我們(men)可(ke)以(yi)通過觀察詢問,提(ti)供(gong)情(qing)境或材料等手(shou)段,了(le)(le)解幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)興趣和(he)需要(yao)。在墻面裝飾中(zhong)(zhong)體(ti)現(xian)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)認知特點(dian),色彩上(shang)以(yi)艷麗(li)純色為(wei)(wei)主(zhu);造(zao)型以(yi)稚拙、簡潔為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)表現(xian)手(shou)法;內(nei)容(rong)應以(yi)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)熟(shu)悉(xi)東西為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。環境布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)還要(yao)注意根(gen)據各年齡班(ban)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)不(bu)同心理特點(dian)來(lai)設計墻面布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)。小(xiao)班(ban)教(jiao)室和(he)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)區宜采用形象活(huo)(huo)潑(po)、造(zao)型簡單(dan)明確畫面,內(nei)容(rong)要(yao)與幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)日(ri)常生活(huo)(huo)相結合,是幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)熟(shu)悉(xi)事(shi)物(wu),如(ru)“水果娃(wa)娃(wa)”、“小(xiao)貓吃飯(fan)”等,這些都利(li)用簡單(dan)夸張形象幫助幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)認識(shi)事(shi)物(wu)或進(jin)行(xing)生活(huo)(huo)常規教(jiao)育,中(zhong)(zhong)班(ban)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)思(si)維(wei)有了(le)(le)進(jin)一(yi)步發展,墻面布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)容(rong)可(ke)以(yi)更(geng)加(jia)豐(feng)富(fu),可(ke)以(yi)設置(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)定情(qing)節,增(zeng)加(jia)一(yi)些細部表現(xian),如(ru)“動(dong)物(wu)火(huo)車”、“豐(feng)收(shou)果園”等;到了(le)(le)大班(ban),幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)思(si)維(wei)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)活(huo)(huo)躍,審美能力(li)有了(le)(le)提(ti)高,知識(shi)面也(ye)拓寬(kuan)了(le)(le)墻面布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)偏重知識(shi)性(xing)(xing)內(nei)容(rong),形象也(ye)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)豐(feng)富(fu)、抽象,以(yi)啟迪幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)想象力(li),豐(feng)富(fu)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)知識(shi),如(ru)“太空旅行(xing)”、“祖國各地”、“海底世界”等,同時還可(ke)以(yi)增(zeng)加(jia)一(yi)些工(gong)藝裝飾性(xing)(xing)內(nei)容(rong),如(ru)皺紙編織、浮雕、風(feng)景畫等給(gei)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)以(yi)美感受。
從審美觀點看,成(cheng)功裝飾并不在于各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)美麗形(xing)象和鮮(xian)艷色彩(cai)(cai)任意(yi)堆砌和組合,而(er)通(tong)過(guo)和諧畫面(mian)(mian)(mian)、相(xiang)(xiang)應擺設巧(qiao)妙地(di)構成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)獨(du)特風格,突出一(yi)(yi)(yi)個鮮(xian)明主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti)。這同(tong)樣(yang)(yang)適(shi)用于幼兒園(yuan)(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),就一(yi)(yi)(yi)個班級來(lai)說,墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內容(rong)也多樣(yang)(yang)化(hua),除了(le)(le)教(jiao)室墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)外,還有(you)家園(yuan)(yuan)聯系角(jiao),小墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)及各(ge)(ge)活(huo)動角(jiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)飾等,應將這些畫面(mian)(mian)(mian)作統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)安(an)排布局,以大(da)(da)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)為主(zhu)(zhu)體設計一(yi)(yi)(yi)個主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti),小墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則圍(wei)繞這個主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti)安(an)排相(xiang)(xiang)呼應畫面(mian)(mian)(mian)。如大(da)(da)班教(jiao)育(yu)重(zhong)點之一(yi)(yi)(yi)愛國(guo)主(zhu)(zhu)義教(jiao)育(yu),我(wo)就選擇(ze)了(le)(le)“偉大(da)(da)祖(zu)國(guo)”這一(yi)(yi)(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti),大(da)(da)幅墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)了(le)(le)“各(ge)(ge)民族娃娃歌(ge)唱祖(zu)國(guo)”內容(rong),而(er)家園(yuan)(yuan)聯系角(jiao)應用了(le)(le)“天安(an)門”墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)飾,小墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)了(le)(le)“我(wo)愛祖(zu)國(guo)好山(shan)河”照片專欄,并用彩(cai)(cai)紙、布條編拼(pin)出各(ge)(ge)活(huo)動角(jiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)飾,這樣(yang)(yang)就形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)既(ji)多樣(yang)(yang)又統(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)裝飾風格。當然,隨著時(shi)間推移,主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti)也要變化(hua),最好以半(ban)學期為單位換一(yi)(yi)(yi)個主(zhu)(zhu)題(ti)(ti),來(lai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次全(quan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)更換。
