磷酸燃料電池的原理

燃(ran)料(liao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體或(huo)城市煤氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)添加(jia)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)后(hou)送到改質器(qi)，把燃(ran)料(liao)轉(zhuan)化成(cheng)H2、CO和水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的混(hun)合物，CO和水(shui)進一步在移位反應器(qi)中經觸(chu)(chu)媒劑轉(zhuan)化成(cheng)H2和CO2。經過如此處理后(hou)的燃(ran)料(liao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體進入燃(ran)料(liao)堆的負極（燃(ran)料(liao)極），同時將氧輸送到燃(ran)料(liao)堆的正(zheng)極（空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)極）進行化學(xue)反應，借助觸(chu)(chu)媒劑的作(zuo)用迅速產生電能(neng)和熱能(neng)。

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磷酸燃料電池反應方程式

陽(yang)極反應：H2+2e- →2H+

陰極反應：1/2O2+2H+ → H2O+2e-

總(zong)反應： 1/2O2 +H2 → H2O

磷酸燃料電池的特點

1、較高的工作(zuo)溫度使其(qi)對雜質的耐(nai)受性較強，當其(qi)反(fan)應(ying)物中含有1-2%的一氧化碳和百萬分之幾的硫時，磷酸燃料(liao)電池照(zhao)樣可以工作(zuo)。

2、磷(lin)酸燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的效率(lv)比其(qi)它燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)低，約為40%，其(qi)加熱的時間也比質(zhi)子交換(huan)膜燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)長。

3、構造簡單，穩(wen)定(ding)，電解質(zhi)揮發(fa)度(du)低。

4、發電效率高(gao)、清潔、適(shi)應多樣燃料、無噪音、運轉費低、設置場所限制少、大氣壓運轉容易操作、安全(quan)性優(you)良、部(bu)分(fen)負荷(he)特性好

磷酸燃料電池的應用

1、用于發電廠

PAFC 用于發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)包括兩種情形：分散型發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)，容(rong)量在 10～20 MW 之間，安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分站(zhan)；中心電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)型發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)，裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)量在100MW 以(yi)上，可以(yi)作(zuo)為中等規(gui)模熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。PAFC 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)比起(qi)一(yi)般發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)具(ju)有如(ru)下優點：即使(shi)在發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷較低時(shi)，依然保持高的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率；由于采用模板結構(gou)，現場(chang)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，簡單(dan)、省(sheng)時(shi)，并且(qie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)擴容(rong)容(rong)易。1991年，東芝與 IFC 聯合為東京電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司建成了世界上最大的11 MW PAFC裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。該裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率達41.1%，能量利用率為72.7 %。

2、用于現場發電

現場(chang)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)指把 PAFC 直接安裝(zhuang)在用戶附近(jin)，同時提(ti)供熱(re)(re)和電(dian)(dian)。這被(bei)認為是(shi) PAFC 的最佳應用方(fang)案(an)。這種方(fang)案(an)的優點是(shi)：可根據需要設置裝(zhuang)機容(rong)量或調整(zheng)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)負荷，卻不(bu)會(hui)影響裝(zhuang)置的發(fa)電(dian)(dian)效率，既使小容(rong)量QAFC裝(zhuang)置也能(neng)(neng)達到相當于(yu)現代大型熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)廠的效率；有效利用電(dian)(dian)和熱(re)(re)，傳(chuan)輸損(sun)失(shi)小。1993年9月，大坂(ban)煤氣公司在大坂(ban)建造了未來(lai)型試(shi)驗(yan)住(zhu)宅 NECT21。該住(zhu)宅以(yi)100kWPAFC作為主要電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，屋(wu)頂輔以(yi)太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池，開創了一條建設符合(he)環保和節(jie)能(neng)(neng)要求(qiu)的獨立電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系統新方(fang)案(an)。