算用(yong)更高功率(lv)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也只能在(zai)(zai)16A左右，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度也快不起來(lai)，不過可(ke)(ke)以預見的(de)是，隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)增加，未來(lai)車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機功率(lv)應該(gai)在(zai)(zai)6.6kw以上，才能保(bao)證(zheng)用(yong)戶對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度的(de)最(zui)低需求(qiu)，有一(yi)次(ci)在(zai)(zai)考察充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)過程中(zhong)，發(fa)現紳寶(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)達到220V/32A，經(jing)過了解(jie)得知車(che)(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機功率(lv)可(ke)(ke)達到6.6kw，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度比E150EV快了不少。

而如果采用直流充電的方式，由于采取與交流充電不同的接口，直流電作為電能直接儲存到動力電池內，不經過車(che)載充電(dian)機這(zhe)一關，充電(dian)速度(du)自然(ran)快了不少，但是(shi)為了保證電(dian)池(chi)壽命，避免過充過放(fang)，車(che)廠會對(dui)整車(che)動力電(dian)池(chi)的BMS(電(dian)池(chi)管理(li)系統)進(jin)行設置，例如在深圳運營(ying)的比亞(ya)迪E6的充電(dian)倍率(lv)在0.5C左(zuo)右(E6充電(dian)電(dian)壓電(dian)流326V/100A)。

3、動力電池的影響

在(zai)充電(dian)樁端(duan)輸出固定功率(lv)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)情況下，整車動力電(dian)池電(dian)量越大(da)，充電(dian)時(shi)間(jian)就(jiu)越長(chang)，這就(jiu)如同小學(xue)生的(de)(de)數學(xue)題(ti)一般，在(zai)同樣口徑(jing)的(de)(de)放水(shui)(shui)管向池子里(li)注水(shui)(shui)，池子越大(da)，放滿水(shui)(shui)需要(yao)的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)越長(chang)，這個道理比(bi)較簡單。

另(ling)外(wai)，三(san)元(yuan)材料(liao)鋰(li)電(dian)池的能量密(mi)度一般比磷酸鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)池高，那么對于(yu)同一車型來講，如果要(yao)(yao)求續駛里程一致，三(san)元(yuan)電(dian)池裝的肯(ken)定比鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)要(yao)(yao)少(shao)，充電(dian)速度自然就快了一些。

還有(you)(you)個(ge)現(xian)(xian)象北方的(de)(de)朋(peng)友們感受會(hui)比(bi)較深(shen)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)冬(dong)季的(de)(de)時候(hou)愛車充(chong)不(bu)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或(huo)者(zhe)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)慢(man)得令人抓狂，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)怎么回事(shi)呢？這(zhe)(zhe)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池本身的(de)(de)化(hua)學特(te)性有(you)(you)關(guan)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)所謂的(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)保護(hu)，在(zai)氣溫(wen)過(guo)低(di)的(de)(de)情況下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中的(de)(de)金屬鋰(li)會(hui)產生(sheng)沉積現(xian)(xian)象，不(bu)再和物質發(fa)生(sheng)化(hua)學反應(ying)，從而(er)發(fa)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部(bu)短路的(de)(de)情況。特(te)別要提一下磷(lin)酸鐵鋰(li)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池低(di)溫(wen)性能(neng)(neng)比(bi)較差，據相關(guan)材料顯示其0℃時的(de)(de)容量(liang)保持(chi)率約60～70%，-10℃時為40～55%，-20℃時為20～40%，三元電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池略(lve)優(you)于磷(lin)酸鐵鋰(li)。以前有(you)(you)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車用戶需要將車開出去跑幾圈熱熱車才能(neng)(neng)充(chong)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，估計電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車熱車這(zhe)(zhe)事(shi)也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)北方地區才會(hui)有(you)(you)，不(bu)過(guo)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)大部(bu)分車廠(chang)都有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池加(jia)熱模塊(kuai)，寒冷的(de)(de)時候(hou)邊充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)邊加(jia)熱，在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)自然也會(hui)耗費不(bu)少。總之冬(dong)季充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)慢(man)的(de)(de)事(shi)是(shi)(shi)肯定的(de)(de)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)同車廠(chang)解決的(de)(de)方案及效(xiao)率會(hui)略(lve)有(you)(you)不(bu)同，對于這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)問題車主(zhu)們在(zai)買車前還是(shi)(shi)要仔細詢問清楚了。

4、其他影響因素

這里提一下電力負載的影響因素，特別在夏季的時候，家家戶戶都開空調或其他大功率設備，變壓器負載達到高峰，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是會(hui)出現下降(jiang)的情況，這也會(hui)影(ying)響到電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的充電(dian)(dian)速度(du)(du)。不過正規的小區一般都是專用(yong)變壓(ya)器，對(dui)充電(dian)(dian)速度(du)(du)影(ying)響有限，而一些自建房、城中村等用(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)一般來自區域(yu)公用(yong)變壓(ya)器，影(ying)響就(jiu)大一些了(le)。因(yin)此，對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車用(yong)戶(hu)，建議選擇用(yong)電(dian)(dian)谷期進行(xing)充電(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)速度(du)(du)就(jiu)會(hui)快一些。