幼兒園墻(qiang)(qiang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)布置(zhi)雖然有很(hen)強裝飾性,但若只純粹擺設(she),則又(you)(you)美(mei)中(zhong)不足,應結合每一(yi)時期(qi)教(jiao)育內容和要求設(she)計(ji)畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)(mian),力求欣賞性、教(jiao)育性、實用(yong)(yong)性為(wei)一(yi)體(ti)。如小班(ban)墻(qiang)(qiang)飾“雞一(yi)家(jia)”就根據認識活(huo)動(dong)內容設(she)置(zhi)的(de),還可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于區(qu)別(bie)1和許多,數數認圖形等(deng);中(zhong)班(ban)設(she)置(zhi)“動(dong)物運動(dong)會”畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)(mian),既(ji)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)來編故(gu)事,又(you)(you)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)作認識序數、數字(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)及故(gu)事教(jiao)學教(jiao)具;大班(ban)墻(qiang)(qiang)飾可(ke)幫助幼兒(er)認識各民(min)族服(fu)飾,了(le)解(jie)祖國山(shan)河。再如四面(mian)(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)(qiang)壁分別(bie)畫(hua)春夏秋冬大幅油畫(hua),可(ke)使之成為(wei)季節教(jiao)學永久(jiu)背景圖,既(ji)美(mei)觀又(you)(you)實用(yong)(yong)。當然,考慮到整(zheng)體(ti)性,這(zhe)一(yi)點(dian)在家(jia)園聯系角(jiao)上比較(jiao)難(nan)處理,因為(wei)家(jia)園角(jiao)上文(wen)字(zi)(zi)內容多,更(geng)換頻率快(kuai),往(wang)往(wang)注意了(le)裝飾性,就不利(li)于文(wen)字(zi)(zi)安排和更(geng)換,而(er)以(yi)(yi)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)為(wei)重點(dian)又(you)(you)難(nan)安排較(jiao)完(wan)美(mei)畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)(mian),為(wei)了(le)使家(jia)園角(jiao)便于人閱讀,又(you)(you)體(ti)現幼兒(er)審美(mei)要求,我(wo)就盡量利(li)用(yong)(yong)畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)(mian)形象特點(dian),做成活(huo)動(dong)的(de),將文(wen)字(zi)(zi)內容與畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)(mian)融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)體(ti)。如“秋天”主題中(zhong)我(wo)用(yong)(yong)果(guo)樹(shu)作為(wei)家(jia)園角(jiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)飾,樹(shu)上果(guo)子活(huo)動(dong)打開“水果(guo)門”就文(wen)字(zi)(zi)內容,合上又(you)(you)完(wan)整(zheng)果(guo)樹(shu);若用(yong)(yong)記錄本(ben)就將本(ben)子制成果(guo)子形狀(zhuang)或將封面(mian)(mian)(mian)貼成果(guo)籃(lan)樣(yang)子,使之融(rong)畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)(mian)之中(zhong)。
環(huan)(huan)境創(chuang)設教師(shi)(shi)與(yu)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)合作(zuo)。幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)能以小(xiao)(xiao)主(zhu)人身份親自(zi)(zi)(zi)參(can)與(yu)教育過(guo)程/而僅僅由教師(shi)(shi)單方(fang)面(mian)策劃、忙碌、布(bu)置(zhi)好了(le)之后,對(dui)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)說(shuo)聲“請(qing)(qing)進”做法,只會在(zai)(zai)(zai)無形中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)扼殺幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)主(zhu)體性和參(can)與(yu)精神(shen)。雖(sui)然(ran)讓(rang)(rang)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)參(can)與(yu)布(bu)置(zhi)比老師(shi)(shi)獨立完成要花費更多時(shi)間和精力,但就教育效果來(lai)(lai)說(shuo),這樣更能提(ti)高(gao)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)興(xing)趣和創(chuang)造性,使幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)具(ju)有(you)改變環(huan)(huan)境成功感和責任感,也有(you)助于對(dui)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)進行愛惜勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)成果教育。幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)參(can)與(yu)布(bu)置(zhi)內容可根(gen)據幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)能力發展循(xun)序漸進地進行,先提(ti)供一(yi)(yi)(yi)些模型和半成品(pin)讓(rang)(rang)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)加(jia)工,再(zai)過(guo)渡到由幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)手制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)。