一、超級電容器是什么

超級電容器又稱為雙電層電容器、電化學電容器、法拉電(dian)容(rong)、黃金電(dian)容(rong)，是指介于傳統(tong)電容器和充電電池(chi)之(zhi)間的(de)一種新型儲能(neng)裝置，它(ta)既具(ju)有電容器快速充放電的(de)特性(xing)，同時又具(ju)有電池(chi)的(de)儲能(neng)特性(xing)。

二、超級電容器的原理

超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)是通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)之間(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)界(jie)面(mian)雙(shuang)層(ceng)來存儲(chu)能量的(de)新型元器(qi)件。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)接觸時，由(you)于庫侖力、分子間(jian)力及(ji)原子間(jian)力的(de)作用(yong)，使(shi)固液(ye)界(jie)面(mian)出(chu)現穩定和(he)符(fu)號相反的(de)雙(shuang)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，稱(cheng)其為界(jie)面(mian)雙(shuang)層(ceng)。把雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)看(kan)成(cheng)是懸在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)2個(ge)非活性多孔板(ban)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓加(jia)載(zai)到2個(ge)板(ban)上。加(jia)在(zai)正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢吸引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)負離子，負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)吸引正離子，從而在(zai)兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)表面(mian)形(xing)成(cheng)了一個(ge)雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)。雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材料(liao)的(de)不同，可以分為碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)雙(shuang)層(ceng)超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)、金屬氧化物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和(he)有機聚合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)。

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三、超級電容器特點

與蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和傳統物(wu)理電(dian)(dian)容器相(xiang)比，超級電(dian)(dian)容器的(de)特(te)點主要體(ti)現在(zai)：

1、功率(lv)(lv)密度(du)高。可(ke)達102～104kW/kg，遠高于蓄電池的(de)功率(lv)(lv)密度(du)水平。

2、循環壽命(ming)長(chang)。在(zai)幾秒鐘的(de)高速(su)深(shen)度充放(fang)電(dian)循環50萬次至100萬次后，超(chao)級電(dian)容器的(de)特性(xing)變化很小(xiao)，容量和內阻僅降低10%～20%。

3、工作(zuo)溫(wen)限寬。由于在(zai)低(di)溫(wen)狀態下(xia)超級電容(rong)器中離子的(de)吸附和脫(tuo)附速度變化(hua)不(bu)大(da)，因此其(qi)容(rong)量變化(hua)遠(yuan)小于蓄電池。商業化(hua)超級電容(rong)器的(de)工作(zuo)溫(wen)度范(fan)圍可達-40℃～+80℃。

4、免維(wei)護。超級電(dian)容器充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)效率高(gao)，對過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)和過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)有一(yi)定的(de)承受能力，可穩定地反復充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)，在理論上是不需(xu)要進行維(wei)護的(de)。

5、綠色環保。超(chao)級電(dian)容器在生產(chan)過程中不使用重金(jin)屬和其他有害的化學(xue)物質(zhi)，且自身壽命較長(chang)，因而是一(yi)種新型的綠色環保電(dian)源(yuan)。

四、超級電容器分類

對于超級電容器來說，依(yi)據不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)內容可有不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)分類方法(fa)。

1、根據不同的儲能機理，可將超級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)分為雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)和法(fa)拉(la)第(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)兩大類。其中，雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)主要是(shi)通過(guo)純靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)表面(mian)進行吸附(fu)(fu)來產生存儲能量。法(fa)拉(la)第(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)主要是(shi)通過(guo)法(fa)拉(la)第(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)活性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材料（如過(guo)渡金屬氧化物(wu)和高分子聚合物(wu)）表面(mian)及表面(mian)附(fu)(fu)近發生可逆的氧化還原反(fan)應產生法(fa)拉(la)第(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，從而(er)實(shi)現對能量的存儲與(yu)轉換。

2、根據電解液(ye)種(zhong)類可分為水(shui)系(xi)超級電容器(qi)和有機系(xi)超級電容器(qi)兩大類。

3、根據(ju)活(huo)性材(cai)料的類(lei)型(xing)是(shi)否(fou)相同，可分為(wei)對(dui)(dui)稱超級電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和非對(dui)(dui)稱超級電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)。

4、根據電解液的狀態形式，又可將超級電容器分為固體電解質超級電容(rong)器(qi)和(he)液體電解質超級電容(rong)器(qi)兩大類。