一、電解電容和普通電容簡介

一般來說有極性電容指的都是電解電容一類的電容，雖然確實存在著無(wu)極(ji)(ji)性電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)，但在市面上(shang)(shang)不太常見(jian)(jian)，而且(qie)價格也比較(jiao)貴。常見(jian)(jian)的(de)電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)都是由陽極(ji)(ji)鋁箔和陰極(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)解溶液分別形成兩個電(dian)極(ji)(ji)，由陽極(ji)(ji)鋁箔上(shang)(shang)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)一層氧(yang)化(hua)鋁膜做為電(dian)介質的(de)電(dian)容(rong)，電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)在電(dian)路中(zhong)也必(bi)須注(zhu)意極(ji)(ji)性。

普通的(de)電(dian)容是大部分(fen)是無極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)，也(ye)可以把兩個電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容陽極(ji)(ji)或陰極(ji)(ji)相對串連形成無極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容。一般來(lai)說，低(di)于(yu)1μF的(de)低(di)值(zhi)電(dian)容大多數是無極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)之分(fen)的(de)，但是具有1μF或更大電(dian)容值(zhi)的(de)電(dian)容幾(ji)乎都是有正負(fu)極(ji)(ji)之分(fen)的(de)。至今為止，常用(yong)有極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)容是電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容，有極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)容的(de)正引線總會長一些，即使是標志磨損或者被完全抹去(qu)，我們也(ye)能夠(gou)辨認出極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)。

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二、電解電容和普通電容的區別

1、介質不同

有(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容大(da)多(duo)采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)做介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，通常同(tong)體(ti)積(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容有(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容容量(liang)大(da)。另(ling)外，不同(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)和(he)工藝制造出(chu)的有(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容同(tong)體(ti)積(ji)的容量(liang)也(ye)會不同(tong)。再有(you)(you)就是(shi)耐壓和(he)使(shi)用(yong)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)也(ye)有(you)(you)密(mi)切關系。無(wu)極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)也(ye)很多(duo)，大(da)多(duo)采(cai)用(yong)金屬氧化膜、滌綸等(deng)。由于介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的可逆或不可逆性(xing)能(neng)決定了(le)有(you)(you)極(ji)、無(wu)極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容的使(shi)用(yong)環境。

2、性能不同

性(xing)能(neng)就是使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，需求(qiu)(qiu)最大(da)化就是使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。如果在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視(shi)機(ji)里電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)部分用(yong)(yong)金屬氧化膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器做濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)的話，而且要(yao)(yao)達到濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器容(rong)(rong)量和耐(nai)(nai)壓。機(ji)殼內恐怕也就只(zhi)能(neng)裝(zhuang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)了。所(suo)以作為濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)只(zhi)能(neng)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)有(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，有(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)是不可逆的。就是說正極(ji)(ji)必須接高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位端(duan)，負極(ji)(ji)必須接低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位端(duan)。一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)在(zai)1微法拉(la)以上，做偶(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)、退偶(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)等(deng)(deng)。無極(ji)(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)大(da)多(duo)在(zai)1微法拉(la)以下，參與(yu)諧振、偶(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)、選(xuan)頻(pin)、限(xian)流、等(deng)(deng)。當然也有(you)大(da)容(rong)(rong)量高耐(nai)(nai)壓的，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力的無功補償(chang)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的移相、變頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)移相等(deng)(deng)用(yong)(yong)途上。

3、容量不同

電解電容的(de)容量要比普(pu)通(tong)電容大。

4、結構不同

原則上(shang)講不(bu)考慮尖端放電的(de)(de)情況下，使用(yong)環境需要什么形(xing)狀的(de)(de)電容(rong)都可以。通常用(yong)的(de)(de)電解電容(rong)（有極(ji)(ji)性(xing)電容(rong)）是(shi)(shi)圓形(xing)，方型用(yong)的(de)(de)很少。無(wu)(wu)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)電容(rong)形(xing)狀千奇百變。像管型、變形(xing)長方形(xing)、片型、方型、圓型、組合(he)方型及圓型等等。當然還有無(wu)(wu)形(xing)的(de)(de)，這里無(wu)(wu)形(xing)指的(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)分(fen)布(bu)電容(rong)。對于分(fen)布(bu)電容(rong)在高頻和中(zhong)頻器件(jian)中(zhong)決(jue)不(bu)可忽視。

三、無極性電容可以代替有極性電容嗎

理想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，本來(lai)是(shi)沒有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但是(shi)在實際(ji)(ji)中，為了獲(huo)得大(da)(da)容(rong)(rong)量，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)了某些特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料和(he)結(jie)構，這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)導(dao)致了實際(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)(you)些是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)(you)鋁電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)一般是(shi)容(rong)(rong)量相對比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)果(guo)要做一個大(da)(da)容(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無極(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)沒那么(me)容(rong)(rong)易了，體積會變得很大(da)(da)。這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)為什(shen)么(me)在實際(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路中，為什(shen)么(me)會有(you)(you)(you)那么(me)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)了——因為它(ta)體積比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)，同時又因為這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路中電(dian)(dian)壓只有(you)(you)(you)一個方向(xiang)，所以有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)派上用(yong)場。我(wo)們(men)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)避開它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺點，利(li)用(yong)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點。我(wo)們(men)可以這(zhe)(zhe)樣來(lai)理解(jie)：有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)實際(ji)(ji)上是(shi)一個只能(neng)按(an)一個電(dian)(dian)壓方向(xiang)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)。而無極(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，則兩個電(dian)(dian)壓方向(xiang)都(dou)能(neng)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)。因此，單從電(dian)(dian)壓方向(xiang)這(zhe)(zhe)一點上來(lai)說(shuo)，無極(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)是(shi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)要好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

從上面的分析可以看出來，使用無極性的電容代替有(you)極性(xing)的電容是完全可以的——只要(yao)容量、工作(zuo)電壓、體積等能滿(man)足(zu)要(yao)求即可替換(huan)。