如(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)主(zhu)題活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)進行中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),墻面(mian)環(huan)(huan)境就像(xiang)“骨架(jia)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣把(ba)主(zhu)題活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)系列活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)呈現出來(lai)(lai),使墻飾(shi)與(yu)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)產生(sheng)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)。例(li)如(ru)小(xiao)(xiao)班幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)進行“彩(cai)(cai)色(se)(se)(se)世界(jie)”這一(yi)(yi)(yi)主(zhu)題活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),孩(hai)子(zi)們(men)對(dui)色(se)(se)(se)彩(cai)(cai)各異顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)產生(sheng)了(le)濃厚(hou)興(xing)趣。從(cong)談話(hua)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),我了(le)解到每(mei)個孩(hai)子(zi)喜(xi)歡顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)各不(bu)相(xiang)同,加(jia)上小(xiao)(xiao)班孩(hai)子(zi)認(ren)知能力比較(jiao)差,很多寶寶對(dui)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)認(ren)識不(bu)具(ju)體,不(bu)準(zhun)確。如(ru)何在(zai)(zai)(zai)環(huan)(huan)境作(zuo)用(yong)下,讓(rang)(rang)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)與(yu)墻面(mian)環(huan)(huan)境產生(sheng)互動(dong)(dong)(dong),推動(dong)(dong)(dong)主(zhu)題活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)發展?我請(qing)(qing)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)選出自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)喜(xi)歡顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se),制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)“我最喜(xi)歡顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)”展板(ban),幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)展板(ban)上做相(xiang)應(ying)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)小(xiao)(xiao)標(biao)記。又如(ru),在(zai)(zai)(zai)“我從(cong)家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)小(xiao)(xiao)物(wu)品(pin)”展板(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),請(qing)(qing)幼(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)參(can)與(yu)到墻飾(shi)布(bu)置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)來(lai)(lai),孩(hai)子(zi)們(men)從(cong)家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)喜(xi)歡各種顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)小(xiao)(xiao)物(wu)品(pin),自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)手布(bu)置(zhi)到墻飾(shi)展板(ban)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)(zai)(zai)空閑時(shi)候,他們(men)紛(fen)紛(fen)拉著小(xiao)(xiao)伙伴在(zai)(zai)(zai)展板(ban)前(qian)講(jiang)述著每(mei)個小(xiao)(xiao)朋友帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)帶(dai)有(you)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)小(xiao)(xiao)物(wu)品(pin)。
1、墻面處理
墻(qiang)面(mian)的(de)基層處理比較重要,一般是在(zai)刷(shua)好乳膠漆的(de)墻(qiang)面(mian)上畫(hua)(hua)畫(hua)(hua),所以墻(qiang)面(mian)的(de)找平、刷(shua)底(di)漆、圖(tu)案(an)規(gui)劃等要事先準(zhun)備。
2、打底稿
沒(mei)有美術功底的人(ren),要在墻上畫好底稿,用筆輕(qing)輕(qing)勾出草稿輪(lun)廓,滿意后(hou)方可上色,否則(ze)不容(rong)易(yi)修(xiu)改。
3、配涂料
對照圖案效果購買顏料,如購買時對乳膠漆調(diao)色(se)效果(guo)把握(wo)不(bu)(bu)住,不(bu)(bu)要急(ji)于在涂(tu)料店里做決定,可(ke)把色(se)板或涂(tu)料樣品帶回家,分別在自然(ran)光(guang)線和夜晚燈(deng)光(guang)下觀察(cha)涂(tu)料顏色(se)。高光(guang)涂(tu)料會(hui)使房間看起來(lai)更明亮,但也易突出墻(qiang)面(mian)缺點,如果(guo)墻(qiang)面(mian)不(bu)(bu)太平(ping)(ping)整(zheng),建議選用(yong)平(ping)(ping)光(guang)涂(tu)料。涂(tu)料千萬不(bu)(bu)可(ke)過稀,否則容易在墻(qiang)面(mian)留下流痕(hen)。丙烯顏料可(ke)按需要調(diao)色(se),謹慎下筆。
4、準備上色
首先,在(zai)(zai)要涂鴉的墻壁前(qian)鋪滿(man)報紙(zhi),以(yi)免弄臟地面。手繪色彩單(dan)純(chun)的圖案時,先在(zai)(zai)薄(bo)而吸水性好(hao)的紙(zhi)上畫(hua)好(hao)輪廓,然后(hou)將其(qi)剪下來,放(fang)到(dao)墻面相應位置(zhi),用拓印的方(fang)式(shi)著色。如果怕把墻面弄壞,最方(fang)便的方(fang)法(fa)是拿噴繪不(bu)(bu)干膠(jiao),噴完(wan)后(hou)把畫(hua)面刻下來,用不(bu)(bu)干膠(jiao)貼在(zai)(zai)墻上。丙烯(xi)顏料在(zai)(zai)作畫(hua)時,如果發現(xian)有錯(cuo)誤(wu),可以(yi)拿濕抹布擦掉重畫(hua),但乳膠(jiao)漆不(bu)(bu)能采用此辦法(fa)。
5、維護
畫完后要通風(feng),待(dai)墻(qiang)面干(gan)(gan)透后,才可觸(chu)碰(peng)。雖然丙(bing)烯顏料干(gan)(gan)后防水(shui)防劃,但也不可用水(shui)用力擦洗(xi)。